THE NG
JOURNAL
OF
THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.
agan
BOTANY.
VOL. XV. LI
EDITED BY DR. JAMES MURIE, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.8., ETC. '
LONDON: SOLD AT THE SOCIETY'S APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON HOUSE; AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER, AND
WILLIAMS AND NORGATE. : 1877.
Dates of Publication of the several Numbers included in this Volume.
No. 81, pp. 1-40, was published October 11, 1875.
» 82, ,, 40-90, 5 March 3, — 1876. 5 89, «90-159, T May 11, x 5, 84 ., 159-209, 2 July 11, 7 2» 80 p 209-303, i September 14, ,, » 86, ,, 963-422, n October 28, ,„ » 8T, ,, 423-480, i December 15, ,, » 88, ,, 481-548, 5 February 28, 1877.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
LIST OF PAPERS.
Page ARCHER, WILLIAM, Esq., F.R.S., M.R.LA.
Note on the Freshwater Alge collected by H. N. Moseley, M.A., in Kerguelen's Land. (Communicated by J. D. Hooker,
MD, Eres. Roy: S0C) S AIEO NI 445 Baker, JOHN GILBERT, Esq., F.L.S, On the Polynesian Ferns of the * Challenger’ Expedition...... 104 Revision of the Genera and Species of Anthericez and Erio- SPOTMEA e. os es vehe gan Er ene C V ER ERE Curve 253 On a Collection of Ferns made by Mr. William Pool in the inte- tior of Madagascar <.. 5 4 LV E ibis 411
Barroun, Isaac Bavrzv, D.Sc., F.L.S.
Extract of a Letter from I. B. Balfour, Esq., Botanist to the Expedition to Rodriguez to observe the Transit of Venus; addressed to, and communicated by, Dr. Hooker .......... 24
On a new Genus of Turneracez from Rodriguez ............ 159
BENTHAM, GEORGE, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., Vice-Pres. Linn. Soc. Notes on the- Gamopetalous Orders belonging to the Campanu- laceous and Oleaceous Groups ................. eese. 1 On the Distribution of the Monocotyledonous Orders into Pri- | mary Groups, more especially in reference to the Australian Flora, with notes on some points of Terminology. (Plates MILI) le Uu MU m. II 490
BERKELEY, The Rey. M. J., M.A., F.L.S, Enumeration of Fungi collected during the Expedition of H M.S. ‘Challenger.’ (Second Notice.) .................. 48 Report on the Fungi collected in Kerguelen's Land by the Rev. A. E. Eaton during the stay of the Transit-of- Venus Expedi- hon of 187475 gh oe oe I NIE 221
iv
BERKELEY, The Rev. M. J., and C. E. Broome. Supplement to the Enumeration of Fungi of Ceylon. (Plate II.)
BERKELEY, The Rev. M. J., and M. C. Cooxe. The Fungi of Brazil, including those collected by J. W. H. Trail, Esd. M.A Oe S S SS oe looo ao o m ee
Broome, C. E., and The Rev. M. J. BERKELEY. Supplement to the Enumeration of Fungi of Ceylon. (Plate II.)
CLARKE, C. B., Esq., F.L.S. On Edgaria, a new Genus of Cucurbitaceæ. (With wood- amea an a a NG Ka a NEK NG a Botanic Notes from Darjeeling to Tonglo. (With wood- GUN gGucococuuccbouudectnn GuveoucdUbtU UO DO SCoU UC oO
Crombie, The Rev. James M., F.L.S. &c.
Lichenes Capenses:—An Enumeration of the Lichens collected at the Cape of Good Hope by the Rev. A. Eaton during the Venus-transit Expedition in 1874 .............. p eee
Lichenes Terre Kergueleni:—An Enumeration of the Lichens collected in Kerguelen's Land by the Rev. A. E. Eaton during the Venus-transit Expedition in 1874-75 ................
On the Lichens collected by Professor R. O. Cunningham in the Falkland Islands, Fuegia, Patagonia, and the Island of Chiloe, during the Voyage of H.M.S. “Nassau, 1867-69 ....
Lichens collected by W. Pool, Esq., in Madagascar ..........
Lichenes Insule Rodriguesii.—An Enumeration of the Lichens collected by Dr. I. B. Balfour in the Island of Rodriguez during the Venus-transit Expedition, 1874 .............*
Contributions to the Botany of H.M.S. * Challenger ’:—
Numbers XXI. to XXXVII inclusive. Consult respectively ARCHER, XXXIV., p. 445; Baker, XXXI, p. 104; BER- KELEY, XXVI, p. 48; Dicxrm, XXI.-XXV., pp. 40-47, XXXIII, p. 235, XXXV . p. 446, XXX VIL., p. 486; MITTEN, XXIX., p. 59; MosELEy, XXVII, p. 53, XXX., p. 78, XXXVI., p. 481; O'Mzgana, XXVIII., p. 55; REICHEN- BACH, XXXII., p. 112.
Cooxr, M. C., and The Rev. M. J. BERKELEY. The Fungi of Brazil, including those collected by J. W. H. TIL Esd. M.A m I S o as EE
Page
82
116
165
180
. 222
940
431
Ad Page Darwin, FrANCIS, Esq., M.B., F.L.S. On the Glandular Bodies on Acacia spherocephala and Cecropia peltata serving as food for Ants. With an Appendix on the Nectar-glands of the Common Brake Fern, Pteris 'aquilina. (me VIJ ee cee CEN LESE U te ER ra 398
Dickie, Professor GEORGE, M.A., M.D., F.L.5. Notes on Algz from the Island of Mangaia, South Pacific .... 30 Algze collected by Mr. Moseley at Simon’s Bay, CapeofGood Hope 40 (N.B. Title of this correct on wrapper, but at p. 40, XXI. of Contributions to the Botany of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger,’ con- tains part title of Nos. XXII. to XXV. inclusive.) Algz collected by Mr. Moseley at Seal Island ............ 41 Algæ collected by Mr. Moseley at Marion Island in 40 fathoms 42 Marine Alg: collected by Mr. Moseley at the Island of Kerguelen 43 Algæ collected by Mr. Moseley at Heard Island, 250 miles S. of
Kerguelen a gee eens en re ERR 47 Notes on Algæ found at Kerguelen's Land by the Rev. A. E. Eaton cy co is boson a cer RE ee E 198 Algæ chiefly Polynesian: being Contributions to the Botany of HMS ‘Challenger’ ......... eerte 235 Notes on Algz collected by H. N. Moseley, M.A., of H.M.S. ‘Challenger,’ chiefly cbtained in Torres Straits, Coasts of Japan, and Juan Fernandez ........ ea in 446 EE Notes on Algæ collected by H. N. Moseley, M.A., of H.M.S. * Challenger,’ from various localities ......... 486 Dyer, W. T. THISELTON, Esq., M.A., B.Sc., F.L.S., Assist. Director Roy. Gardens, Kew. On the Plant yielding Latakia Tobacco (vide Corrigenda et Addenda, Lattakia) ...... een 246 On the Genus Hoodia, with a diagnosis of a new Species. (Pl.V. and one woodéut.) ala a ee Ai e e non 248 Gamik, J., Esq. Extract of a Letter from Mr. J. Gammie to Dr. Hooker [On spadix of Ariscema speciosum] de esee ice eee rU TRU e ee ive cur GILBERT, J. H., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. Note on the Occurrence of “ Fairy “Rings eaae roe s 17
Horne, Jons, Esq., F.L.S. Extract of a Letter addressed to Dr. Hooker by John Horne,
Esq., F.L.S., Subdirector of the Botanie Gardens, dated Mau- ritius, 12 s ember,1874. [On the Botany oftheSeychelles.] 27
V1
Page Kine, G., Esq., M.B., F.L.S., Superintendent of Botanic Gardens, Caleutta. Note on a Sport in Paritium tricuspe, Q. DONG. 101
Kirk, Jonn, M.D., F.L.S, (H.B.M. Consul, Zanzibar.)
Identification of the Modern Copal Tree ( Trachylobium Horne- manntanum) with that which yielded the Copal or Animi, now found in the earth on the East Coast of Africa, often where no copal-yielding trees now exist ............. iesus. 234
Note on specimens of Hibiscus allied to H. rosa-sinensis, L., col- lected in, E. Tropical Africa, with remarks by Prof. Oliver,
OE POU T. ec sx b eee asit: 478
Masters, Maxwett T., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. Remarks on the “ Superposed " Arrangement of the Flower .. 456
Mirren, WiILLIAM, Esq., A.L.S. The Musci and Hepatic: collected by H. N. Moseley, M.A.,
Naturalist to H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ ............. esses 59 A List of the Musci and Hepaticze collected in Kerguelen's Land by the Rev. A B Baton, M.A I es re eee aes 193
Moonz, S. Le MARCHANT, Esq., F.L.S. Occurrence of Staminal Pistillody in an Acanthad. (Plates HL RIV) ue iiss eae sve ieu du E TE 86
MosELEY, H. N., Esq., M.A., late Naturalist H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ Expedition. Further Notes on the Plants of Kerguelen, with some remarks on the Insects. (Ina letter addressed to Dr. Hooker, Pres. R.S.) 53 Notes on Plants collected and observed at the Admiralty Islands,
March 3 to 10 IND o ero o a ae ca eee 73 Notes on the Flora of Marion Island. (Communicated by Prof. Ohver ERS Blang elo hers 481
OLIVER, Prof. DANIEL, F.R.S., F.L.S., Keeper of the Herbarium, Royal Gardens, Kew. List of Plants collected in New Guinea by Dr. A. B. Meyer, sent
to Mew Decemper INIRE aa ooe ecu ee 29 Enumeration of Plants collected by V. Lovett Cameron, Lieut. R.N., in the region about Lake Tanganyika .............. 90
Note on a Collection of North-Celebes Plants made by Mr. kirodol of Gorontalo: < so ullo asso (debeas uu T
vi Page O’Mrara, The Rev. E., M.A. On the Diatomaceous Gatherings made nt Kerguelen's Land by H. N. Moseley, M.A., H.M.S. * Challenger. (Communicated by Dr. Hooker, Pres; R.S., V.E. C.S.) (Piste Ti. 55
Porrs, T. H., Esq., F.L.S. Habits of Filices observed about the Malvern Hills, near the Gorge of the Rakaia, Canterbury, New Zealand............ 423
REICHENBACH, Prof..H. G. - On some Orchidacee collected by Mr. Moseley, of the * Chal- lenger' Expedition,in the Admiralty Islands, Ternate, and Cape York, one of which forms the type of a new section of the Genus Dendrobium. (Communicated by Prof. Oliver, ERS bal e MED DE 112
REINSCH, PAUL FREDERICK, Esq. Species ac Genera nova Algarum aque dulcis que sunt inventa in Speciminibus in Expeditione Vener. transit. hieme 1874-75 in Insula Kerguelensi a clar. Eaton collectis. (Communicated by Dr. Hooker, C.B., Pres RS, EES) euer 205
Sorsy, H. C., Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., Pres. Roy. Micros. Soc. On the Characteristic Colouring-matters of the Red Groups of Alge. (With Woodcuts) -s-e Kn eee ses 34
TRIMEN Henry, Esq., M.B., F.L.S. ; No ön Bocsa Commerdonis, R. Br.: si an a 163
Vines, S. H., Esq., B.A., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. On the Digestive Ferment of Nepenthes. (Communicated by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, M.A., F.L.S., Assist. Director Roy. sens Kew) an oso rea ee DLL . 497
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE I. Dratoms.—Illustrations of new Marine and Freshwater Species from Kerguelen's Land as determined by the Rev. E. O'Meara.
II. Fuxar or CEYLON. —A4lwisia bombarda and Actiniceps Thwaitesi, and details of same figured as referred to in the Rev. M. J. Berkeley and Mr. C. E. Broome's paper.
III. | WuiTFIELDIA LATERITIA.— Various Views of Normal and Abnormal & Flower of, to illustrate Mr. S. Le Marchant Moore's paper on Sta- IV. minal Pistillody.
V. Hoopra and DECABELONE.—Gynostemium of Species of these Genera, viewed from above and in section, to illustrate Mr. W. T. T. Dyer's paper on the Genus Hoodia.
VI. GLANDULAR Bopres and NECTAR-GLANDS of Acacia spherocephala, Cecropia peltata, and Pteris aquilina, illustrating Natural Appear- ance and Histology of these Organs according to Mr. Francis Darwin’s researches thereon.
VII. Xxnis and Ertocavton.—Diagrammatic Illustrations of these Genera, showing the Homology of Perianth-segments &c., in illustration of Mr. Bentham’s paper.
VIII. Cvrrnacrx.— Diagrams to represent the Homology of Parts of same in various Genera and Species as determined by Mr. Bentham.
IX. GnAwINEX.— Diagrams illustrating the Homology of their Parts in seve- ral Genera, according to Mr. G. Bentham's views.
CORRIGENDA ET ADDENDA.
Page 40, line 13 from top, No. XXI. contains part title of Nos. XXII. to
— 163, — 167, — 170,
— 445, — 452, — 453, — 453,
. — 454, — 454, — 454,
XXV. inclusive, and should read as given correctly on wrapper, viz. * Algs collected by H. N. Moseley, Esq., M.A., at Simon's Bay, Cape of Good Hope."
4 from top, for “ Herd Island " read Heard Island.
Mr. Trimen's paper was read in 1876, not 1875. 16 from bottom, “ F. suBcoRNUTA " should be C. SUBCORNUTA. 12 from top, “ F. minor” should be P. MINOR. 11 from top, “F. cosrATA" should be C. COSTATA. 10 from bottom, in LAMARKII” c has been omitted. 12 from bottom, add XXXIIL, after “ Contributions to the Botany of H.M.S. “ Challenger. "
3 from top. The asterisk (x) attached to Sargassum ilici- folium refers to the two lower lines of p. 239, which ought to have formed a footnote on p. 238.
4from top. The author of the paper states that Mr. Eldridge and Prof. Post, his correspondents and authorities for certain statements, gave the spelling Lattakia (probably the correct one), and not “ Latakia," as usually adopted in this country.
17 from top. After ‘“ Communicated by” delete ** Sir”.
6 from bottom, for “ MICRANTHUM " read MICRACANTHUM.
12 from top, the first “ v" has dropped out in ScurELLUM.
19 from bottom * CrrwAcosPHRIA" should be CLIMACO- SPHENIA ; and * MONILIGEEA " should be MONILIGERA.
2 from top “ CxsrrrALis " should be CESPITALUS.
18 from bottom, for * INSERTA ” read INCERTA.
7 from bottom, the specific name '*coNcioNA" should be CONCINNA.
THE JOURNAL
OF
THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.
Notes on the Gamopetalous Orders belonging to tle Campanu- laceous and Oleaceous Groups. By Gronaxr BEN YuaM, F.R.S.
[Read March 4, 1875.]
Ir is now more than thirty years since the volumes of the * Pro- dromus ' containing the above orders were published ; and during that period the great additions made to our knowledge, especially of tropical vegetation, have in many instances required consider- able modifications of their tribual as well as generic arrangement. I have endeavoured to carry this out in preparing them for the forthcoming part of our ‘Genera Plantarum ;’ but there is much of detail respecting the reasons which have induced me sometimes to depart from the principles adopted by former monographists, which the limits of that work prevent me from there entering into, and which I should therefore be desirous of placing on re- cord in the ‘ Journal of the Linnean Society.’
1. Campanulaces and their allies.
The orders constituting this generally recognized and well- defined group are usually reckoned as seven—Stylidiex, Goodeno- view, Brunoniacee, Lobeliacese, Cyphiacee, Campanulacez, and Sphenocleacew. They would appear to me to be more naturally and clearly defined if reduced to three—Stylidiee, Goodenovier and Campanulacee; for the exceptional characters upon which Brunonia, Oyphia, and Sphenoclea have been isolated do not prove to be of more importance than those observable in several other small or monotypic genera, which no one has on that ac-
LINN, JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XV. B
2 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE
count proposed to separate; and the union of Lobeliaces with Campanulacem, often proposed and rarely distinctly objected to, appears to me to be a most natural one, as I shall presently endeavour to show.
With regard to Stylidiee, having so recently worked them up for the Australian Flora, I have now no remarks to make with regard to the genera Stylidium and Levenhookia, almost exclu- sively Australian, and constituting the great bulk of the order.
I would only observe, as to the two small southern genera ( Fors- tera and Phyllachne), that they were very well distinguished by Swartz in Sehrader's Journal for 1799, and in the first volume of König and Sims's ‘Annals of Botany. Willdenow and, after him, Endlicher and De Candolle united them under the name of Forstera. F. Mueller in a recent number of his * Fragmenta? adopts the same view, but proposes to substitute the name of Phyllachne for the generally received one of Forstera. In the “Flora Austra- liensis’ I had only to deal with a true Forstera, which I entered under that name. Dr. Hooker, for his series of Southern Floras, had to examine them both; but not having before him the fruit of the typical Phyllachne, he presumed that his predecessors were right in treating it as the same as that of Forstera, and main- tained the two only as sections of one genus ; but having received from New Zealand a new species with ihe habit of his section Phyllachne, but with the perfect fruit irreconcilable with that of Forstera, he therefore proposed it as a new genus under the name of Holophyllum. It is now, however, shown, both by spe- cimens and by Hombron and Jaquinot’s figures (under Forstera), that the original Phyllachne has not only the habit and inflores- cence, but also the indehiscent fruit of Holophyllum, and forms with it a generic group which Swartz was fully justified in distin- guishing from Forstera.
GooDENOVIEZ, as the order was originally named by its founder, Robert Brown, or Goodeniacec, as they are styled by the modern advocates of monotony in the names of orders, are, as well as Stylidew, almost exclusively Australian, and are worked up in de- - tail in my Flora. On that occasion, having at my disposal a large proportion of original specimens described by De Vriese, I was fortunately enabled to clear up much of the extraordinary confu- sion exhibited in that botanist’s monograph. also there gave my reasons for following Brown in including Brunonia in the order, which, notwithstanding the anomalies of this monotypie genus, is
CAMPANULACEOUS AND OLEACEOUS ORDERS. 3
so definitely characterizad by the indusium as to. have no ambi- guity in its circumscription. The homology of this indusium has been variously interpreted. R. Brown, in the then state of our acquaintance with the organs of other plants that might be com- pared with it, put the following queries (Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. . 134) :—“ Is this remarkable covering of the stigma merely a pro- cess of the apex of the style? or is it a part of distinct origin, though intimately cohering with the pistillum ? On the latter supposition, may it not be considered as analogous to the glan- dular disk surrounding or covering the ovarium in other families ? And in adopting the hypothesis I had formerly advanced (Trans. Linn. Soc. x. 159) respecting the nature of this disk in certain families, namely that it is composed of a series of modified sta- mina, has not the part in question a considerable resemblance in apparent origin and division to the stamina of the nearly related family Stylidiacee ? To render this supposition somewhat less paradoxieal, let the comparison be made, especially between the indusium of Brunonia and the imperfect anthere in the female flowers of Forstera.’ All further observation, however, has tended rather to oppose than to confirm this supposition. Brown's idea of the conformity of the disk, scales, and stamens as aluded to in the passage above quoted, appears to have been founded, not so much on his own observation, as on Labillardiére's having given the name of sterile stamens to the hypogynous glands or scales of Cenarrhenes, which glands, however, in fact give no indication of any structural or morphological analogy to stamens. It is very rarely indeed that the disk has been shown to be a rudimentary whorl of organs, whether a reduced remnant of extinct organs or a first development of new ones. It is, on the contrary, now generally admitted that whether peripetalous, as in the case of the ring of calycine glands or scales in many Apocynes and Asclepiades, or peristaminal, as in some Polypeta- lous orders or genera, or, as is more frequently the case, truly pe- rigynous, hypogynous, or epigynous, the disk isa mere outgrowth of the receptacle or summit of the floral pedicels, promoted pro- bably in many instances by the attractions its secretions afford to insects and then a true nectary, possibly developed in others as a store of nutriment during the early stages of the young embryo, but seldom, if ever, independently organic. If on some occasions it shows a ring of lobes alternating with those of the andrcecium or other immediately external whorl, that is merely due to the B2
4 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE
pressure of that external whorl during its growth in the bud. That the indusium cannot well be a second abortive whorl of sta- mens is further proved by the consideration that that whorl of organs is always uniseriate in the whole Campanulaceous group of orders, and that that single series exists in a perfect state in Goodenoviez inits usual position at the base of, or slightly adnate to the corolla ; nor can we readily compare it with a disk, as that excrescence, when epigynous, is, I believe, always at the base, not at the summit of the style.
An analogy between the indusiums of Goodenoviese and the ring of collecting-hairs observable in many Lobeliez: has often been distinctly brought forward or tacitly assumed even very lately, as by Sonder in the ‘Flora Capensis’ with regard to Cyphia, or by Asa Gray in his note on Nemacladus in our Journal (xiv. 28); but it was ably refuted by Brown when pointing out the impor- tant characters separating Goodenoviex from Lobeliew. These collecting-hairs are indeed in a ring below the stigma in many Lobeliee and in some Campanulee; but in some of the former and most of the latterthey are differently arranged, either cover- ing the whole of the upper moiety of the style, or in longitudinal rows, or more or less unilateral, &c. ; and in all cases they are en- tirely epidermal productions, whilst the indusium is a development of the substance itself of the style.
Lindley may have come much nearer the truth when he says (Veg. Kingd. 694) that it “is to be regarded as nothing more than a remarkable exaggeration of the rim which surrounds ihe stigmatic surface of Heathworts (Hricacee), and of the plates which cover the style of Cranesbills and Balsams (Geraniacex and Balsamines). It is, in fact, the free upper extremity of the carpellary leaves, distinct from that prolongation of the placenta which is named style and stigma." I cannot quite concur with the latter part of this proposition; for I should confine the term placenta to that substance which more or less lines the inner walls of the ovary-cells or protrudes from them and bears the ovules, and regard the whole style as the prolonged apex of the carpellary leaves, entire or variously lobed, or enlarged at the extremity and bearing the stigmatie surface either on the summit, or within, or on the margins of the lobes, or below them on the outside. And if, with Lindley, we may compare the indusium with the ring sur- rounding the stigma in Ericaces, we may perhaps still better com- pare it with the dilatation at the end of the style commonly ealled
~
CAMPANULACEOUS AND OLEACEOUS ORDERS. 9
the stigma, in Apocyneæ and Asclepiadeæ, with this difference, that in the latter two orders the dilatation bears the stigmatic surface or spots on its outside, whilst the terminal bifid apiculus, some- times forming a large beak into which the dilatation tapers, some- times reduced to very small dimensions in the centre of the con- cave disk-like dilatation, is usually, if not always, inert, whilst in Goodenovieæ the concave dilatation or indusium is inert, and the small bifid apiculus in its centre is stigmatic. The same differ- ence in the position of the stigmatic surface is observable in He- liotropieæ as compared with other Boragineæ: that the indusium is thus in fact the concave apex of the style may be further con- firmed by the case of Leschenaultia, where it is more or less di- stinctly two-lobed, and the stigmatic surface, instead of being sti- pitate in the base of the cavity, lines the inside of one at least of the lobes, thus forming an approach to the ordinary bilamellate stigmas of a large number of Gamopetalæ.
In the CaAMPANULACEE we have, as has often been proposed, re- united as tribes or suborders the two great groups of Lobelieæ and Campanulex. Together they form a determinate wholesur rounded on every side by a broad gap without any intermediate or ambi- guous form. Their nearest neighbours are the above-mentioned Stylidiee and Goodenoviee; but besides the minor characters brought forward by Brown, it may be enough to observe that there is in Campanulacee no indication either of the singular consolida- tion of the filaments and style of the former, or of the indusium of the latter order. Between the tribes, however, there is no such definite line of distinction. At first sight, indeed, the irre- gular flowers and alternate anthers of Lobeliew would seem to form together a good ordinal character to separate them from the regular flowers and free anthers of Campanulew; but though constant in the great majority of cases, there are various excep- tions with different combinations. There are species of Isotoma and Lobelia where the obliquity of the corolla is very slight ; and, on the other hand, in Leptocodon and several species of Campanula and Phyteuma it is very perceptible. At the most, indeed, the irregularity of Lobeliez is but little more than obliquity. There is no tendency to the bilabiate estivation or to the didynamy of the Personate orders; the equally valvate estivation and the iso- mery of the stamens are constant, both in Lobeliew and Campa- nule»; the structure of the pistil, fruit, and seed is the same in both tribes as to all essentials, and exhibits similar variations in both as to minor points.
6. MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE
There are three genera, Cyphocarpus, Nemacladus, and Cyphia, the two former from western extratropical America (south and north), the latter from South Africa, which have very decidedly the irregular corolla of Lobeliex with the free anthers of Campanulee. We have for technical convenience placed them together in a small third tribe intermediate between the two others ; but, strictly speaking, they may not perhaps form a truly natural group. In general character indicative of natural affinity, each one of the three may prove to be more nearly allied to some one belonging to one of the other tribes than to either of the two now associated with it ; but yet the actually inserting them in those tribes would have interfered too much with a clear methodical exposition of the order to be admissible at present, besides that it is by no means certain that they have not a common connexion.
An elaborate and careful monograph of the tribe Campanulex was the first botanical publication of Alphonse De Candolle, and gave him at once a distinguished place amongst the followers of systematic botany, although that has never been his special branch of the science. He subsequently edited the whole group for the ‘ Prodromus ;’ and he may always be relied upon for accuraey of detail as far as his own observations went. lf we have found it necessary to remodel some of his genera consisting chiefly or en- tirely of extra-European species, or to lower the systematic grade he had assigned to some of his groups, this is owing either to the additional lights thrown on the subject by subsequent discoveries, or, in the case of several Lobeliex, to the too great reliance placed by him on the preceding observations and conclusions of Presl and Don (George Don, assisted, I believe, in many respects by his brother David), many of which are very loose and hasty.
The Lobeliex, however, are exceedingly diffieult to divide into definite genera. The most dissimilar groups often run into each other by almost insensible gradations. I have endeavoured to keep up all genera which appeared to be founded on more appre- ciable characters, such as the consistency and dehiscence of the fruit, the placentation of the ovary, the dorsal or ventral fissure of the corolla, the attachment of the stamens, &c. But I have felt obliged to leave the genus Lobelia itself a very large one, however heteromorphous it may appear at first sight. The St.-Helena Trimeris, the large tropical species which I have referred to the section Rhynchopetalum, the Central-American section Homochilus, the large scarlet North-American Eulobelie, and the small blue
CAMPANULACEOUS AND OLEACEOUS ORDERS. 7
South-African and other species, all retained as Lobelia by De Can- dolle and others, appear to me to differ more from each other in habit and character, than some of them do from the American Tupe, or from the small South-African groups generically sepa- rated by De Candolle after Don and Presl, chiefly from the degree of irregularity or fissure of the corolla, which it is often impossible to define in words. Amongst the latter, however, I was at first disposed to maintain the genus Parastranthus, founded on two species with yellow flowers quite sessile, without the reversion which takes place generally in the tribe by the torsion of the pedicel ; but to these two Sonder has added, as a third species, the Lobelia leptocarpa, DC., with shortly pedicellate blue flowers, in which, as far as I can judge from dried specimens, the re- version takes place in some flowers and not in others, thus quite invalidating the generic character. There are also, I be- lieve, other cases of partial or variable reversion.
Lobelia Bergiana, Cham., under Presl’s generic name Gramma- totheca, had been associated by De Candolle with Clintonia, Dougl. (now Downingia), in a distinct tribe, with the remark- able character of a unilocular capsule with two parietal pla- cents, but opening in three valves. To this tribe he gave the name of Clintoniex, altered to Grammatothecese by A. Gray, who (Journ. Linn. Soe. xiy. 29) remarks on it as a second in- Stance of Lobeliaceous genera related to each other found in the two distant localities California and South Africa. But all this is founded on the hasty erroneous observations of Presl, never since verified, as I pointed out (Fl. Austral. iv. 128). The only character the two plants have in common is the long narrow ovary and capsule, which occurs here and there in single species of other genera.. L.(Grammatotheca) Bergiana, accurately figured in Delessert, Ic. Sel. v. t. 6, has the true fruit of a Lobelia, completely two-celled and opening at the apex in two short locu- licidal valves between the calyx-lobes ; and the only way I can account for Presl’s singular error is from his having observed old empty capsules, which in their decay have split up longitudinally below the calyx-lobes, the walls of the cells separating from the dissepiments, which latter he must have mistaken for a third placentiferous valve. In Downingia the capsule remains closed at the apex, but really opens below the calyx-lobes in lateral slits for the emission of the seeds. As the walls of the cap- sule are made up of the pericarp and the adnate calyx-tube
8 ME. G. BENTHAM ON THE
eomposed of five sepals, each with its midrib, the lateral dehis- cence would naturally take place in the thinner spaces between those nerves or midribs, as is clearly shown in Campanula, where the thin part of the pericarp between the dissepiments coincides with the thin part of the calyx-tube between the nerves or ribs. In Downingia, however, the ovary, two-celled at an early stage, becomes one-celled by the drying up of the exceedingly thin dis- sepiment, and the two placent: remain attached to the inner walls of the cavity, each one opposite the junction of two sepals. When the eapsule at maturity has to split open between the se- pals, four of them are held together in pairs by the adnate pla- cents, and between these pairs there is on one side one slit, and on the other side the intervening odd sepal induces two slits, one on each side of it; and we have as the natural result three valves, two of them placentiferous and the third naked, as described. This is the only instance among Lobeliex proper of the lateral dehiscence, which is also exemplified, but apparently in a single slit, in the Chilian Cyphocarpus among Cyphiex, a genus otherwise allied in many respects to Downingia, and in a few genera of Campanule:, although there rather in short valves than in long slits, excepting, indeed, in Githopsis, an outlying member of Campanulex, as Downingia is of Lobeliew, and connected with the latter in some measure in this respect as in native country. In geographical distribution the Campanulacex may be reckoned, for the most part, amongst the herbaceous races of extratropical origin, and in this respect analogous to a large portion of the Composite. There is nothing also to oppose the idea of their early development having been contemporaneous with that of the Composite, although their subsequent progress has been so much more limited. But I confess myself quite unable to see any grounds for supposing, with Delpino, that Lobeliew are the parents of Composite. Moreover, if the two orders had a com- mon parent, it must have been a very remote one with a long- passed extinction of all the races which had formed the inter- mediate stages. The intervening gap which now separates them is too wide and deep. In the important point of the pistillary structure no genus or species of the tribe Lobeliew or of the whole order of Campanulaces shows any approach to that which is so uniform in Composite; nor indeed does any of the whole group of Campanulaceous orders, unless it be some slight indica- tion in one or two species of Goodenovier, the furthest removed
CAMPANULACEOUS AND OLEACEOUS ORDERS. 9
from Lobelia. Turning it over again and again, I can discover no plausible foundation for Delpino’s genealogical Table from Lobelia to Artemisia.
The present distribution of Campanulacez seems to indicate a southern origin for Lobeliew and a northern one for Campanulee.
The southern extratropical or mountain-range of herbaceous Lobeliez: is extensive and varied. They are represented by iden- tical genera, sections, or even species in South Africa and Aus- tralia (Lobelia Bergiana, L. anceps, and allies), or in Antarctic America, South-east Australia, and New Zealand (Pratia), and have established several minor more or less endemic groups gra- dually diverging from the common types in South Atrica, Aus- tralia, and Extratropical America. From thence Lobeliez appear to have spread in several distinct directions into and beyond the tropics, without any transverse northern connexion between the several lines, which may be traced as follows :—
First, and most abundantly, along the western mountain- ranges of America, where they have developed into the shrubby genera Siphocampylus, Centropogon, and Burmeisteria, of which nearly two hundred species are already known, all remainmg en- demic in the tropical or subtropical mountain-regions, with the single exception of the Centropogon surinamensis, which has gene- rally spread over tropical America. Secondly into tall herba- ceous true Lobelie with a wider general range, having formed, however, special groups of a more local character, such as the Tupe of Chili, the thapsoid Brazilian species, the Zylomia of the West Indies, the Homochili of Mexico, the Eulobelie of extra- tropical North America. Thirdly, into the Pratioid genera Hyp- sela, Lysipoma, and Ehizocephalum, which have remained almost entirely confined within the South-American, Andine, or extra- tropical regions, the Pratia hederacea alone, the exact counterpart of the Himalayan P. begoniefolia, having extended further into South Brazil. Fourthly, the southern Hemipogon group has main- tained the typical characters in a few species thinly scattered over the range, chiefly in Mexico, but has also developed into endemie groups passing gradually into the Mexican Heterotoma, more ab- ruptly into the north-western .Downingia. The southern Lau- rentia is also very closely represented by the Mexican L. ramo- sissima and by the Californian Porterella, and the southern Zso- toma by the West-Indian Hippobroma.
In the Old World the northern dispersion of the Lobelice ap-
10 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE
pears to have been chiefly in the extreme east over the Indo- Australian region with much less of modification of their original southern character than in America. The Asiatic Lobelie: have remained within the limits of the two widely spread genera Pratia and Lobelia, slightly modified as they enter or pass the tropics, in a manner corresponding to that observed in Brazil, but with- out any tendency to the marked endemic groups of Western America. Thus, in Pratia, the Himalayan P. begonicfolia is, as above-mentioned, a close representative of the Brazilian P. hede- racea. The P. montana, from the Archipelago and eastern pro- vinces of India (Spirema, Hook. f. et Thoms.), is an endemic mo- dification, but scarcely generic, diverging in habit, but much less in character than the New-Zealand Colensoa. The genus Lobelia itself has preserved much of the southern type in some species both of Hemipogon and Holopogon, but has also, by somewhat gradual modifications, developed in considerable variety the tall herbaceous Rhynchopetalum forms, sometimes nearly counterparts of the Brazilian thapsoid species, and ranging across the Asiatic continent and to the islands of the China seas.
There has also been some extension of the tribe northwards along the extreme west of the Old World: one or two represen- tatives of South-African types (Laurentia Michelii, DC., and L. tenella, DC.) are now very rare in the Mediterranean region ; another (L. wrens) extends along Western France to Britain, but has been unable to penetrate eastward. From this Z. wrens in the extreme west of Europe to the L. sessilifolia in the extreme east of Asia, a continuous expanse of land nearly half encircling the globe, there is not to the north of the great Alpine Caucasian and Himalayan line a single trace of the tribe.
L. Dortmanni, an aquatic species of North-western Europe, may, like the Eriocaulon and others, have come over from North Ame- rica. With regard to the Lobelie of the Rhynchopetalum group in tropical Africa we have not sufficient data to form any opinion as to their origin. They are perhaps more likely to be slightly modified Asiatic species than endemic developments of the more distant South-African forms.
Lobeliee must also have found their way very early to the distant islands of the Atlantie and Pacifie; for they have there generated special endemic forms with the usual insular cha- racter of a ligneous development of races more generally her- baceous. Thus they have produced the Trimeris ( Labelic sect.)
CAMPANULACEOUS AND OLEACEOUS ORDERS. 11
of St. Helena, the Sclerotheca of the Society Islands, and the five genera constituting the Clermontia group of the Sandwich Islands.
In regard to geographical distribution, the Cyphiew may be in- cluded in Lobeliex, to which they are otherwise more nearly allied than to the Campanulem. Of the three genera, the principal one, Cyphia, is entirely South African, one species only having reached Abyssinia; the monotypic Cyphianthus, from Chili, and Nemacladus, from North-west America, have followed the course of other races of southern origin, travelling northwards along the western regions of America.
We now come to the Campanulex, whose development appears to have been chiefly northern in the Old World, whilst the Lo- belieæ had been generally southern. The union of the two in one very natural and well-defined order would indicate a common origin ; but what that parent race was, or what.was its primitive home, is, I believe, with our present data, beyond the reach of conjecture. All we might venture to imagine appears to be :—
That the primitive race flourished very early in some region in connexion with Africa.
That the Lobeliee were first developed at a time when the geological or other conditions afforded some general means of southern communication between South Africa and Australia, between Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctic America, between South Africa and extratropical South America.
That when the Campanules were differentiated, South Africa was already isolated from the rest of the southern hemisphere.
That this branch of the descendants of the primitive race having then become established in the African region, both to the north and to the south of the hot zone, developed freely, ex- tended widely, and became much varied in the wide area opened to it in the north, but remained much more restricted in num- bers and variations in the limited space allowed it in the south.
That it spread very sparingly over the tropics, with but little variation, and was stil more restricted in crossing the tropics southward at a distance from the primitive home.
Such are the principal conjectures which suggest themselves on the consideration of the present distribution of the tribe of which the following is a general sketch.
We may perhaps be justified in taking as the earliest forms in
12 ME. G. BENTHAM ON THE
which Campanulee were developed those genera in which the cap- sular dehiscence is normal in terminal valves, especially Wahlen- bergia. This is now the most widely spread genus, being almost cosmopolitan. It is especially abundant in South Africa, where it passes gradually into the closely allied .genera Lightfootia and Microcodon. It does not scorn the tropics, where it has generated the two or three species of the closely allied Cephalo- stigma. In the north, besides one almost cosmopolitan species, it takes the rather distinct forms of the W. hederacea in Western Europe and the several Edrianthi of the East Mediterranean region. Ithas spread over Asia, passing into the Chino-Japanese Platycodon ; and one Indo-Australian form has extended south- wards to New Zealand, where is also a peeuliar endemic species, more nearly connected, however, with the Asiatic than with any otherforms. It has also found its way, with other early races, to some of the distant islands, characteristic shrubby forms being found in Saint Helena and in Juan Fernandez. In America it is only to be met with in the tropics, but very sparingly, and uot in any peculiar endemic form. The European Jasione, though a very distinct type, may be considered also as one of the Wahlenbergia group. And diverging from it, but in a different direction and ina greater degree, are the three Himalayan genera Leptocodon, Codonopsis, and Cyananthus. Although the latter genus, on account of its trimerous ovary being superior or nearly so, had been originally referred to Polemoniacez, I cannot see any real affinity with that order. The three genera are closely allied to each other, and appear to me to be the result of a differentiation, diverging from the Wahlenbergia group, which has not gone further, and not the remains of the extinct races which had intervened between Campanulacee and any other order.
Four small genera of Campanulee, with indehiscent fruits bac- cate or nearly so, are exclusively northern, though not so extra- tropical as most of the others. Canarina, a single Canary-island species, is nearly allied to some of the five East-Asiatie species of Campanumea; and these, again, are connected in some measure with the Wahlenbergia group through the above-mentioned Codo- nopsis. But the Himalayan Peracarpa, a single species, and Pentaphragma, from the Malayan archipelago, with three species, are quite isolated, showing no connexion with each other or with any other genus, except the general one with the tribe. The
CAMPANULACEOUS AND OLEACEOUS ORDERS. 13
intermediate races which might have shown their special deri- vation are lost to us.
The Campanulez in which the capsular valves remain closed and consolidated into a coriaceous or hardened, flat or convex, apex, are numerous, and distributed into a number of more or less distinet genera both in the northern and in the southern (South- African) extratropical regions; but the means of escape provided for the seeds are quite different in the two regions. Inthe genera Roella, Prismatocarpus, Treichelia, Siphocodon, and Merciera, all confined to South Africa, either the hardened apex comes off bodily by a horizontal separation within or below the calyx-limb, or the capsule opens below the calyx-limb in longitudinal fissures, or (in Merciera) never opens at all. On the other hand, in the great northern genera, chiefly Mediterranean, but some of them extending all over Europe, central and northern Asia, and thence to North America, Campanula, Specularia, Phyteuma, and the more restricted Adenophora, Symphiandra, Michauzxia, Musschia, and Trachelium the dehiscence is peculiar. A small orbicular or oblong portion of the pericarp below the calyx-limb and between each two ribs separates in the form of a little valve, leaving a pore or hole for the escape of the seeds; or (in Musschia) a num- ber of transverse slits are opened without any separable valve. This mode of dehiscence, unknown in South Africa, must have had an exclusively northern origin and development; whilst the southern opercular or longitudinal dehiscences have never reached Europe or extratropical Asia.
Sphenoclea, a tropical weed common to both the New and the Old World, is a very marked form of uncertain parentage. It has, indeed, so little direct connexion with any one Campanula- ceous genus that it has been raised by some to the rank of a di- stinet order, although there is no character which it has not in common with some portion of the tribe Campanulex. It is most probably of African origin ; and the capsule has the opercular de- hiscence of some of the South- African genera.
The several species of Campanulee endemic in North America are chiefly slight modifications of the widely spread northern Old- World genus Campanula, or of its close ally or subordinate genus Specularia. One species of the latter has spread far down the Andine range of South America, where it has even formed some slightly differentiated local races, varieties sometimes dignified with the title of species. There is, however, one monotypic Cali-
14 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE
fornian genus ( Githopsis), the origin and connexions of which are as yet very problematical. It is a small annual of limited area, with the capsule operculate, as in some of the above-mentioned South-African Campanulex, with which it cannot be supposed to have any connexion. The character, however, is exemplified in West America in some Lobeliee—a circumstance which, taken together with the habit, might lead us to suppose that notwith- standing its free anthers, Githopsis is rather derived from the Lobeliew than from the Campanules, with which it is technically classed.
2. Oleaces and Salvadoracez.
Following the suggestions of Endlicher and others, we have re- united the Jasmine: and Oleinez, so many of the supposed di- stinctive characters having become invalidated by further observa- tion; and we long hesitated whether the Salvadoraces should not also have been brought in. The whole together form an isolated and well-defined group, divisible into five, of nearly, though not quite, equal value—Jasminex, Syringes, Fraxinex, Oleines, and Salvadoraceee. The connecting link of the whole, independently of a number of minor less-constant characters, is the binary ar- rangement of the stamens in continuation of that of the carpels, and independent of that of the corolline lobes. This is strikingly exemplified in the Jasmine and in Schrebera, where the corolline lobes vary from the ordinary four to five, six, or more. Lindley ob- serves, indeed (Veg. Kingd. 618), that the two stamens of Jasmi- nes are probably connected with a quinary type; but that does not prove to be the case. In the Personate orders, where the stamens are reduced to two, it is always by the abortion of the remainder of the whorl, of which the rudiments may most fre- quently be traced; and the two perfect ones are always alter- nate with the lobes of the corolla. In Jasmine and in Schrebera I have invariably found them, as in other Oleacez, alternating with the carpels and bearing no relation to the corolla-lobes. This is further proved by two or three flowers in which I found three carpels, and in which there were also three stamens, with- out any corresponding difference in the corolla-lobes. In the Sal- vadoracee and in the very few species of Oleaceæ (about half a dozen out of 280), where the second series of stamens is deve- loped, the four stamens do, it is true, alternate with the four
CAMPANULACEOUS AND OLEACEOUS ORDERS. 15
petals; but this isomery is only a further continuation of the bi- nary arrangement from the pistil outwards.
I know of no order with which the Oleaceous group is imme- diately connected beyond the gereral affinity to bicarpellary Gamopetale, nor am I aware of any ambiguous or connecting genus.
Of the five subordinate groups, the Salvadorace: are certainly the most distinct, although they have no one constant character which is not to be found in some genus of the other groups, ex- cept perhaps the rudimentary stipules, of which there is, I believe, no trace in any Oleaceæ. The glandular scales behind the sta- mens of Dobera, and sometimes of Salvadora, have no existence in Oleacez, but are not constant in Salvadoracee. The stamens are always four, as in one or two species of each of three genera of Oleaces ; the radicle is inferior, as in Jasminez; the general re- semblance more with Oleinez.
Jasmines, as well as Salvadoracex, are frequently treated as a separate order, the distinctive characters usually given being an inereased number in the parts of the corolla, a didymous fruit, exalbuminous seeds, and an inferior radicle. But the increase in the number of corolla-parts occurs also in Schrebera, with the loculicidal capsule and inferior radicle of Syringeæ ; the fruit is not didymous in Nyctanthes, which in all other respects is a true Jasminea; there is no albumen in Schrebera among Syringee, nor in Woronhea among Oleinee ; and in Zénociera the albumi- nous and exalbuminous species are sometimes most closely allied in all other respects. There remains the inferior radicle; but even this character may not be here considered in the same light asin the case of Boragineæ and Verbenacee. The ovules are in all Oleaces, as far as I have observed, anatropous and laterally attached; and in the seed the radicle, always next the hilum, be- comes inferior when the seed is erect, superior when it is pendu- lous. On the other hand, the radicle is always superior in Bora- ginez, and inferior in Verbenacez, whatever be the position of the hilums. The climbing habit of many Jasmina does not extend to Menodora or Nyctanthes, and occurs in Myzopyrum among Oleinex. The dissected leaves are also found in Fraxinus, and sometimes in Schrebera and Syringa.
The three remaining subordinate groups or tribes are distin- guished chiefly by their fruit—capsular and loculicidally dehis- cent in Syringez, samaroid, winged and indehiscent in Fraxinese,
16 ON THE CAMPANULACEOUS AND OLEACEOUS ORDERS.
baccate or drupaceous and indehiscent in Oleineæ. The presence or absence, the freedom or union, and the varied æstivation of the parts of the corolla afford generic, but no tribual characters.
Geographical distribution does not coincide with tribual differ- ences. Jasminum, Nyctanthes, Schrebera, Olea, and Myxopyrum belong to the tropical or subtropical regions of the Old World, very sparingly extending into more temperate climates; Lino- ciera, also tropical or subtropical, extends nearly equally over America and the Old World. Syringa, Fontanesia, Phillyrea, and Ligustrum are from the northern extratropical districts of the Old World, the first three almost limited to the Mediterranean region; Ligustrum is also European, but is more abundant in East Asia, whence it has even stretched across the tropics to Aus- tralia. Osmanthus and Chionanthus are common to eastern Asia and North America. Fraxinus extends all round tbe northern extratropical zone both in America and in the Old World. Fores- tiera is the only genus exclusively American, and is chiefly tro- pical or subtropical. Menodora, as marked a genus in distribu- tion as in other respects, is the only one showing a more southern character. It belongs to a series of genera which at the present period are represented at once in South Afriea, in extratropical South-American, and in the Mexicano-Texan region of North America. 4
There remain two small genera, both of them slight modifica- of the tropical Linociera—one, Notelea, represented in the Canary Islands and in Australia, the other, Noronhea, limited to the Mas- carene Islands.
The Salvadoraceæ, like some of their Oleaceous allies, appear to have had their origin in the East tropical African or Africano- Indian region, having extended northwards as far as Persia,
southwards to the Cape, and eastwards, though sparingly, to the Malayan archipelago.
DR. J. H. GILBERT ON * FAIRY-RINGS.” 17
Note on the Occuprence of * Fairy-Rings." By J. H. Ae A Ph.D., F.RSS., F.C.S.
[Read June 3, 1875.]
Ir is known that * Fairy-Rings " occur chiefly, though not exclu- sively, on poor pastures, and that they are discouraged by high (es- pecially high nitrogenous) manuring. In the experiments on per- manent meadow-land, conducted in Mr. Lawes's Park at Rotham- sted, there are twenty different plots, representing nearly as many different conditions of manuring, the same condition having been continued on the same plot in most cases for twenty years in succes- sion. Some of these plots yield an average of little more than 1ton of hay per acre, and others more than 3 tons. On some * fairy- rings " occur, whilst on others they do not. The flora generally, so to speak, has, indeed, changed under the influence of the dif- ferent manures in a very striking degree. Thus, speaking roughly, there are certain plots on which there develop annu- ally from 40 to 50 species or more, whilst in others even less than 20 are in some seasons found. These differences, it should be remarked, are the result of the different conditions as to manu- ring, the whole area, so far as could be judged, having been pretty uniform in the character of the herbage at the com- mencement of the experiments.
It will be of interest, and be found not irrelevant to the special subject of this communication, to summarize as briefly as possible a few of the most characteristic changes which have taken place in the botanical character of the vegetation under the influence of certain characteristic conditions as to manuring. On three occa- sions, at intervals of five years (namely, in 1862, 1867, and 1872), a sample of the produce from each plot has been carefully taken and submitted to careful botanieal analysis. Taking the average of the three separations, the following are some of the results :—
Continuously without manure (plots 3 and 12), the number of species found in the produce has averaged 48, of which 17 are grasses, 4 belong to the order of Leguminose, and 27 to other orders. The percentage by weight of grasses is about 62, that of the leguminous herbage 8, and that of the remaining species, which it will be convenient to term miscellaneous herbage, 30.
With a purely mineral manure, containing superphosphate of LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XY, €
18 DR. J. H. GILBERT ON THE
lime and sulphates of potass, soda, and magnesia, but no nitro- gen or organic matter (plot 7), the average number of species found has been 42, of which, as without manure, 17 are grasses, 4 Leguminose, and the remainder “miscellaneous.” But the produce has contained, on the average, only 55 instead of 62 per cent. of its weight of grasses, nearly 26 instead of only 8
per cent. (as without manure) of Leguminose, and only 19 instead -
of 30 per cent. of “ miscellaneous" herbage.
With the same mineral manure as on the last plot (7), but with the addition of a large quantity of ammonia-salts, in plot 11, the average number of species found has been reduced to 21, of which 13 are grasses, 1 only belongs to the order of Legu- minose, and 7 to other orders. But instead of 62 per cent. by weight of graminaceous herbage, as without manure, or 55 -per cent., as with the mineral manure alone, we have now, with this mixture of the same mineral manure and a great excess of ammonia-salts, 92:5 per cent. by weight of grasses, only 0-01 per cent. of leguminous herbage, instead of 8 per cent. as without manure, and 26 per cent. with the purely mineral manure; and we have less than 73 per cent. of species from other orders, instead of about 30 per cent. as without manure, or 19 as with the purely mineral manure.
It will be readily understood that, with the great variety of ma- nurial conditions offered by the twenty different experimental plots, there is very great variety in the development and relative predo- minance of the representatives of different orders and genera in- termediate between the marked extremes above referred to. With reference to the extreme cases cited, the prominent point to ob- serve is, that the grasses dominate to an extraordinary degree where large quantities of ammonia as well as mineral manure were em- ployed, whilst, under these conditions, the leguminous herbage was all but annihilated, and the “ miscelianeous "' species were very much reduced both in number and in weight per cent. in the produce. On the other hand, the percentage proportion and the actual quantity of the leguminous herbage was enormously increased by a mineral manure containing potass but no am- monia, or nitrogen in any other form, or organic matter of any kind.
Here is obviously a remarkable instance of domination undef well-defined artificially induced conditions. But the facts are
-~
the more remarkable since it is the Graminaceous herbage (which
OCCURRENCE OF “ FAIRY-RINGS.”’ 19
under equal conditions of ripeness contains a comparatively low percentage of nitrogen) that is so strikingly developed under the influence of nitrogenous manures; whilst the Leguminous her- bage, which is characterized by a very high percentage of nitro- gen, is specially developed by mineral manure containing potass ; and when to this nitrogenous manures (especially ammoniacal) are added, the plants of the Leguminous order are almost abolished.
These striking results, brought out in experiments on the mixed herbage of grass-land, are moreover perfectly consistent with those observed in the growth of individual Graminaceous and Leguminous crops in rotation on arable land. Thus, a crop of wheat, barley, or oats is, other things being equal, very much increased by nitrogenous manures. A crop of clover or beans, on the other hand, although it may yield three, four, or five times as much nitrogen over a given area, as a crop of wheat, barley, or oats growing on the same description of land, is not characteris- tically benefited by direct nitrogenous manures. But these Le- guminous plants will develop and assimilate an enormous amount of nitrogen under conditions in which the Graminacez would lan- guish, and they at the same time leave the Jand in improved con- dition for the growth of the Graminacee. It must be admitted that the source of the much larger quantity of nitrogen assimi- lated over a given area by plants of the Leguminous than of the Graminaceous family, and of the residue of it left by them in the upper layers of the soil in a condition available for the Gra- minaces, is not yet conclusively explained.
Reflecting upon these facts, Mr. Lawes and myself have often felt that if we could determine the source of the nitrogen of the fungi growing in “fairy-rings,” some light might perhaps be thrown on the question of the source of the nitrogen of the Legu- minos: which we cultivate separately in rotation, or which grow in association in the mixed herbage of grass-land.
It will be readily understood that the nearly twenty conditions as to manuring, and the as many different conditions as to flora, which the experimental plots in the Park at Rothamsted offer, afford an extremely favourable opportunity for observing the con- ditions, both as to manure and association, under which fungi, and especially those occurring in the so-called “ fairy-rings,” most readily develop. Accordingly for some time past Mr. Lawes
has observed their occurrence and development ; and it is the c 2
20 DR. J. H. GILBERT ON THE
results of his observations on these points that I am enabled to communicate. .
Before stating under which of the conditions of manuring * fairy-rings" have most developed, it is of interest to observe that, according to published analyses of various fungi, generally from one fourth to one third of their dry substance consists of ni- trogenous matters. The dry substance further generally contains from 8 to 10 per cent. of mineral matter or ash, of which about 80 per cent. is phosphate of potassium. In fact, fungi would appear to be among the most highly nitrogenous of plants, and to be also very rich in potass. Yet the fungi have developed in *fairy-rings" only on the plots poorest in nitrogen and potass in such conditions as to be available to most other plants.
To go a little further into detail :—
In November 1874 six species of fungi were observed on the unmanured plot (3), where also they were more abundant than on any other plot. They were named by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley as follows — Boletus erythropus, Hygrophorus pratensis, H. coc- cineus, H. virgineus, Agaricus geotrupus, A. eruginosus.
On the plot with superphosphate of lime alone (4 . 1) there were two species, namely Hygrophorus coccineus and Clavaria vermi- cularis.
On plot 8, with superphosphate of lime and sulphates of soda and magnesia, but without potass for fourteen years, two species, Hygrophorus virgineus and Agaricus nudus.
On plot 17, with nitrate of soda alone, small patches of Hygro- phorus virgineus and of Agaricus furfuraceus were found. On plot 16, with nitrate of soda and sulphates of potass, soda, and magnesia, a few of Hygrophorus virgineus. And on one or two other plots there were individual specimens of Agaricus arvensis of very large size. i
“ Fairy-rings " occurred almost exclusively on plot 4.1 (with superphosphate of lime alone), and on plot 8 (with superphosphate of lime, and sulphates of soda and magnesia, but no potass).
In May 1875 only one species, namely Marasmius oreadum, was observed.
On the 19th there were comparatively few specimens to be found. On the 31st they occurred in small numbers on plot 1 (with farm-yard manure and ammonia salts 1856-1863, but since ammonia salts only), on plot 2 (with farm-yard manure alone 1856-
OCCURRENCE OF “ FAIRY-RINGS." 21 1863, but since unmanured), on plot 3 (unmanured for more than twenty years), and on plot 7 (with superphosphate of lime and sulphates of potass, soda, and magnesia for twenty years). On plots 4.1 and 8, on the other hand, they could be counted by hundreds ; and on these two plots only were they found in “ fairy- rings."
On plot 4.1 (with superphosphate of lime alone) there were six more or less complete “ fairy-rings," on some of which hundreds of the fungi were growing in thick patches, generally surrounded by the very luxuriant grass of the ring.
On plot 8 (with superphosphate of lime and sulphates of soda and magnesia but no potass for fourteen years) there were three large ^fairy-rings " with the fungi growing very thickly on them, the grass of the rings being also very luxuriant. There were, besides these rings, a number of patches down one side of the plot showing many of the fungi and very luxuriant grass; and there was one large patch of very luxuriant grass showing no fungi now, nor was mycelium found in the soil; but in the autumn this patch gave a crop of Agaricus nudus. On this plot especially the increased growth of grass on the rings and patches where fungi have occurred is so considerable that it must appreciably affect the amount of produce on the plot; and the grasses most favoured seem to be Poa trivialis and Holcus lanatus.
- Thus, then, the highly nitrogenous fungi flourished strikingly, and appeared in *fairy-rings," on two plots only, on neither of which is either nitrogen or potass applied as manure—conditions under which the development of the Graminaces is extremely re- strieted, and their limited growth is due to a deficient available supply of nitrogen, or of potass, or of both, and where the com- petition of the Leguminoss is also weak, in the absence of a more liberal supply of potass.
The questions obviously arise whether the greater prevalence of fungi under such conditions be due to the manurial conditions themselves being directly favourable for their growth, or whether other plants, and especially the grasses, growing so sluggishly under such conditions, the plants of the lower orders are the better able to overcome the competition and to assert themselves. On this point the further questions arise whether the fungi prevail simply in virtue of the absence of adverse and vigorous competi- tion, or whether to a greater or less extent as parasites, and so at the expense of the sluggish underground growth of the plants in
22 DR. J. H. GILBERT ON THE
association with them ; or, lastly, have these plants the power of assimilating nitrogen in some form from the atmosphere, or in some form or condition of distribution within the soil not avail- able (at least when in competition) to the plants growing in asso- ciation with them ?
It is with the hope of arriving at some answer to these ques- tions, either from the existing knowledge or the future obser- vation of botanists and vegetable-physiologists, that we have felt it desirable to comply with the request made to us, to bring our own observations, made from a special point of view, before the Fellows of the Linnean Society. In aid of this object it may be well to state some other facts which we have noticed in con- nexion with the formation and extension of ^ fairy-rings.”
It is probable that the fungi growing on meadow-land owe their occurrence in the first instance to the accidental droppings of animals or birds. Individual specimens appear, and sometimes grow to a large size, even on some of the highly manured plots ; but patches, or “ rings,” are chiefly found on the poorly manured or exhausted plots—that is to say, where there is a marked absence of luxuriance in the vegetation generally. So far as may be judged from observation hitherto, patches may form and die out without development and extension into “ rings.” The formation of an annually increasing * ring " seems to require special condi- | tions, both as to soil and association. In the case of mere patches, some examinations of the soil in spring and autumn have not shown a marked development of mycelium where it would be expected if there were to be extension, though it would appear that, if the conditions be specially favourable, they may enlarge and endure for some time. In the ease of extending “ rings," on the other hand, the soil under the outer portion of the circle gene- rally shows, to a depth of a foot or more, according. the character of the soil, an enormous development of mycelium for some time prior to the appearance of the above-ground growth.
It is to be particularly observed that this development of myce- lium is always under the outer portion of the “ ring," and is not | found within it. When a ring is formed, what happens seems to be the following :— From some extraneous cause, such as above referred to, a patch of fungi is established. The plants falling and dying supply a rich nitrogenous (as well as mineral) manuring to the adjacent herbage. A pateh of dark green luxuriant grass, generally several inches higher than the surrounding herbage,
OCCURRENCE OF “ FAIRY-RINGS.”’ 23
succeeds. This being cut or eaten off, the soil may sooner or later become even more exhausted than before ; and it is accord- ingly frequently observed that the grass within is less luxuriant than that outside the ring. Initiative experiments, upon which, however, we would not place implicit reliance, have, indeed, shown a lower percentage of nitrogen in the surface soil within the circle than at an equal depth either under or without the circle. Leguminous plants are not excluded from the area within the ring ; but whilst Lathyrus pratensis and Trifolium pratense, plants which on the land in question have shown themselves very depen- dent on artificial supplies of potass, seem to be discouraged, Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium repens, species which maintain their position under marked conditions of exhaustion of soil, are fairly abundant. At any rate, it would appear that, in the case of *rings," the soil underneath the fungus-growth has become unfitted to support another crop, or successive crops, of fungi. Accordingly, supposing the soil of the plot to be favourable, the ring develops always outwards—that is, on what is to the fungi virgin soil; and hence the annual enlargement.
It will be seen that in these facts we have an interesting illus- tration of what may be called natural rotation. The original fungi probably receive their nutriment from extraneous sources ; but once established, they must, for the extension into “ rings,” depend upon other supplies, which, if due to the soil itself, are ob- viously unfavourable, either in condition or in distribution, to the surrounding vegetation, and especially to the grasses, which do not flourish until the matter taken up by the fungi becomes available to them as manure, when at once they show very great luxuriance. Or is it, as already suggested, that the mycelium develops, so far as its nitrogen is concerned, not at the expense of that which may be said to have become a constituent of the soil itself, but of that accumulated in the vegetable débris from former growth within the soil, or even parasitically—that is, at the expense of the nitrogenous matters of the roots of not dead but very sluggish vegetation ?
These points are obviously of very considerable interest from both a chemical and a physiological point of view; and it is much to be hoped that botanists and vegetable physiologists who may have special knowledge on the subject will bring it to bear on the questions which seem to be at issue—or that, in so far as such knowledge is not yet available, some may be induced to take up
24 MB. T. B. BALFOUR ON THE FLORA OF RODRIGUEZ.
the investigation with a view to the elucidation of that which, to us at least, seems to require explanation *.
Extract from a Letter from I. B. Barroumn, Esq., Botanist to the Expedition to Rodriguez to observe the Transit of Venus; addressed to, and communicated by, Dr. Hooxzz, F.L.S.
[Read May 7, 1874.]
I mave done a good deal of work since I came here, and have ex- plored the major part of the island. It is only 102 miles long by 4 miles broad, much smaller than previously supposed ; but the huge boulders and stones which cover the ground over the whole island render walking both difficult and dangerous.
The flora is by no means extensive; and it is eurious to note how very restricted in area are the habitats of many of the plants. In several cases the plant from which I have gathered my speci- men was the only individual of the species which I have seen in the island.
I do not know enough about the Mauritian flora to make any comparison ; but several of the ferns which I have seen seem to be identical with Mauritian ones.
The Vacoas ( Pandani) are extremely “puzzling. The inhabit- ants say that there are four kinds, calling them Vacoa sac, V. poteau, V. chevron, and V. parasol; others make five, adding 7. mile; whilst others, again, substitute a V. calé for the F. sac and V. parasol. For my part, I think at present the V. poteau and V. chevron are the only two species, the former growing on the shore and also on the hills, the latter only on the hills. The V. sac is just the young plant of the V. poteau with large leaves ; the V. mále is merely the male tree of either of the species; and the V. parasol seems to be nothing but the V. poteau growing where it has free scope to develop its branches regularly and form a dome, the V. calé being a dwarfed stunted form of F. po- teau when exposed to wind &. The fruits of all those trees which I would group under V. poteau vary very greatly, both in size, colour, and form; but the habits of the trees are quite the same. These are at present my ideas regarding them; but I intend de- voting a great deal more time to them.
* Owing to pressure of occupation at the time, I was not able to refer to the opinions of others before writing the foregoing notes, but have since done so, and
would call attention to the observations of Berkeley, Way, Buckman, Lees, and others, —J. H. Q.
MR, J. GAMMIE ON ARISCEMA SPECIOSUM. 25
The Palmistes (Palms) here are two in number: one, the Pal- miste bon, is, 1 believe, the same as one growing in Mauritius ; it has a long, thin, straight, tapering stem; the other, called here Palmiste marron, is very clearly and easily distinguished from it; its stem, at first thin, gradually thickens, and then tapers at the summit, so that it has a thick bulged part in the middle. The flowering spike is different, as well as the leaves; and, further, whilst the Palmiste bon makes an excellent salad, this species, if eaten, is apt to poison. There is only one species of Latanier Palm, which is, I believe, similar to one found in Mauritius.
1 have not sent any specimens of plants or rocks by this mail, as I have not got all the necessary packing-materials here ; I shall, however, despatch them as soon as I return to Mauritius.
Rodriguez, November 3, 1874.
j Extract from a Letter from Mr. J. Gamiz to Dr. HOOKER. [Read February 4, 1875.]
DEAR SIR, — » : x
Some time ago you asked me to find out the use of the thread- like appendage to the spadix of Ariscema speciosum. It has lately been in flower; and I have examined hundreds of them, but can come to no satisfactory conclusion. Your own surmise, that the appendage is a sort of gangway to lead wingless insects from spadix to spadix, may be the correct expianation; but I did not see an insect of any description crawling along any one of them, and, with the exception of a solitary spider, 1 found no insects inside the spathe. The spider had spun a web across the mouth of the spathe as though it expected visitors; and as spiders are not in the habit of making webs for show merely, I suppose in- sects do visit the flowers. I was much struck with the excess of the male over the female inflorescences; and on counting in many different places I found about ten spadices of the former to one of the latter. At first I thought that the spa- dix-thread might be to keep the flaccid end of the spathe from falling down and closing up the mouth. The leaf and flower- stalks come up together with the thread hitched in between the leaflets. Afterwards, when the leaf-stalk rises beyond the pe- duncle, the thread becomes tolerably tight, with the end of the
26 me : GAMMIE ON ARISCEMA SPECIOSUM.
spathe leaning against it. The first breeze, however, often blows the thread to the ground; so that there is little chance of this being its intended function. Some Lepchas told Dr. Hender- son that the thread took hold of the ground and produced a tuber; but I am quite certain that there is not the shadow of à foundation for this assertion. I found, in my searching, ano- ther species, which I had up to that time quite overlooked. It is much larger than A. speciosum, and has leaflets about 15 inches across, with conspicuous light-coloured midribs*. The spathe is also much larger, and has the end curled inwards, com- pletely closing up the opening in froni, leaving only a small open- ing on each side. The ends of the curled-in part look like ele- phant’s ears on asmall scale. On the spadix above the part which bears the flowers there is a sharp disk, which projects about halfan inch. The petiole is bright unspotted green ; and altogether the plant is a very handsome one, and, I am sure, would be much admired ; the spathe is nearly a foot across the ears, and is beau- tifully reticulated with light-coloured veins. I have never seen it below 6000 feet; Ariscema speciosum comes as low as 4000 feet in moist shady places. If these Arums could be acclima. tized in England (which I much doubt), they would be most valu- able for planting in pheasant-eovers. The Sikkim Horned Phea- sant prefers the fruit of them to any other kind of food ; and I suppose the common Pheasant would do the same.
Have you never observed that the anthers of Codonopsis in- Jlata are always burst, and the stigma covered with pollen before the flowers open? It is, I think, a good example of independ- ent fertilization.
About 80,000 lbs. of India-rubber have been collected in this locality during the past season ; but the trees have been terribly hacked about, and, I am afraid, will yield but little next year. There appear to be at least three species of Ficus from which rubber is extracted. They grow along the banks of streams, perched on the tops of rough-barked trees, in the hot moist valleys from 3500 feet down to the plains. The large aerial roots, which take the form of stems, are merely notched with knives to allow the milk to escape, which, as soon as congealed, is col- lected, and is then ready for market.
* It is probably A. Hookerianum, Schott.
MR. be HORNE ON THE BOTANY OF THE SEYCHELLES. 27
d
Extract of Letter addressed to Dr. Hooxer by Joun Horne, Esq., F.L.S., Subdirector of the Botanic Gardens, Mauritius, dated Mauritius, 12th November, 1874.
[Read February 4, 1875.]
I nETURNED from the Seychelles on 1st October last, after spending three months there. During that time I visited Mahé (the principal island of the group), Praslin, Silhouette, Félicité, La Digue, Aux Frégates, St. Anne, Aux Cerfs, and was prevented from landing at Marie Anne, a small isle about a mile from Félicité, in conse- quence of a rough sea and because the boat could not be detained. Isle Curieuse I visited on a former occasion. All these islands I travelled over, and searched carefully and minutely, visiting every locality where a new or rare plant could be found, and never allow- ing my thoughts to deceive me. I can assure you I worked very hard, knocking up the men that were with me as guides several times, but enjoyed my work very much, and considerably improved my health and strength notwithstanding fatigues and frequent wettings. 1 collected about three hundred species, some of which I may have gathered on the previous tour; but the bulk of them 1 had not seen before. I have the specimens separated into their natural orders as nearly as I can make them out here; and 1 hope to be able to send the largest portion of them to you by the next mail, with notes relating to each. I doubt really if many of them will be new; but, as you remarked, many may prove to be geographically interesting.
Without minutely considering this subject, I may remark that the Seychelles’ flora has more affinities to the floras of Ma- dagascar, East Africa, South of India, Malay islands, and Poly- nesia or Oceania than to those of either Mauritius or Bour- bon. I have yet to discover a genus or even a species which is only found in the Seychelles and the two last-named places. That representatives of the same genera and species are common in Mauritius, the Seychelles, and Bourbon is not to be gain- said; but such plants have a much wider range, and are com- mon in several other countries. On the other hand, the greatest portion of the Seychelles' genera and species are plants common to all or, in many instances, to one or another of the four first-named places. For example, I may quote for S. India Campnosperma zeylanicum, which is one of the commonest trees in
28 MR. J. HORNE ON THE BOTANY OF THE SEYCHELLES.
the Seychelles, Dittelasma rarak for the Malay islands ; those for Madagascar and E. Africa are so numerous that examples are needless. The Oceanic or Polynesian flora has many represen- tatives in Seychelles, among which may be mentioned, Barring- tonia speciosa, B. racemosa, Calophyllum inophyllum, Heritiera lit- toralis, Cordia subcordata, &c. Calophyllums of two or three spe- cies are indigenous to Mauritius; but C. inophyllum is not one of them. Besides the above, it is to be noted that several other oceanie genera and species are not found in Mauritius, although common plants in the Seychelles. The geological formations of the several parts may have something to do in the distribution of plants, as well as the currents of the ocean. The Seychelles, Mada- gascar, E. Africa, and S. India are granitic, as well as many of the Malay and Polynesian islands; and during all the greater part of the year a strong sea-current passes the Seychelles from the east.
The appearance, nature, and kind of plants I collected in the Seychelles in 1871 lead me to form the above opinion regarding the Seychelles’ flora. When you have seen and examined the plants I collected in the Seychelles this year, I have no doubt that this opinion will be confirmed, the whole being taken, into consideration. I have also concluded, whether rightly or wrongly, that the balance of the Seychelles’ flora is in favour of the Mas- carene, if the flora of Madagascar is the typical one, but not if the Mauritius flora is the standard round which the Mascarene flora is gathered. Of course the Seychelles have what may be termed their local peculiarities ; but what these are it would be difficult for me to guess, as I have not many books of reference and have but few specimens from Madagascar. Besides, at least to me, com- paratively little is known of the plants in that large island. When more is known of them, I dare say that some plants which may now be considered peculiar to the Seychelles will be found to belong to Madagascar also. 1 here more especially refer to the unnamed Rubiacez in my last collection. The publication of two or three works now in hand will throw a good deal of light on this sub- ject. I allude to the ‘ Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles’ by Mr. Baker, the * Flora of Tropical Africa ' by Professor Oliver, and the Flora of India. But it will not be well lighted up until more of the Madagascar plants are known. To any young man who wished to make a name for himself, exploring and collect- ing the plants of Madagascar would be really worth his trouble.
MR. D. OLIVER ON PLANTS COLLECTED IN NEW GUINEA. 29
I called at the Botanie Gardens, Bourbon, when on my way to the Seychelles; and I am glad to say that they are very much im- proved since I saw them last. The Government of the island has taken the management of them into its own hands.
List of Plants collected in New Guinea by Dr. A B. Meyer, sent to Kew December 1874. By Daxter Outver, Esq., F.R.S. & LS.
[Read April 15, 1875.]
Dr. Aporr BERNHARD MEYER, Director of the Royal Natural- History Museum of Dresden, recently forwarded to Dr. Hooker, for the Kew Herbarium, the few dried plants which he was able to preserve during his visit to New Guinea (with a view to zoolo- gical and anthropological research) in 1873.
As he requested that in case any of the species proved to be new they should be published, 1 have drawn up the annexed list of the whole (there are but ten altogether), with descriptions of the two novelties, for the Linnean Society.
Kew, December 30, 1874.
No. 5. CANAVALIA OBTUSIFOLIA, DC. Hab. Elefantgeberge, Geelvinksbay.
Nos. 9 & 11. PENTAPHRAGMA MACROPHYLLA, Oliv., sp. nov. Foliis amplis oblique elliptieis breviter acuminatis basi inzequilateris penni- veniis, margine dentibus crebriusculis zquilongis szpe incurvis ele- ganter serraiis, supra glabris, subtus vernatione tomentellis, racemis axillaribus multifloris pedunculis incrassatis, calycis lobis lineari-lan- ceolatis acutis corolhe crassiuscule lobis oblongo-ovatis 2plo longi- oribus.
Folia alterna, 15 poll. longa, 6-7 poll. lata; petiolus 13-3} poll. longus. Pedunculus 3-2 poll. longus; bractez lineari-lanceolate 1-1 poll. longz. Calyx (cum pedicello) 2 poll. ; tubus teretiusculus levis, lobi 3-2 poll. longi.
Hab. Geelvinksbay.
No. 6. ScxvoLa Kaenieu, Vahl. Hab. Elefantgeberge, Geelvinksbay.
30 ; DR. G. DICKIE ON ALGÆ FROM
No. 8. WEDELIA BirLora, DC. Hab. Flefantgeberge, Geelvinksbay.
No. 7. Cerspera ODOLLAM, Gert., var. OBTUSIFOLIA. Hab. Elefantgeberge, Geelvinksbay.
No. 4. CORDYLINE TERMINALIS, Kth., var. INFUNDIBULARIS, Baker. Folia subpedalia 12-15 lin. lata. Racemus simplex laxus, floribus subsessilibus infundibuliformibus 2 lin. longis, segmentis basi brevis- sime coalitis.
Differs from var. sepiaria of the Fiji Islands in its smaller leaves, simple subspicate raceme, and shorter funnel-shaped perianth. (J. G. B.)
Hab. Geelvinksbay.
Nos. 1 & 2. DENDROBIUM TRICHOSTOMUM, Reich. fil. MSS. (§ Pla- nifolia, Reich. f. in Walpers’s Ann. vi. 282). Caulibus fasciculatis elongatis gracilibus sæpius foliosis, foliis distichis ovato-lanceolatis vel ellipticis acutis tenuibus, vaginis granulato-scabridis, floribus axillaribus folio brevioribus fasciculatis v. breviter racemosis (ut vide- tur pallide roseis) bracteatis, bracteis brevibus ovatis acutis, sepalis subzequilongis oblongis obtusis, petalis conformibus, mento obtusis- simo, labello calciformi integro obovato-oblongo obtuso longitudina- liter nervoso margine incurvo fimbriato extus infra marginem pube- rulo, columna brevissima glabra.
Caulis 1-11-ped. Folia 13-2 poll. longa, 1-2 poll. lata. Bractea 14 poll. longæ. Sepala 2 poll. lata. Mentum }-} poll. longum.
Hab. Geelvinksbay.
Nos. 3 & 10. HEpvcuiuM, aff. H. angustifolio, Roxb.
Hab. Geelvinksbay.
(Besides the above numbered specimens, the two following Ferns were found entangled in the Dendrobium.
T'richomanes filicula, Bory, var.
Polypodium undistinguishable in its barren state from P. ( Pleuridium) selligueoides, Baker. (J. G. B.)
Notes on Algæ from the Island of Mangaia, South Pacific. By G. Dicxre, M.D., F.L.S.
[Read April 15, 1875.]
For the collection to which this communication refers I am in- debted to the kindness of the Rev. W. W. Gill, who for many
THE ISLAND OF MANGATA. 31
years acted as missionary in the island. He states that, “ owing to the shallowness of the water on the reef, the Algæ are not nu- merous,”
A few notes attached to the specimens are inserted between in- verted commas.
FUCACEE.
SARGASSUM POLYPHYLLUM, J, Ag. Geog. dist. Sandwich Islands.
S. VULGARE, Ag. Geogr. distr. Warmer parts of Atlantic ; Philippines; Australia; New Zealand.
TURBINARIA ORNATA, Turn. Geog. dist. Various parts of Pacific; Coast of Chili.
DricrvorACE x.
ZONARIA OBSCURA, n. sp. Fronde procumbente, coriacea, suborbiculari, undulata vel parce lobata, pagina inferiore radicante, stuposa. It belongs to the stemless division of the genus; in perpendi- cular section there are seven layers of cells. The specimens are about an inch in breadth, of a very dark olive-colour. It grows
closely applied to the irregular surface of corals. « Vative name Kana.”
Ecrocarpace®. SPHACELARIA PULVINATA, Harv.? Mixed with Microdictyon and very fragmentary, Geogr. distr. Port Philip; New Zealand.
RHODOMELACER. POLYSIPHONIA CA LOTHRIX, Harv.?
A few imperfect specimens attached to Turbinaria. Geogr. distr. Kiug George's Sound.
LAURENCIACEX. LAURENCIA OBTUSA, Lam. The ordinary form as well as the variety gracilis. | Geog. dist. Very widely diffused in both hemispheres.
382 DR. G. DICKIE ON ALGA FROM
CoORALLINACE Æ.
LITHOTHAMNION Darwinl, Harv.
Geog. dist. King George’s Sound.
MELOBESIA PUSTULATA, Lama,
Growing upon Laurencia.
Geogr. distr. Atlantic; Mediterranean; Australia; Norfolk Island. JANIA TENELLA, Kitz,
Upon Turbinaria.
Geog. dist. Mediterranean ; shores of Mexico.
GELIDIACER.
GELIDIUM RIGIDUM, Vahl.
Geog. dist. Warmer parts of Atlantic; Indian Ocean; Pacifie. HvPNEA RUGULOSA, Mont.
* Native name Hnaena; edible; used with juice of eocoa-nut." Geogr. distr. Island of Tond, in Torres Straits.
HELMINTHOCLADIE®. LIAGORA VISCIDA, Forsk. * Native name Karekare.”
Geogr. distr. Mediterranean ; Adriatic; W. Indies; Indian Ocean ; Red Sea; Australia ; Tasmania.
L. AUSTRALASICA, Sonder ?
The specimens are rather imperfect.
Geogr. distr. Western Australia.
GALAXAURA ANNULATA, Lama.
Geog. dist. Indian Ocean; Sandwich Islands.
G. LAPIDESCENS, Sol,
Geog. distr. Australia; Red Sea; Madagascar ; Canary Islands.
SIPHONACES. CAULERPA CYLINDRACEA, Sonder. * Native name Rimu. Edible." Geogr. distr. Australia. C. UnviLLEANA, Mont. Geogr. distr. Island of Tond, in Torres Straits.
* C. MAcRODISCA, Dne. Geog. distr. Anambas Islands (Australian archipelago).
THE ISLAND OF MANGATA. 33
HALIMEDA MACROLOBA, Dne. Geog. distr. W.and S. Australia ; Madagascar ; Red Sea; Indian Ocean ; Keeling Islands ; Friendly Islands.
H. OPUNTIA, Lama. Geog. dist. Warmer parts of Atlantic; Mediterranean; Red Sea; &c.
CopIUM TOMENTOSUM, Ag. Geog. distr. Tropical and Temperate.
Occurs in both hemispheres: Antarctic islands.
ULVACER.
Urva LATISSIMA, L. Mr. Gill, in a note, states, “ introduced in 1852, when a whaling ship from the Antarctic was wrecked on the reef.” Geog. distr. Widely distributed in both hemispheres. VALONIACE X.
MIcRODICTYON MowTAcNEI, Harv. Geog. distr. Friendly Islands.
CoNrERYACE X.
CLADOPHORA PELLUCIDA, Ktz. Geogr. distr. Western Australia ; Cape G. Hope ; shores of Europe.
OSCILLARIACEÆ. LYNGBYA TROPICA, Ktz. Geogr. distr. Gulf of Guinea.
Of the species recorded here, the majority are forms chiefly found in various parts of the S. Pacifie, and a few, such as Codium, &c., of general occurrence in both hemispheres.
LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XV. D
34 MR. H. C. SORBY ON THE COLCURING-MATTERS OF
On the Characteristic Colouring-matters of the Red Groups of Alge. By H. C. Sonzy, F.R.S., F.L.S., Pres. R.M.S., &c.
[Read May 6, 1875.]
In my paper “On Comparative Vegetal Chromatology "'* I showed that the three great divisions of Alga—the olive, the red, and the green—are, on the whole, very definitely distinguished from one another by the presence or absence of the various green or yellow substances insoluble in water belonging to the chlorophyl and xanthophyl groups. I now propose to consider more especially
the general distribution of some of the principal coloured consti- ` tuents which are soluble in water. It would be difficult to find another series of colouring-matters of greater beauty, or with such remarkable and instructive chemical and physical pecu- liarities.
Although all easily soluble in water, there seems very good evi- dence to prove that in the living plants they are either in a solid state or combined with a very small quantity of water, and not disseminated through the whole liquid contents of the cells, like the entirely different class of red colouring-matters found in the leaves of the higher classes of plants. On keeping the Alge in a small quantity of water, they soon die and begin to decompose ; and then the various colouring-matters are set free and dissolved, ihe change being indicated by the absorption-band in the spec- irum being a little nearer the blue end than in the spectrum of the living plant, and by the fluorescence being greatly in- creased. In some Alge this change takes place very rapidly, and in some so slowly that the colouring-matters are lost by decom- position before a satisfactory solution can be procured ; but by using no more water than is necessary to cover the plant operated on in a small corked bottle, a solution may generally be obtained which is of beautiful pink or purple colour, according to the nature of the plant. Such a solution, after having been filtered, must be carefully studied by the same spectrum method as I have described in many previous papers, and by the employment of special means which I now propose to explain.
The total number of different coloured substances character- istic of the various divisions of the red groups of Alge is at least six. These are distributed in very variable proportions in different
* Proc. Roy. Soc. vol. xxi. p. 442.
THE RED GROUPS OF ALG. 35
genera and species; and much remains to be learned respecting the cause of this variation. There appears to be no doubt that the age of the plant and the circumstances in which it grows have influence on their amount and relative proportion ; but at the same time there is manifestly a most intimate connexion between them and the general organization ; so that there is a relation between the particular colouring-matters and the position of the plants in the natural system of classification. Premising, then, that very much remains to be learned, I will now proceed to give an outline of some of the principal faets which I have so far been able to ob- serve in a more or less satisfactory manner.
In the first place, I must say that in this paper I shall describe the position of the absorption-bands seen in the spectra by giving the wave-lengths of the light corresponding to their centres in millionths of a millimetre, as explained in my late paper to the Royal Microscopical Society *, since I am more and more con- vinced that it is the true method. I shall also express the width of the bands when seen to the greatest advantage by giving the difference between the wave-lengths of their two extreme edges ; but since my chief object is to point out the bearing of my sub- ject on botany, I shall enter as little as possible into mere physies and chemistry. I must, however, to some extent; orelse the evi- dence on which my conclusions are founded could not be understood.
As far as my present knowledge extends, red Algs contain at least six different characteristie colouring-matters soluble in water. Various mixtures of these have been called Phycocyan and Phyco- erythrin ; and I do not think that one can do better than adopt these terms generically, and express the difference between the in - dividual species by the addition of words indicating their colour. Thus, for example, the dark species of Oscillatoria, so common in clear still water (O. nigra), yields a splendid purple solution, which has been called phycocyan ; but, as I have long ago shown in various papers, this is chiefly a mixture of two distinct sub- stances—one a purple, having a well-marked absorption-band whose centre is at wave-length 621 millionths of a millimetre, and the other a pink, having an absorption-band at 567 millionths of a millimetre. They may therefore be called respectively purple phycocyan and pink phycocyan. Solutions of such substances in
* Monthly Mic. Journ. 1875, vol. xiii. p. 198 t Tb. 1870, vol. iii. p. 229, &c.
— T ~
36 MR. H. €. SORBY ON THE COLOURING-MATTERS OF
water often change rapidly, owing to the development of various minute organisms ; but if clean white lump sugar be added to the solution until no more is dissolved at the ordinary temperature, decomposition occurs very slowly, and does not appear to occur at all in hermetically sealed tubes. Having, then, prepared a so- lution, its compound nature may be proved by various methods; but that to which I am the most anxious to direct attention de- pends on the fact that some of the colouring-matters are decom- posed when heated to the temperature at which. albumen coagu- lates, whereas others resist one considerably higher. Thus, in the case of the coloured solution in syrup obtained from Oscilla- toria by carefully keeping it in a water-bath at a temperature of 75° C., the pink phycocyan is soon changed into an insoluble pink substance ; and as soon as the change is complete and the absorp- tion-band at the yellow end of the green has disappeared, on filter- ing the liquid a clear solution of purple phycocyan is obtained. By comparing, side by side, the spectra of the original and of the cold but previously heated solution, we can see very clearly that the bands of the purple phycocyan remains nearly as at first, whilst little or no trace of the other can be detected. These facts will be better understood by means of the following figure.
700 400
IL.
Fig. 1. Spectra of the colouring-matters from Oscillatoria. Y. In natural state. Il. Heated to 75? C.
This and fig. 2 are both drawn in proportion to wave-lengths; and therefore the red end appears broader, and the blue narrower than when seen in an ordinary spectroscope.
In a similar manner we can prove that the beautiful purple solution obtained from Porphyra vulgaris is due to a mixture of four different substances. In a natural condition it gives a spectrum with four well-marked bands and one much fainter; and on heating the aqueous solution to 65? C., the two at the red end disappear and the other three remain. If the natural solution saturated with
THE RED GROUPS OF ALGZ&. 37
sugar be heated for a short time to not above 80° C., only one of the bands at the red end disappears, and the other remains until the heat is raised to above 80° C.; and then, when cold, only the bands in the green remain. It will of course be apparent that these changes do not depend on the temperature of the solution, since it is examined after cooling, but on decompositions produced by the heat. These facts will be better understood by means of the following figure, which is to some extent diagrammatic, the re- lative intensity of the bands being not exactly as seen in any one
thickness of the solutions. 2 400
ILE
Fig. 2. Spectra of the colouring-matters from Porphyra vulgaris. Y. In natural state. II. Solution in syrup heated to 80? C. III. Solution in syrup heated to above 80? C.
Sinee on the present occasion it does not appear desirable to enter into physics and chemistry, I will merely say that by these and other means I have found that various red Alge contain at least six different colouring-matters, which, however, have certain characters in common. They all give spectra with one well- marked absorption-band, and more or less distinct traces of a second, lying nearer to the blue end. Five of them have a very strong and splendid fluorescence ; and all are decomposed when heated to a temperature below that of boiling water, which is not the case with the red colouring-matters found so abundantly in the leaves of the higher classes of plants, with which, in fact, they have scarcely any thing in common. They are also decom- posed by alcohol, which is not the case with the different kinds of erythrophyl.
I do not think that I could do better than indicate the more important differences between the various kinds of phycocyan and phycoerythrin than by means of the following Table, in which the position of the centres of the principal bands of each substance
38 MR. H. C. SORBY ON THE COLOURING-MATTERS OF
is shown by the wave-length of the light at that part of the spectrum in millionths of a millimetre, and their width by the dif- ference between the wave-lengths of the opposite sides when the the bands are well defined. The lowest temperature at which each of the substances is slowly decomposed when dissolved in syrup is given in degrees Centigrade.
|
Name of substance. . Centre. Width, Fluorescence. | | ponen osed | |
| —— | | |
| | | | i | | Blue phyeocyan, Oscill...... | 650 | 18 | Strong red. | To^6
| pue | |
|P Purple phycocyan, Os. ...... k 621. | m | Strong rose. | 80 |
| | | | |
| ” " Porph.. | 621 | 32 ” | 68 |
| | |
| Pink phycocyan, Os......... | 567 | 29 | Doubtful. | 65 |
| Pink phycoerythrin, Por.. | 569 | 18 Strong or ange 80 |
| | Red phycoerythrin, Por. . : 497 | 27 | . None. 3 80 |
| i
These different substances are also decomposed in a varying manner by alcohol of various strength ; and the results of the study by that means agree with those arrived at by heating the solutions as deseribed.
The chemical and physical relations of these colouring-matters of Alge are so remarkable that I feel much tempted to enter into them more fully, but forbear, since I am more particu- larly anxiousto consider their distribution in the different groups of the plants. The two principal colouring-matters of Oscillatoria soluble in water are entirely different from the two most character- istic of the Floridee as found in such examples as Schizymenia edulis. With the exception of the blue chlorophyl common to all, the other colouring-matters belonging to the xanthophyl group are equally distinct; so that the Oscillatorie and the Flo- ride are as well distinguished by their chromatological charac- ters as by their general structure. Perhaps in some cases they have traces of some substances in common; and there are well- marked connecting-links. For instance, Cystoclonium purpuras- cens and Polysiphonia elongata contain a small quantity of either purple phycocyan or some substance closely allied to it, which is the cause of their more purple tint; and Porphyra vulgaris, be- sides this, contains some blue phyeocyan closely, if not absolutely:
THE RED GROUPS OF ALGA. 39
agreeing with that occurring in Oscillatoria; but in all these cases the pink and red phycoerythrins are the chief coloured con- stituents, whereas they are almost or quite absent from Oscil- latoria.
The Batrachosperme differ little, if at all, from such marine Alge as I have just named.
An Alga which grows abundantly in some of the small streams in the neighbourhood of Sheffield, which Mr. Archer says is Lemanea Jluviatilis, is a far better example of a connexion between the two great divisions, but yet differs strikingly from both. It contains a very considerable amount of a substance giving the same general spectrum as the purple phycocyan of Oscillatoria, which, however, is decomposed at a very considerably lower temperature. Lemanea also differs in containing a relatively far less amount of red phy- coerythrin than the more typical red marine Alge, and, in addition to the pink phycoerythrin, appears to contain a considerable quan- tity of the same pink phycocyan as that found in Oscillatoria. It is thus, on the whole, an excellent case of a connecting-link ; and probably further research will enable us to detect other species more completely filling up the gaps. Palmella cruenta agrees with the Floridez in containing much pink phycoerythrin. So much yet remains to be learned, that it would be altogether premature to speculate on the bearings of such facts. In former papers* I have shown that many important changes in the colouring-matters are brought about by a variation iu the amount of light in which the plant grows ; and such changes must be more fully studied before we can form any very definite conclusions. There is also another most important branch of inquiry which requires much further study. In my paper published in the * Monthly Microscopical Journal ’+ I have shown that there is in some cases an intimate connexion between the spectra of closely related substances, and that, when spectra differ only in wave-length, there is probably some relation between the two substances. The further examina- tion of this question may throw much light on the mutual relations between the various colouring-matters found in Algæ. Thus, for, example, it appears extremely probable that the pink phycocyan of Oscillatoria may be chemically changed into the pink phyco-
* Proc. Roy. Soc. vol. xxi. p. 442; Quart. Journ. of Science, vol. iii. (N. S.) p. 451. t Vol. xiii. p. 198.
LINN. JOURN,—-BOTANY, VOL. XY. E
40 ALG COLLECTED AT SIMON’S BAY, SEAL ISLAND, ETC.
erythrin of the Floride» ; and perhaps the further study of the conditions under which this takes place may throw much light on the development of the particular substances in the living plants. Though so much remains to be learned, yet even now the facts appear sufficient to prove that there is some most intimate con- nexion between the general organization of plants and their co- loured constituents; and I very strongly commend to botanists the further study of the very important and interesting group of substances to which I have directed attention in my present com- munication, which must be looked upon merely as a general intro- duction to a wide and difficult subject.
Contributions to the Botany of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger.’
XXI. Alge* collected by H. N. MosELEY, Esq, M.A., at Simon’s Bay, C. G. H., Seal Island, Marion Island, Kerguelen’s Island, and Heard Island in 15 to 20 fathoms. By GEORGE Dickies, M.D., F.L.S.
[Read February 4, 1875.]
RuopoMELACEX. POLYSIPHONIA INCOMPTa, Harv.?
The specimens are imperfect, and I therefore have some doubt as to the species. Geogr. distr. Cape G. Hope.
SPH HEROCOCCOIDER. NiTOPHYLLUM UNDULATUM, Kitz.
The specimens are young or dwarf. Geogr. distr. Cape G. Hope.
CRYPTONEMIACE E. GIGARTINA BuRMANI, Ag.
Geogr. distr. Cape G. Hope; and, according to Suhr, found also at e Cape Horn.
* In the “ Contributions,” No. XVII., relating to Tristan d’Acunha, the fol lowing should be added by way of supplement :—
PRASIOLA CALOPHYLLA, Meneg,
A green crust on moist rocks. I have compared it with Scotch and Irish specimens and can see no essential difference. The plant is also found in Franc? and Germany.
ON ALGJE COLLECTED AT SEAL ISLAND. 41
CERAMIACEE.
CALLITHAMNION GRACILE, H. f. & Harv.?
The plant is very probably a form of this species, differing only in the proportions of the upper articulations, which are about twice as long as broad.
Geog. dist. Campbell Island.
SIPHONACE.
CAULERPA FILIFORMIS, Hering. Geogr. distr. Coasts of S. Africa.
XXII. Algæ collected by Mr. MosELEY at Seal Island. By George Drckrg, M.D., F.L.S.
[Read February 4, 1875.]
* Turs is a low rounded granite rock in False Bay, about eight miles from Simon’s Bay, Cape of Good Hope. A perpetual surf washing on the island renders landing difficult. It is inhabited by sea-birds, especially Spheniscus demersus (Jackass Penguin), and Phalacrocorax capensis (Cape Cormorant).”
The alge form a thick covering to the rock in the surf.
FUCACER, SPLACHNIDIUM RUGOSUM, Grev. Geogr. distr. S. Australia; Tasmania; New Zealand; Indian Ocean; Cape G. Hope. LAURENCIACEX.
LAURENCIA VIRGATA, 4g. Geog. distr. Cape G. Hope.
GELIDIACE.
CHATANGIUM ORNATUM, L. * Geogr. distr. Cape G. Hope.
CRYPTONEMIACE®.
[RIDA CAPENSIS, J. Ag.
Geogr. disir. Cape G. Hope. i ; E Í
42 ON ALGJE COLLECTED AT MARION ISLAND
CERAMIACE.
CERAMIUM CAPENSE, Kíz. Geogr. distr. Cape G. Hope.
CENTROCERAS CLAVULATUM, 4g. Geogr. distr. In the warmer seas of both hemispheres.
SIPHONACES.
BRYOPSIS CHSPITOSA, Suhr. Geogr. distr. Coast of S. Africa.
ULVACE.
PORPHYRA LACINIATA, Ág. Geog. dist. Widely spread in both hemispheres.
XXIII. Alge collected by Mr. Moszrxx at Marion Island, in 40 fathoms. By Gxoncrz Dicxis, M.D., F.LS.
[Read February 4, 1875.]
Tuis is the most southern of the group called Prince Edward’s Islands, and about 1100 miles south of Cape G. Hope, lat. 45? S., long. 40? W.
SPOROCHNACE.
DESMARESTIA VIRIDIS, Lam. Geog. dist. Widely distributed iu the temperate and colder seas of both
hemispheres. LAMINARIACER.
MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA, 4g. Geogr. distr. Cape G. Hope; Indian Ocean ; California.
RHODOMELACEF E.
Dasya BERKLEYI, Mont. Geog. distr. Auklands; Falklands; Cape Horn; Coast of Chiloe; Kerguelen.
LAURENCIACE®.
CLADHYMENIA PELLUCIDA, n. sp. ? ` Fronde lineari, tenui, membranacea, pluries pinnata, costa pellucida ap!-
ON MARINE ALG COLLECTED AT KERGUELEN. 43
cem versus obsoleta percursa ; pinnis pinnulisque alternis, pinnulis serrato-dentatis. The specimens are destitute of fructification ; but on some there are wart-like bodies like those of C. conferta, figured in * Nereis Australis.’
SPHJEROCOCCOIDEX.
DrLEssERIA LYALLIT, H. f. & Harv. Geog. distr. Falklands and Kerguelen.
CRYPTONEMIACE X. CALLOPHYLLIS DICHOTOMA, H. f. & Harv. Geog. distr. Campbell Island.
EPvMENIA OBTUSA, Grev. Geogr. distr. Cape G. Hope; Cape Horn ; Auckland Islands.
CERAMIACEÆ.
BALLIA CALLITRICHA, Ág. A single but very luxuriant specimen, 12 inches long. Geog. distr. Falklands; Aucklands; New Zealand ; Australia; Tas- mania; Kerguelen. A bleached fragment of the same plant from fresh-water pools, accidentally conveyed by birds (?), had on it a minute Conferva and Spherozyga, both too imperfect for recognition.
CoNrFERVACEX.
CHROOLEPUS AUREUM, L.
Geog. distr. Cape Horn; Falkland Islands ; Kerguelen; widely diffused in Europe.
XXIV. Marine Alge collected by Mr. Mosrtey at the Island of Kerguelen. By GEOoRGE DICKIE, M.D., F.L.S.
[Read February 4, 1875.]
FUCACER.
D'URVILLAA UTILIS, Bory. Geog. distr. “Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands, and Kerguelen’s Land ; very abundant at half-tide mark and below it; also in the
44 DB. Q. DICKIE ON MARINE ALGÆ FROM
open ocean between lat. 45° and 55? S., reaching the 65th degree of S. lat. in the meridian of New Zealand."— Antarctic Flora.
D'U. HanvEvi1, H. f.
Some of Mr. Moseley's specimens are destitute of the peeuliar honey comb-like structure of the former, and are recorded here as young or small examples of this species.
Geog. distr. Cape Horn and Falklands.
SPOROCHNACE.
Desmar_esTIA Rossin, H. f. & Harv. Geog. distr. Cape Horn and Falklands.
D. CHOrRDALIS, H. f. & Harv.
Geog. distr. Kerguelen only.
D. MEDIA, Grev.
This is considered by some authorities a form of D. aculeata, well known in northern temperate and arctic seas.
D. viripis, Lam. Geog. dist. Shores of W. Europe; Unalaschka; Cape Horn; Falk- lands. LAMINARIACEX.
MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA, Ag. Geog. distr. Antarctic seas from 40? to 64° lat. ; Chili; New Zealand ; Indian Ocean ; California.
LESSONIA FUSCESCENS, Bory. Geog. distr. Chili; Cape Horn; Falklands.
CHORDARIACEX.
ADENOCYSTIS Lessonul, H. f. & Harv.
Geog. dist. Cape Horn; Falklands; Auckland and Campbell Islands ; Cockburn Island.
ECTOCARPACEA. ECTOCARPUS GEMINATUS, H. f. & Harv. Mr. Moseley found it plentiful on Desmarestia. Geog. distr. Cape Horn ; Falklands.
RHODOMELACEÆ.
POLYSIPHONIA ANISOGONA, H. f. & Harv. Geog. distr. Cape Horn; Falklands.
THE ISLAND OF KERGUELEN. 45
Dasya BERKLEYI, Mont. Geog. dist. Cape Horn; Falklands.
LAURENCIACER.
DELISEA PULCHRA, Mont. Geogr. distr. W. and E. Australia ; S. Tasmania.
PriLONIA MAGELLANICA, J. Ag. Geog. distr. Cape Horn; Falklands.
CoRALLINACER.
MELOBESIA VERRUCATA, Lama. Growing upon specimens of Ballia.
Geog. distr. Atlantic; Mediterranean ; Aucklands ; New Zealand ; Tas- mania.
SPILEROCOCCOIDEX.
DeLESSERIA Davrsrr, H. f. & Harv. Geog. distr. Cape Horn; Falklands.
D. Lyauuu, H. f. $ Harv. Geog. dist. Falkland Islands.
NITOPHYLLUM FUSCO-RUBRUM, H. f. & Harv. Geogr. distr. Kerguelen only.
N. MULTINERVE, H. f. & Harv.?
A solitary specimen is referred with doubt to this species ; in the ‘Antarctic Flora’ there is also an expression of doubt respect- ing it.
Geog. dist. Cape Horn; Falklands.
GELIDIACEX.
CHJETANGIUM VARIOLOSUM, Mont.
Geog. distr. Cape Horn; Falklands.
RHODYMENIACER.
RHODYMENIA VARIOLOSA, H. f. & Harv. A solitary example with narrow segments. Geog. distr. Kerguelen only.
PLocamium Hooker], Harv. Geog. distr. Kerguelen only.
46 ON ALGÆ FROM THE ISLAND OF KERGUELEN.
CRYPTONEMIACES.
AHNFELTIA PLICATA, Huds.
Geog. distr. Temperate and colder seas in the northern hemisphere; Falkland Islands.
CALLOPHYLLIS VARIEGATA, Bory.
Geog. ‘distr. Peru; Chili; New Guinea; Cape Horn; Falklands ; Auckland Islands.
KALLYMENIA DENTATA, Suhr.
Varieties a and y.
Geog. dist. Cape G. Hope.
GIGARTINA RADULA, Esp.
Geog. distr. Cape G. Hope; New Zealand; Auckland and Campbell Islands; California.
IRIDJEA CAPENSIS, J. Ag. Geog. distr. Cape G. Hope. I. LAMINARIOIDES, Bory.
Mr. Moseley’s collection contains several specimens which I think belong to this species.
Geog. distr, South-western shores of Chili; Auckland Islands.
CERAMIACES. CERAMIUM RUBRUM, Ág. Geog. distr. General in colder seas of both hemispheres. BALLIA CALLITRICHA, 4g. Geog. distr. Falklands; ; New Zealand; Aucklands; Australia; Tas- mania. ` NIPHONACEE.
CoDIUM TOMENTOSUM, Stackh. Geog. distr. Temperate and colder seas of both hemispheres,
UrvACEX. PoRPHYRA VULGARIS, Ag.
P. LACINIATA, 4g.
Geog. distr. Both widely distributed in northern and southern hemi- spheres. :
ENTEROMORPHA COMPRESSA, Grev, Geog. distr. Temperate and colder seas in both hemispheres.
ON ALGZE COLLECTED FROM HEARD ISLAND. 47
ULVA LATISSIMA, L. Geog. distr. Very general in both hemispheres.
CONFERVACEE.
CLADOPHORA RUPESTRIS, L. Geog. distr. General between arctic circle and Mediterranean ; Kerguelen only in S. hemisphere.
C. ARCTA, Dillw. Geog. distr. German and Atlantic Oceans; Cape Horn and Falk- lands.
OSCILLARIACEX. CALOTHRIK OLIVACEA, H. f. § Harv. Growing upon Nitella flexilis.
XXV. Alge collected by Mr. MosELEY at Heard Island, 250 miles S. of Kerguelen. By Grorer Dicxiz, M.D., F.L.8.
[Read February 4, 1875.]
FucaACEX.
ScYTOTHALIA OBSCURA, n. sp.?
Frondibus e radice callosa, inferne simplicibus, superne decomposito- pinnatis; phyllodiis linearibus, apicibus indivisis vel bifidis, acutis ; receptaculis ?
A solitary specimen, having several fronds from a scutate root, agreeing in structure and general habit with the genus Scytothalia. What seem to be immature receptacles are crowded on the mar- gins and surface of the fronds.
SPOROCHNACES.
DesmaREsTIA Ross, H. f. $ Harv. Geng. distr. Cape Horn and Falklands.
LAMINARIACES.
LESSONIA NIGRESCENS, Bory. Geog. dist. Chili to Cape Horn.
L. ovata, H. f. & Harv. Geog. distr. Cape Horn and Falkland Islands.
48 REV. M. J. BERKELEY ON FUNGI COLLECTED
LAURENCIACES.
DELISEA PULCHRA, Moni. Geog. distr. W. and E. Australia; Tasmania, S. shore; Kerguelen.
SPHJEROCOCCOIDE E.
BoTRYOGLOSSUM PLATYCARPUM, Turn. Geogr. distr. Falklands; Chili; California; Cape G. Hope.
RuopYMENIACEZ.
PLocaAmMium Hookkni, Harv. Geogr. distr. Kerguelen.
CrYPTONEMIACES,
CALLOPHYLLIS ELONGATA, n. Sp. ? Fronde elongata, parce dichotoma, segmentis linearibus, inferne an- gusta, prope basin angustissima, margine undulata. Two specimens of a red-purple colour, without fructification, but having the characteristic structure of the genus.
XXVI. Enumeration of Fungi collected during the Expedition of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger.’ By the Rev. M. J. Brnkxzrry, M.A., F.L.S. (Second Notice.)
[Read February 4, 1875.]
Bermupa. June 1873.
1140. Acaricus (Mycena) ALPHrTOPHORUS, B. Minutus, totus aleu- riatus niveus; pileo conico-campanulato ; stipite filiformi ; lamellis angustis adscendentibus.
On small twigs, Devonshire Marsh. Scarcely a line high ; stem 3-1 inch high, covered, as well as the pileus, with white mealy particles.
Very delicate.
4l. A. (NoLANEA) HELICTUS, B. Pileo profunde umbilicato sericeo 5 stipite torto ; lamellis primum dente decurrentibus, demum adnexis; mycelio candido.
On rotten leaf-mould.
Pileus about l inch across; stem 1i inch high, slender. Very much wrinkled, when dry of a pale umber, sometimes browner towards the margin ; spores irregular, “0003 inch long.
In very young specimens the stem is darker, but without any
DURING THE EXPEDITION OF H.M.S. ' CHALLENGER.’ 49
information as to its colour when recent, its exact affinities cannot be ascertained.
42. MARASMIUS BERMUDENSIS, B. Pileo convexo pulverulento albido subsuleato, margine inflexo; stipite brevi sursum pellucido, deorsum pulverulento; lamellis distantibus breviter adnatis; interstitiis laevibus.
On dead coffee-wood, Paynter's Vale.
Pileus about | line across; stem 4-3 inch high; gills, when dry, pale tawny with a white edge.
43. M. sABALI!, B. Pileo reniformi tomentoso, demum resupinato ; stipite brevissimo; laniellis distantibus adnatis postice rotundatis crassiusculis integerrimis ; interstitiis venosis.
On leaf-stalks of Sabal Palmetto.
Pileus probably white when fresh ; but the whole plant, when dry, is of a pinkish buff, soon resupinate, then at length sulcate; spores sub- globose, *00028 long, hollowed out on one side.
44. Potyporus (MEsopus) ARCULARIUS, Fr. Marsh near Mount Langton, on dead sticks.
A slender form with a hispid stem.
45. HinNEOLA corrEICOLOR, B. Coffeicolor foliacea parva, subtus glabra. On coffee-bark, Paynter's Vale. June. The specimens are few in number and possibly young. There seem, however, to be a fertile and a barren side; and if so, they must be referred to Hirneola, though the underside is smooth.
46. SPORIDESMIUM ANTIQUUM, Cd., var. SPARSUM.
On dead stems.
If not the plant of Corda, it is so near that I cannot distin- guish it.
47. GEOGLOSSUM HIRSUTUM, P.
On dead Sphagnum under ferns in Devonshire Marsh.
The head, as well as the stem, is hispid.
The specimens are young.
48. USTILAGO CARBO, Tul. 49. HvPOXYLON CONCENTRICUM, Grev.
On dead wood. Devonshire Marsh. Baura. September 1873.
50. AGARICUS (FLAMMULA) SAPINEUS, Fr. On dead wood.
a au ahane ga Oe ee.
50 REY. M. J. BERKELEY ON FUNGI COLLECTED
51. LENTINUS PYGM.EUS, D. Pileo convexo glaberrimo, margine invo- luto; stipite subzquali furfuraceo-squamuloso; lamellis integerrimis liberis vel leviter adnexis, annulo primum arachnoideo lamellas tegente.
On dead wood.
Pileus 4 inch across; stem $ inch high, 3 a line thick.
A curious little species.
52. L. suBTILIs, B. Albus; pileo umbilicato squamulis minutis seti- formibus aspero, margine ciliato; stipite albo-velutino basi leviter incrassato ; lamellis crassiusculis subdistantibus integris decurren- tibus.
Oa dead wood.
Pileus about £ inch across; stem 3 inch high, | line thick at the base, $ in the middle.
Allied to 4. Ravenelii, b.
53. L. vinLosus, Fr. On dead wood.
54. MARASMIUS SEMISPARSUS, B. Umbrinus; pileo depresso griseo- pulverulento, margine nudo sulcato; stipite subtiliter tomentoso, basi leviter spongioso ; lamellis distantibus adnato-decurrentibus.
On petiole of dead leaf. Pileus about 2 lines across; stem 3 inch high, twisted and compressed
when dry. A. single specimen only, but different from any of the numerous specimens in my herbarium.
55. ScHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE, fr. On dead wood.
56. FAVOLUS BRASILIENSIS, Fr. Ep. p. 498. On dead wood.
57. Potyporus (PLEUROPUS) SANGUINEUS, Fr. On dead wood.
58. P. (ANODERMEI) HYPOCITRINUS, B. Tenuis carnosus centro affixus tomentosus, margine inflexo; hymenio citrino; poris laby- rinthiformibus ; dissepimentis tenuibus.
On dead wood.
About 2 an inch in diameter.
There is a single specimen only.
59. P. (PLACODERMEI) AUBERIANUS, Mont. Cuba, p. 399. On dead wood.
60. P. (PLACODERMEI) AUSTRALIS, Fr.
On dead wood.
BERE tee
DURING THE EXPEDITION OF H.M.S. ‘ CHALLENGER.’ 51
61. P. (PLACODERMEI) PERsoonNII, Fr. On dead wocd.
62. P. (INoDERMEI) PINSITUS, Fr. On dead wood.
63. STEREUM VERSICOLOR, Fr. On dead wood.
64. S. PAPYRINUM, Mont. On dead wood.
65. S. Kunzet, B.—Thelephora Kunzei, Weig. Exs.; Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. p. 162, tab. 85. On decayed sticks.
66. CvPHELLA PERPUSILLA, B. Congesta pallidissime mellea cylin- drico-subglobosa, ore minuto aperta. On the hymenium of Stereum Kunzei. Forming little thin patches. Spores extremely minute. I sec no trace ofasci. This species is just intermediate between Cyphella and Solenia.
67. Cora PAVONIA, Fr. On exposed situations.
68. HinNEOLA RUFA, Fr.—Exidia rufa, B. Ann. Nat. Hist. x. p. 384, tab. 12. fig. 17. On dead wood.
69. LvcoGALA EPIDENDRON, P. On various decaying substances.
70. XYLARIA INVOLUTA, Ki. On dead wood.
71. X. Scaweinitzu, B. 4 C. Journ. Ac. Nat. Se. Phil. ii. 1853, p. 284. On dead wood.
72. HYPOXYLON TURBINATUM, B. Laccatum erumpens, demum omnino liberatum ; receptaculo exacte turbinato deorsum attenuato, apice convexo, centro supra perithecia oblonga membranacea leviter depresso.
On dead wood.
About 3 an inch across and nearly as much high; exactly top-shaped ; clothed with a thick hard laccate coat, at first coffee-coloured, then pitch-blaek. Asci subelliptie with a slender pedicel; paraphyses rather thick ; sporidia oblong, hyaline, “00054 inch long.
52 FUNGI COLLECTED DURING THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION.
This curious species is so like Léveillé’s genus Phylacia that 1 am inclined to think that either Phylacia, when perfect, has asci which in some cases are easily absorbed, or it is merely a stylo- sporous state of Hypoxylon.
73. H. coNoPus, Fr. Mont. Cuba, p. 341. On dead wood.
74. H. (Guesos1) Mosexei, B. Orbiculare erumpens leviter depres- sum marginatum, primum cortice velatum, basi margine tenui cir- cumdatum ; peritheciis oblongis; ostiolis papillzeformibus deciduis ; strato exteriore rigido.
On dead sticks.
About 1 inch in diameter.
Nearly allied to Spheria subaffiza, Schwein., but of a much harder substance. Unfortunately I find perfect fruit in neither.
TRISTAN D’ACUNHA.
75. AGARICUS (PHOLIOTA) PHYLICIGENA, B. Pileo convexo carnoso areolato fulvo, primum levissimo; stipite crasso sursum attenuato, deorsum incrassato infra annulum crassum mobilem transversim floc- euloso ; lamellis leviter decurrentibus argillaceis.
On trunks of Phylica arborea, Oct. 17, 1873.
Pileus 3 inches or more across, convex, at first very smooth and even, at length repeatedly areolate with a depressed wart in each division, margin turned up; stem excentric, attenuated upwards, thick and swollen below, solid, about 2 inches high, 1} inch or more thick in the centre; ring thick, very soon detached, and movable ; gills mo- derately broad, crowded, clay-coloured, decurrent, edge pale; spores oblong oblique, about “0003 inch long, but variable in size.
Very nearly allied to A. capistratus, Cooke, but differs in several points, especially in the incrassated stem. There is a misprint in Coc ke’s description of that species, the figure being quite correct.
76. HYPOXYLON PLACENTÆFORME, B. § Curt. Journ. Linn. Soc. X. p. 383. On dead Phylica arborea, Oct. 17, 1873.
Manion ISLE,
77. AGARICUS (Naucoria) GLEBARUM, B. Fl. Ant. tab. 162. fig. 3. On Azorella, Dee. 26, 1873. Spores “0003 inch long.
There are also white, flexuous, filiform threads which look like
NOTES ON THE PLANTS AND INSECTS OF KERGUELEN. 53
an Isaria ; but the component cells are large, and the production is not, I think, fungoid.
78. A. (PSILocYBE) ATRO-RUFUS, Scheff. t. 234. Spores lemon-shaped, “00028 inch long.
KERGUELEN’S LAND.
79. A. (NAUCORIA) GLEBARUM, B. l. c. On Azorella, Jan. 1874.
80. A. (GALERA) HYPNORUM, Batsch. On Azorella, Jan. 1874. Spores “0004 inch long.
81. COPRINUS TOMENTOSUS, Fr. Bull. t. 133. On dung, Jan. 1874.
82. PEZIZA KERGUELENSIS, B. Fl. Ant. tab. 164. fig. 3. On the ground, Betsy Cove, Royal Sound, Jan. 1874.
XXVII. Further notes on the Plants of Kerguelen, with some re- marks on the Insects. By H. N. MosELEY, M.A., Naturalist to H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ (In a Letter addressed to Dr. HooKER, Pres. R.S.)
[Read February 4, 1875.]
I am very glad that the collection of Marion-Island and Kerguelen plants was satisfactory. I found Nitella and the Limosella only in the lake at Christmas Harbour. The Limosella I may have over- looked in other places, since it so curiously simulates the linear- leaved aquatic form ofthe Ranunculus. This linear-leaved form of R. crassipes was extremely abundant at Betsy Cove, and I gathered many specimens. At the lake at Christmas Harbour this form is also abundant, and grows mixed with the Limosella. Hence in hunting for Limosella without any very definite idea as to its appearance, I constantly overlooked it, thinking all that I saw to be the aquatic form of the Ranunculus. Ithink there must be some mistake about the antarctic species of Ranunculus. Two forms of R. crassipes appear to have been described as separate species. Ithink my specimens may show this. The only other plant besides Limosella and Nitella which appears to be local in Kerguelen is the Uncinia. 1 found this only in the one spot on Mount Bromley. The Lomaria supposed by you to be rare in
54 NOTES ON THE PLANTS AND INSECTS OF KERGUELEN.
Kerguelen, is enormously abundant in Betsy Cove and about Royal Sound, forming large beds.
The insects we found at Kerguelen were two apterous flies, one as large as a housefly, the other almost as big as a blowfly, an apterous gnat (Culex) and a winged gnat, a small apterous (or rather very short-winged) moth, two or three beetles (Curculio and Staphylinide), and three or four spiders (Saltici and a Trom- bidium).
The moth I found crawling upon the beds of the little Juncus. The gnats are to be found about the dead seaweed &c. on the sea- shore. The larger fly nestles at the bases of the leaves of Pringlea, and lays its eggs in the fluid which is caught there. I never found it elsewhere ; but there it is extraordinarily abundant, and every cabbage yielded ten or a dozen specimens. The fly creeps in a slow lazy manner. Iam very sorry I did not observe whether it climbs to the inflorescence in sunshiny weather; perhaps this may be the case. This is an instance of one of those “ neglected opportunities” to which you refer in the ‘ Flora Antarctica,’ as so galling in the retrospect. Even at Heard [ Yong] Island I found the same apterous fly nestling on Pringleain abundance. Perhaps the two forms have some relation of mutual benefit.
On one Pringlea plant I found twenty-eight flower-stalks. Three were fresh, of the recent season’s growth. The others ap- peared to belong, by their successive amount of decay, to eight preceding seasons. At Christmas Harbour all the Pringlea seed was unripe, whilst in the inner and sheltered parts of Royal Sound, towards the south of the island, a very large quantity was ripe.
The Leptinella forms immense and luxuriant beds of light bluish green, very conspicuous as seen from seawards on the coast round the rookeries of the shag (Phalacrocorax carunculatus), and everywhere thrives and luxuriates where the soil is enriched by dung. Hence also nearly all the old seal- and sea-elephant rook- eries, so conspicuous from their hummocky appearance, are covered with Leptinella, which forms a soft bed for the very few of these beasts which yet remain.
* * * *
We dredged in sight of the Kermadecs all one day; but no
landing was arranged. I was very much disappointed.
— ——
ON DIATOMACEOUS GATHERINGS FROM KERGUELEN S LAND. 55
XXVIII. On the Diatomaceous Gatherings made at Kerguelen’s Land by H. N. qued M.A., H.M.S. ‘Challenger? By the Rev. E. O’Mrata, M.A. Communicated by Dr. Hooxzm, Pres. R.S., V.P.L.S.
(Prate I.)
[Read April 15, 1875.]
Tar gatherings were seven in number—four from fresh water, two marine, and one from a freshwater lake within the reach of tidal influence.
No. 1. Pond at sea-level, Tristan d’Acunha. This gathering, as might have been anticipated, contained both freshwater and marine forms: of the latter, Melosira moniliformis, Kütz., abounded ; and of the former there were numerous specimens of Fragilaria virescens, Ralfs, F. capucina, Desm., Gomphonema tenellum, Kütz., Gomphonema intricatum, Kütz.
No. 2. From a stream on the cliffs, Tristan d’Acunha. Fn this were found Navicula viridis, Nitzsh, N. carussius, Ehr., Fra- gilaria capucina, Desm., F. virescens, Ralfs, F. equalis, Heiberg, F. crotonensis, Kitton.
No.3. From a stream, Tristan d’Acunha. This gathering con- tained <Achnanthidium coarctatum, Bréb., Fragilaria virescens, Ralfs, Gomphonema calcareum, Clene, Navicula viridis, Nitzsh, and N. carassius, Ehr.
No. 4. Small pond-streams, Marion Island. The forms found in this gathering were Navicula carassius, Ehr., Diatoma grande, Wm. Sm., both in great abundance, and also an undescribed spe- cies of Gomphonema, which I propose to distinguish as
GoMPHONEMA BICAPITATUM. Pl. I fig. l.
Frustules “0018 in length. On front view cuneate, slightly arched on the margin. On the side view bicapitate. The attached end much smaller than the opposite; striw fine, costate, radiate, reaching the median line.
No. 5. Small pond-streams, Marion Island. This gathering, though from a place similar to that of the preceding, is quite di- stinct, containing in abundance Navicula carassius, Ehr., Fragilaria capucina, Desm., Diatoma grande, Wm. Sm., and an undescribed species of Diatoma which I would name as
DiAToMA RHOMBICUM. Pl. I. fig. 2. Frustules small, about “0006 in length. On front view quadrangular, LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XV. F
56 REV. E. O MEARA ON THE DIATOMACEOUS
the costz appearing as a narrow band of puncta. On side view rhombic; costæ very fine, previous. :
No. 6. Marine, from surface of the water between Kerguelen and Herd Island. This is a very remarkable gathering, consisting, for the most part, of various species of Chetoceros with spines of extraordinary length aggregated in small.masses of jelly-like ap- pearance. In every instance the spines were broken off from the valves ; so that it was difficult in many cases to ascertain the spe- cies; however, Ohetoceros peruvianus, Bright, and C. borealis, Bail., were unmistakably present, and that in profusion. These species constituted by far the greater portion of the material ; and mixed with them were found some specimens of Hemiaulus an- tarcticus, Ehr., Rhizosolenia calyptra, Ehr., R. styliformis, Bright, R. imbricata, Bright, and R. setigera, Bright.
Fragments of what appears to be an undescribed species of Rhabdonema occurred in great number ; but although it would be remiss to omit reference to this form, the description cannot be re- garded otherwise than as unsatisfactory. It was difficult to obtain a side view of the frustules ; and when a filament was turned so as to bring the side view under observation, it appeared as if the valves had been detached from it. All that could be learned con- cerning these latter was that they must be circular or nearly so. Some few forms were found that seemed likely to correspond; they were ring-like, strongly costate; and in one or two cases I noticed specimens in which the central part was fractured, show- ing that what otherwise would have been considered a ring was really a continuous disk; possibly these may be the side view of the valve, which, if so, must be described as plain and destitute of strie except at the margin. Three other forms appeared which seem not to have been previously described.
GoMPHONEMA ANTARCTICUM. Marine. PI. I. fig. 3.
Frustules “0022 in length. On front view cuneate, linear. On side view greatly wider at the upper than the lower end, cuneate ; stris fine, linear, slightly radiate, and interrupted in the middle by a narrow longitudinal unstriate band.
TEREBRARIA KERGUELENSIS. Marine. PL I. fig. 4.
Frustules united in a filament, adhering in pairs which present a lenti- cular outline; the stri appearing, on the front view, in the form of large marginal puncta. Valves, on the side view elliptical-lanceolate ; length “0028; breadth “0005; striz moniliform, parallel, pervious.
GATHERINGS MADE AT KERGUELEN’S LAND. 57
ASTEROMPHALUS WYVILLE-THOMSONIANUS. Marine. PI. I. fig. 5.
Diameter ‘0024. Primary rays broad, deep, extending from the centre to the margin, dividing the disk into six compartments, of which five are of the same dimensions, and the sixth double the breadth of the others, without any dividing line. The several compartments areo- late, the five equal ones to the extent of one fifth of the diameter, the remaining compartment to the extent of one third of the dia- meter. Secondary rays seven, extending írom the centre, five touching with their ends the middle points on the inner margin of the equal compartments, and two others much shorter and nearly parallel, terminating close together on the inner margin of the large areolate compartment.
This form, on first inspection, closely resembles in its general appearance Asterolampra marylandica, Ehr., var. [?, as described by Wallieh (Q. J. M. S. Jan. 1860, p. 47, pl. 11. fig. 18); but from the above description it will be evident that it differs not only spe- cifically, but generically.
No. 7. Alge from a surface-net put over when H.M.S. ‘ Chal- lenger’ was at anchor in Betsy cove, Kerguelen’s Land, the net probably dragging on the bottom in the inlet.
It would appear from the presence of numerous forms of Odon- tidium hyemale, Lyng., that there was some discharge of fresh water in the immediate vicinity ; but all the other forms were marine. The amount of Diatomaceous material in this gathering, it is to be lamented, was extremely small, supplying only a very few slides; but for the amount the forms were numerous, and of great interest.
The following is a list of the known species :—
Actinocyclus Ralfsii, W. Sm. (the disk is much larger and the areolation finer than that of other specimens observed elsewhere) ; Cocconeis pacifica, Grun.; C. Scutellum, Ehr., C. regalis, Grev. ; Coscinodiscus centralis, Ehr.; C. concavus, Ehr.; C. fimbriatus, Ehr.; C. perforatus, Ehr. ; C. radiatus, Ebr. ; C. radiolatus, Ehr. ; C. subtilis, Ehr.; Eupleuria pulchella, Arnott ; Grammatophora marina, Lyng. ; G. serpentina, Ehr. ; G. maxima, Grun. ; Melosira subflexilis, Kütz. ; Nitzschia panduriformis, Greg., Orthosira ma- rina, W. Sm.
Besides the above-named species, the following were found which do not seem to have been previously described :—
Coscinopiscus MoseLeyI. Marine. Pl. I. fig. 6. Frustule highly lenticular, of immense size, the diameter of the valve F 2
58 ON DEATOMACEOUS GATHERINGS FROM KERGUELEN’S LAND.
being “02, having a distinct large umbilicus consisting of about eight cuneate areoles, four large and four small. Areoles small, radiate, appearing in the dry valve irregularly quadrate, with an azure pustule in the middle of each. When mounted in balsam, roundish. Of equal size throughout. Closely arranged in fascicles, with about nine or ten rays in each at the margin, but the number decreasing towards the centre. The fascicles have an undulate appearance like the shell of the Pecten. Dry valve iridescent.
Many fragments of this form were found, some larger, some smaller; and but a few perfect valves. This form, so large that it would oceupy too much space to figure completely, I have plea- sure in naming after the gentleman to whose indefatigable explo- rations we are indebted for the gathering which contained it.
AcTINOCycLUS OLIVERANUS. Marine. Pl. I. fig. 7.
Diameter of the valve ‘0030; furnished with a narrow border of fine linear stris, on the inner margin of which the valve is divided by eight equal elliptical undulations deeply shaded, with their crests di- rected towards the centre. Valves areolate ; areoles small, roundish, arranged for some distance concentrically around the inner margin of each alternate undulation, until the lines of areoles reach the margin ‘at the extremity of the next undulation at either side, and thence towards the centre linearly at an angle with the distinctly marked radius which strikes the middle point in the crest of the basal undula- tion. The centre is occupied by a few irregularly arranged areoles.
This very striking and beautiful form I name after Professor Oliver.
ACTINOCYCLUS CHALLENGERI. Marine. PI. I. fig. 8. Diameter of the valve “0028. Furnished with a narrow border with small, close, punctate stri: ; remainder of the disk areolate ; areoles
small, roundish, radiate, larger in the centre, and decreasing in size towards the margin.
Neither in this nor in the preceding species was there obser- vable a submarginal nodule; so that with hesitation are they re-
ferred to the genus Actinocyclus, to which they otherwise would undoubtedly belong.
PIxXIDICULA RADIATA. Marine. Pl. I. fig. 9.
Frustules large; breadth, on front view, ‘0028; diameter of the valve *0045. The valve is divided into three concentric portions; the cen” tral portion dark brown, unstriate, large, round which there is a light- fawn-coloured zone, with fine linear striz. Into this zone project longer and shorter dark rays from the central boss, which are alternately
[^ amu "v a a a
MUSCI AND HEPATIC OF THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 59
arranged; outside this zone is a narrow fawn-coloured border finely striate. Observed in the front view, the outer edges of the two valves fit closely together without any intervening connective band.
GEPHYRIA DYERANA. Marine. Pl. I. fig. 10.
Length of frustule “0088; breadth, on side view, ‘0018. In front view the frustule is arched at the extremities, the intervening portion be- tween nearly flat ; margins marked with short linear strie. On side view the valve is slightly arched, ends cuneate ; costate striæ distri- buted in two series, separated by a strongly marked undulate line running from one end to the other in the middle of the valve, the costate pannels on the lower side of this line being alternate with those on the upper.
This species is considerably larger than any hitherto described ; and I name it after Professor Dyer, to whose kindness I am indebted for the gratification of examining these very interesting collections. :
XXIX. The Musci and Hepatice collected by H. N. MosErEy, M.A.,/Naturalist to H.M.S. >‘ Challenger By Wirum MirrÉN, A.L.S.
[Read April 15, 1875.] TENERIFFE. EntTostHopon TEMPLETON! (Hook.). A single fertile and a few young stems. MNIUM ROSTRATUM, Schrad. Small barren stems.
M. unpuLatuM, Hedw.
In the same state.
HyPNUM ILLECEBRUM, Schwaegr. ; A few fragments without fruit.
PoGONATUM ALOIDES, Hedw.
Specimens complete, with fruit.
PoLvTRICHUM PILIFERUM, Schreb.
Barren.
SoUTHBYA STILLICIDIORUM (Raddi).
Without fruit. Growing on earth.
60
MR. W. MITTEN ON THE MUSCI AND HEPATICJE
CALYPOGEIA TRICHOMANIS (Spreng.).
A few fragments only.
FIMBRIARIA AFRICANA, Mont.
Fertile.
BERMUDA.
EUCLADIUM VERTICILLATUM (L.).
Without fruit.
TORTULA (TRICHOSTOMUM) BERMUDANA, Mitt. Dioica. Caulis humilis infra periehzetiumi nnovans. Folia a basi erecta
rotundo-quadrata cauli appressa cellulis parvis oblongis pellucidis areo- lata exinde erecto-patentia stricta sensim angustata canaliculata apice obtusiusculo, nervo in mucronulum exeurrente, margine integerrimo supra medium incurvo inflexove, cellulis minutis rotundis obscuris, pericheetialia pauca basi ovalia cæteroquin caulinis similia. Theca in peduneulo flavo ovali-oblonga erecta operculo triente breviore. Ca- lyptra ad medium usque thecæ descendens. Peristomium e denti- bus geminatis filiformibus rubris.
Iu extensive patches on calcareous sand. Caulis lineas quatuor altus gracilis. Folia flavo-viridia «tate pallide
fusca sicca incurvata laxe contorta. Pedunculus subsemiuncialis gra- cilis. Theca state fusca ore intensiore colorato.
Not unlike some states of Weissia controversa ; but the capsules
are not striated when old, and the leaves are shorter and wider.
T. MELANOCARPA, Mitt. Monoiea. Caulis brevissimus simplex. Folia patentia recurvave ligulifor-
mia obtusa, nervo crassiusculo sub apice evanescente, margine cellulis prominulis crenulata, cellulis superioribus rotundatis parietibus cras- siusculis basalibus oblongis hyalinis utrinque ad margines altius ascen- dentibus areolata. Theca in pedunculo nigro-fusco elliptico-cylin- dracea operculo recto subulato dimidium thecæ longitudinis, peris- tomio dentibus erectis angustis basi brevissime coalitis, annulo com- posito.
On calcareous matter.
Caulis lineam altus. Folia semilineam longa fuscescentia, siccitate parum mutata. Pedunculus trilinearis.
Closely resembling Trichostomum brevicaule, Hampe, but with
leaves not narrowed at their bases, and having there a larger space occupied by the pellucid cells.
Bryum DICHOTOMUM, Hedw.
A few barren stems with Tortula bermudana.
COLLECTED DURING THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 61
RHACOPILUM TOMENTOSUM, Brid. In very small quantity, with fruit.
IsorrERYGIUM TENERUM, Sw. In fruit.
CEPHALOZIA CONNIVENS (Dicks.). Fragments with Anewra palmata.
PLEUROsCHISMA PROSTRATA, Sw. ANEURA PALMATA (Hedw.). Without fructification.
OTIONA Aronia (Nees ab E.). Barren.
DUMORTIERA HIRSUTA (Sw.). Fertile.
TRISTAN D ACUNHA.
CYNONTODIUM CONICUM (Mont.). Tall stems, without fruit, appearing to be the same as the Chilian species.
CAMPYLOPUS INTROFLEXUS (Hedw.). Fertile, in a very small and short state, growing on the earth.
C. ARCUATUS, Brid. Barren, with a tall state of the preceding associated with Bar- tramic; in coarse sand.
CERATODON PURPUREUS ( Linn.). One or two fertile stems amongst Marchantia.
GRIMMIA (DRYPTODON) MEMBRANACEA, Mitt.
Compacte ezspitosa. Folia sicca arcte appressa, humida patentia, lan- ceolata ovato-lanceolataque sensim acuta, apicibus sepe brevissime hyalinis, margine recurva, nervo canaliculato in apicem evanescente carinata, cellulis parietibus ubique interruptis areolata; perichetialia dimidio breviora ovata obtuse acuta. Theca in pedunculo brevi ovalis operculo subulato, peristomio pallido, annulo composito.
On rocks.
Caulis uncialis ramosus. Folia juniora viridia, seniora fuscata. Pedun- culus sesquilinearis pallidus. — Theca evacua brevior ovalis pallide fusca membranacea.
Similar to G. symphyodon, C. Müller, but with the leaves at the
apex not contracted into an apiculus.
62 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE MUSCI AND HEPATIC’
Weissia (HyMENOSTYLIUM) CALCAREA, Nees et Hornsch. Barren stems scattered amongst Bryum megalacrion.
MACROMITRIUM ACUTIRAMEUM, Mitt.
Caulis repens ramis brevibus ramosis in ceespitem depressum congestis. Folia ramea patentia siccitate in spiram contorta ad ramorum apices in euspidem acutam torta, lanceolata apicem versus latiuscula et in apiculum acuminata, nervo in plica carinzformi sepulta sub apice evanescente, margine a basi usque ad fohi medium anguste reflexa integerrima cellulis superioribus minutis rotundatis inter se distinctis, basin versus oblongis parvis limitibus latis areolata.
Caulis ubique ramis semiuncialibus cum foliis densis crassitudine circiter
lineam metientibus obtectus. Folia juniora viridia mox fuscescentia lineam longa.
BaAnTRAMIA (PHILONOTIS) CAPILLATA, Mitt.
Dioica. Caulis humilis. Folia plumosa erecto-patentia a basi sublan- ceolata sensim angustissime attenuata, nervo dorso denticulis scabro excurrente carinata, margine serrulata, cellulis parvis oblongis areo- lata; perichztialia ovato-lanceolata tenuiacuminata. Theca in pe- duneulo elongato rubro globosa obliqua plicata, peristomii dentibus externis internisque rubris. Flos masculus gemmiformis foliis a basi erecta dilatata vaginante crocea sensim angustatis patulis, nervo debi- liore haud excurrente, cellulis longioribus areolatis.
On wet sandy earth.
Caulis unciam brevior eum foliis lineam angustior. Folia lineam longa viridia stramineaque obscura, perigonialia minus obscura. Pedunculus unciam altus. "Theca, unica visa, satis magna ore parvo.
B. (PLAGIOMELA) RADICOSA, Mitt.
Caulis elongatus radicellis rufis. Folia a basi erecta obovato-oblong&, cellulis angustis hyalinis areolata, subito longe subulato-angustata patentia, margine argute serrulata, cellulis parvis angustis nervoque ubique papillis obscura.
Growing in loose tufts in coarse sand.
Caulis biuncialis. Folia 3-linearia, superiora zeruginoso-viridia sub- glauca, inferiora fusca, omnia in acumen crassiusculum nec capillare attenuata.
Like B. vulcanica ; but in that the leaves are attenuated into
long hair-like points. B. commutata, Mitt., differs also in the same partieular.
B. 1nconspicua, Mitt. Humilis. Folia erecto-patentia patentiaqne lanceolata sensim augustata, nervo scabro percursa, margine argute serrulata inferne vix recurva
COLLECTED DURING THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION? 63
cellulis basi paucis elongatis superioribus rotundatis obscuris papillosis areolata. Caulis 3—4 lineas altus. Folia bilinearia zruginoso-viridia rigida. Smaller than B. Breutelii, and different in the margin of the leaf not being reflexed.
BryuM TRUNCORUM, Brid,
Without fruit.
B. MEGALACRION, Schw.
In extensive patches, with old fruit. B. JULACEUM, Sm.
A few scattered barren stems. DALTONIA 2
A single fragment of some species.
STEREODON CUPRESSIFORMIS (Linn.). Barren.
PrvcHOMNION DENSIFOLIUM (Brid.). Without fruit.
Hypnum (PLEUROPUS) BONPLANDIT, Hook. One small barren plant.
H. (RHYNCHOSTEGIUM) RAPHIDORRHYNCHUM, C. Mueller. A few barren stems appear to belong to this.
THUIDIUM CURVATUM, Mitt. Small barren stems.
FissIDENS ASPLENIOIDES, Sw. Barren.
EUSTICHIA LONGIROSTRIS, Brid. Short barren stems are frequent amongst other mosses.
POLYTRICHUM JUNIPERINUM, Hedw.
With fruit.
JUNGERMANNIA COLORATA, Lehm. et Lindenb. In large patches without fruit.
PLAGIOCHILA INFUSCATA, Mitt.
Caulis gracilis. Folia inter se remotiuscula rigidula siccitate immutata distiche explanata patentia ovato-oblonga breve ovalia oblongave plani- uscula, margine dorsali integerrima subrecta, ventrali dentibus parvis circiter sex serrata apice subbidentata, cellulis rotundis areolata.
On earth or rocks.
64 e MR. W. MITTEN ON THE MUSCI AND HEPATIC
Caulis triuncialis rigidulus fuscus cum foliis lineam latus. Folia olivaceo- viridia fuscescentia ubique æqualiter inter se disposita.
LoPHOCOLEA SERRATA, Mitt.
A few minute fragments, barren.
L. IiNCONSPICUA, Mitt.
Pusilla. Caulis procumbens parum divisus. Folia explanata sursum secundave ovali-orbiculata apice rotundata truncata interdum sinu obtuso bidentata, cellulis rotundatis interstitiis carnosulis areolata. Amphigastria parva bifida. Folia involucralia majora concava convo- luta integerrima, amphigastrio ovali apice bidentato. Perianthium ovatum subtruncatum apice eroso triplicato.
On the earth amongst Bryum megalacrion.
Caulis semiuncialis eum foliis semilineam latus. Folia siccitate parum mutata fusca. Perianthium a folis involucralibus ultra medium obtectum.
CHILOSCYPHUS LUCIDUS, Mitt.
Caulis procumbens ramosus. Folia explanata divergentia oblonga apice rotundata sinuve parvo obtuso plus minus distincto bi- rarius tri- dentata, cellulis amplis rotundo-hexagonis pellucidis parietibus an- gustis firmis areolata. Amphigastria caulis latitudine brevia quadri- dentata. Perianthium obconicum superne trigonum. Folia involu- cralia minora conformia appressa amphigastrio caulinis simili,
On the earth.
Caulis inter muscos suberectus semiuncialis cum foliis lineam latus. Folia juniora pallide obseureque viridia nigro-fuscescentia e substantia erassiuscula. Perianthium parvum.
LETHOCOLEA PROSTRATA, Mitt. Caulis prostratus radicellis pallidis ad terram affixus simplex. Folia ex- planata divaricata imbricata late ovalia planiuscula obtusa integerrima, e cellulis rotundis parietibus carnosulis areolata. Caulis unciam brevior cum foliis sesquilineam latus sepe autem angus- tior. Folia ceraceo-viridia obscura. Very similar to L. Bustillosii, Mont. in Fl. Chilens. Crypt. t. b, f. 1, but appears to have the areolation of its leaves composed of larger cells.
LEPIDOZIA PROCUMBENS, Mitt. A few small plants amongst mosses.
LEJEUNIA PARASITICA, Tayi. A few stems without fruit creeping on Grimmia membranacea.
4
COLLECTED DURING THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. . 65
PALLAVICINIUS PROCUMBENS (Tayl.).
Barren stems of some species, probably this, are creeping amongst Bryum megalacrion.
ANTHOCEROS L&VIS, Linn.
With fruit.
ASTERELLA HEMISPHARICA, Beauv. With imperfect fruit.
MARCHANTIA POLYMORPHA, Linn. | Without fruit.
INACCESSIBLE ISLAND.
`
PHYSCOMITRIUM (APHANORHEGMA) BREVISETUM, Mitt.
Caulis innovationibus repetitis dichotome ramosus. Folia superiora obovato-oblonga acuta brevissime apiculatave, nervo ante apicem evanido, margine versus apicem serrulata, cellulis hexagono-oblongis versus folii apicem brevioribus areolata. Theca in pedunculo brevi globoso-pyriformis ore truncato magno, operculo perfecte conico. Calyptra longirostris basi plurifida laciniis ad operculi basin descen- dentibus.
On earth.
Caulis 4-14 unciam altus. Folia 13-2-lhinearia satis firma viridia. Pe- dunculus semilineam longus.
Differs from its congeners in the large exactly conical oper- culum.
BRYUM TRUNCORUM, Brid. Barren.
KERGUELEN’S ISLAND.
CYNONTODIUM AUSTRALE, Mitt. Musc. Austr. Amer. 42.
In the descriptions of this species it is omitted that when dry each leaf is spirally twisted.
BLINDIA MICROCARPA, Mitt.
Monoica. Pulvinate cæspitosa. Caulis dichotomus fastigiatim ramo- sus. Folia patentia stricta plus minus falcato-curvatave dimidio infe- riore lanceolato superiore carinato anguste attenuato integerrima nervo angusto percursa cellulis alaribus in auriculam parvam dispositis fuscis reliquis elongatis angustis; perichætialia brevia parva ovata convoluta in acumen subulatum producta. Theca in pedunculo gra- cili foliis caulinis dimidio breviore erecta parva ovalis, operculo subu- lato demum ore dilatato cyathiformis fusca, peristomii dentibus tene-
66 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE MUSCI AND HEPATIC/E
ris. Calyptra parva dimidiata. Flos masculus foliis propriis perichz- tialibus similibus inclusus.
Caulis subuncialis. Folia trilinearia sicca subeurvata parum mutata vix nitida. Pedunculus lineam longus.
CAMPYLOPUS APPRESSIFOLIUS, Mitt. Muse. Austr. Amer.
In dense tufts, without fruit.
DicRANUM PUNGENS, var. LUCIDUM, Hook. f. et Wils. Barren.
D. (Isocarpus) TORTIFOLIUM (Hook. f. et Wils.). With perfect fruit.
CERATODON PURPUREUS (Linn.). Barren.
GRIMMIA (DRYPTODON) CHLOROCARPA, Mitt. Without fruit.
ToRTULA SERRULATA, Hook. et Grev. A few barren stems.
T. ERUBESCENS, Mitt., Hook. Handb. New Zealand Flora, ii. 421 (Di- dymodon).
A few, plants with immature capsules.
STREPTOPOGON AUSTRALIS, Mitt.
Folia inferiora patentia spathulato-ligulata obtusiuscule acuta, nervo in apice desinente margine apicem versus denticulata; superiora duplo latiora a basi erectiore sensim recurva patentia apice cum nervo in acumen longitudinis variabilis sensim educto, margine superne serrulata.
Two small fragments are all yet seen; but the species must be
very different from S. mnioides, Schw., there being no trace of the limb bordering the leaves.
OrTHOTRICHUM CRASSIFOLIUM, Hook. f. et Wils. Complete specimens with fruit.
O. ATRATUM, Mitt.
Monoicum. Caulis humilis ezspitosus. Folia patentia sieca incurva laxe contorta lanceolata apice lata obtusiuscule acuta, nervo sub summo apice evanescente, cellulis fere ubique parvis rotundatis obscuris ; pericheetialia majora. Theca in pedunculo longitudine perichet! subzequali ovalis levis sicca infra os contracta, inferne collo crasso: operculo convexo rostro angusto, peristomii dentibus 16 vel plus minus
COLLECTED DURING THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 67:
coherentibus 8. Calyptra magna fusca calva ad medium usque thecee descendens.
Caulis subsemiuncialis. Folia lineam longa juniora pauca viridia reli-
qua nigra. Theca straminea subcarnosa.
Differs from O. crassifolium in its leaves being twice as wide, less dense and opaque in areolation. The peristome in some cap- sules is in sixteen equal teeth, in others partly coherent into eight.
ZyGODON BrRownlil, Schw. Minute fragments, indicating the presence of this or some other species.
BarTRAMIA (EUBARTRAMIA) ROBUSTA, Hook. f. et Wils. Without fruit.
B. (EuBARTRAMIA) PATENS, Brid. With fructitication.
B. (BREUTELIA) PENDULA, Hook. Barren.
Bryum (WEBERA) NUTANS, Schreb. With perfect fruit.
B. (WEBERA) ALBICANS, Wahlenb. s Barren.
B. (WEBERA) cRUDUM, Hedw. Also barren.
B. (EccREMOTHECIUM) PENDULUM, Hornsch. Tall specimens with complete fructification.
B. KERGUELENSE, Mitt.
Monoicum. Caulis brevisramosus. Folia erecto-patentia imbricata in- feriora rameaque ovali-lanceolata acuta carinato-concava nervo rubro percursa, margine integerrimo, cellulis angustioribus in seriebus dua- bus limbum subindistinctum formantibus reliquis suboblongis, co- malia longiora latioraque, perichetialia interna minora. Theca in pedunculo breviusculo rubro superne flexuoso curvato horizontalis tenui-membranacea nitida, sporangio ovali, collo recto sxquilongo sensim angustato, ore satis parvo coarctato, operculo convexo apice brevissime acuto, peristomii dentibus pallidis interni fragmentis ex- terno usque ad medium adhzrentibus.
Caulis trilinearis crassitudine cum foliis lineam haud excedens. Folia
68 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE MUSCI AND HEPATICH
pallide viridia subnitida fusco-nigrescentia. Pedunculus quadrilinea- ris. Theca cum ejus collo sesquilinearis fulva. Flos masculus in innovationem brevem terminalis.
MIELICHHOFERIA CAMPYLOCARPA, Hook. et Arn.
Fruit plentiful, but not well perfected.
AMBLYSTEGIUM DECUSSATUM, Hook. f. et Wils. © A slender state without fruit.
A. UNCINATUM, Hedw. Barren.
SCcIAROMIUM CONSPISSATUM (Hook, f. et Wils.). A short barren state.
Hypnum (BRACHYTHECIUM) suBPILOSUM, Hook. f. et Wils. Without fruit.
PSILOPILUM TRICHODON, Hook. et Wils. Stems short, but with perfect fruit.
ANDREZA ACUMINATA, Mitt. A few mature capsules are on the specimens.
PLAGIOCHILA HETERODONTA, Hook. f. et Tayl.
With Grimmia (Drypt.) chlorocarpa.
LEIOSCY PHUS PALLENS, Mitt.
Caulis procumbens ascendensque ramosus. Folia sursum secunda con- niventia imbricata orbiculata caviuscula integerrima, cellulis rotundis parietibus crassiusculis areolata. Amphigastria erecto-patentia lan- ceolata profunde bifida laciniis elongatis subulatis. Perianthium ob- ovatum ore truncato integerrimo.
Caulis uncialis sesquiuncialisve cum foliis 3 lineam latus. Folia pallide olivaceo-viridia fuscescentia. Amphigastria semilineam longa.
TEMNOMA QUADRIPARTITA (Hook.). A few minute scraps with other Hepatice.
JUNGERMANNIA COLORATA, Lehm. et Lindeb. Common amongst mosses ; a few stems with perianths.
J. LEUCORHIZA, Mitt.
Caulis procumbens radicellis pallidis. Folia laxe inserta quadrata sub- rotundave sinu acuto obtusove bilobata interdum lobo altero minore, lobis acutis obtusisve incurvis, cellulis rotundatis et ovali-hexagonis areolata.
COLLECTED DURING THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 69
Caulis subuncialis, eum foliis 4 lineam latus. Folia viridia pallide fus- cescentia.
Not unlike small states of J. ventricosa.
MARSUPIDIUM EXCISUM, Mitt.
Caulis primarius repens exinde ascendens pallidus. Folia inferiora mi- nora sensim superne magnitudine increscentia et exinde in caulem productum iterum minora, omnia oblongo-quadrata concava sinu obtuso bidentata integerrima, lobis latis acutis incurvis.
Caulis repens rhizomatiformis, ascendens unciam altus vel interdum longior, flagelliformi-productus. Folia viridia carnosula cellulis hexagonis parietibus angustis.
GYMNOMITRIUM ATRICAPILLUM, Hook. f. et Tayl. In densely interwoven patches.
DiPLOPHYLLUM DENSIFOLIUM (Hook.). Dark brown in colour and without fruit.
LEMBIDIUM VENTROSUM, Mitt.
Caulis erectus? arcuatus crassus carnosus, flagella ex amphigastriorum angulis emittens. Folia inferiora remota superiora majora, insertione fere verticalia, patentia, apicem caulis versus imbricata, rotundata profunde concava apice rotundata sinuve subindistincto subretusa, cellulis satis parvis parietibus angustis areolata. Amphigastria parva cauli appressa triangularia apice subemarginata. Perianthium in ramo brevi superne valde incrassato foliis amphigastrioque involucra- libus convolutis ovatis apice breviter bi-tridenticulatis.
In extensive patches; when dry, of a pale brownish green.
Caulis lineas quatuor altus cum foliis semilineam latus vel angustior, pallidissime viridis fere albidus. Ramus fertilis cum foliis sesqui- linearis.
HERPOCLADIUM FISSUM, Mitt.
Caulis firmus crassiusculus. Folia alterna patentia ovata obtusa apice incurva sinu parvo acuto breviter bidentata concava, basi utroque caulem ad medium tegentia, margine dorsali interdum flexura sinuata rarius unidentata, cellulis densis obscuris areolata. Amphigastria foliis similia patula divaricatave apice integra obtusa.
A few small fragments amongst Leioscyphus pallens.
In its apparently trifarious leaves similar to H. bidens, Mitt.,
and to H. tenacifolium, Hook. f. et Tayl., but smaller.
SYMPHYOGYNA PODOPHYLLA, Thunb. Specimens all without fruit.
70 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE MUSCI AND HEPATICE
MARCHANTIA POLYMORPHA, Linn. Barren.
Marton ISLAND. CYNONTODIUM AUSTRALE, Mitt. Fruit past maturity. DicRANUM (IsocARPUS) ANTARCTICUM (C. Mueller). A few stems with unripe fruit appear to belong to this species ; they were growing in a tuft of Jungermannia colorata (Hedw.).
CAMPYLOPUS INTROFLEXUS (Hedw.). Barren.
C. cavirouius, Mitt. Musc. Austr. Amer. 87.
Also without fruit, in dense tufts.
GRIMMIA (DRYPTODON) CHLOROCARPA, Mitt.
Without fructifieation.
G. (RHACOMITRIUM) LANUGINOSA, Dill.
Tall stems, without fruit.
APALODIUM AUSTRALE (Hook. f. et Wils.).
With fruit not quite mature.
ENTOSTHODON LAXUS (Hook. f. et Wils.).
A single stem with young fruit and two or three barren plants.
BARTRAMIA (PHILONOTIS) TENUIS, Tayl. Without fruit.
B. (PHILONOTIS) REMOTIFOLIA (Hook. f. et Wils.). In extensive patches, with perfect fruit.
B. (GLYPHOCARPUS) QUADRATA, Hook. Tall slender stems without fruit, amongst other mosses.
B. (BREUTELIA) DUMOSA, Mitt,
Sterile.
BRYUM PENDULUM, Hornsch.
Without fruit.
B. pavicatuM, Hook. f. et Wils.
Also sterile ; but in fine state. MIELICHHOFERIA TENUISETA, Mitt.
In luxuriant growth, with immature fruit.
COLLECTED DURING THE ‘ UHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 71
DISTICHOPHYLLUM FASCICULATUM, Mitt.
Monoicum. Caulis debilis erectus fasciculatim ramosus ruber. Folia compressa omnia conformia, lateralia patentia, oblongo-ovalia obtusa, apiculo brevissimo szpius obsoleto terminata planiuscula, nervo tenui ultra medium evanido, limbo e triplici serie cellularum angustissima- rum marginata integerrima, cellulis hexagonis limpidis areolata ; peri- chetialia erecta interna late ovalia convoluta apice acuta subserrulata immarginata enervia. Theca in pedunculo elongato rubro levi erecta ovalis, collo seusim angustato.
Growiug in a tufted manner intermixed with Jungermannia colorata.
Caulis uncialis biuncialisve cum foliis lineam latus. Folia pallide stra- mineo-fusca sieca vix compressa marginibus flexuosis. Pedunculus unciam brevior.
Like D. sinuosum, but with cells twice as large and an erect
capsule. :
D. IMBRICATUM, Mitt.
Caulis rubro-fuscus fasciculatim ramosus erectus. Folia concava fere teretiuscule imbricata, ad ramorum apices in gemmam subacutam congesta, ovali-oblonga acuta apiculo parvo terminata, limbo e duplici serie cellularum angustissimarum marginata, nervo angusto ultra medium evanescente, cellulis limpidis hexagonis areolata.
In a scattered manner amongst Gottschea carnosa.
Caulis semiuncialis cum foliis vix compressis lineam latus.
Similar to D. flaccidum, but with acute leaves which at the
apices of the stems are imbricated in a cuspidate manner.
PLAGIOTHECIUM ANTARCTICUM, Mitt.
Monoicum, cæspitosum, ramis ascendentibus. Folia compressa sub- falcata nitida, caulina ovata acuminata integerrima enervia, ramea ovato-lanceolata tenuiter acuminata subenervia, omnia basi subcordata, cellulis angustis elongatis areolata ; perichætialia convoluta late ovata breviter acuminata. Theca in pedunculo elongato rubro ovalis inæ- qualis suberecta inclinatave operculo breviter conico peristomio interno ciliis in unum coalitis inter processus carinatos dentium longitudinis im- positis in membranam usque ad dimidiam dentium longitudinem insi- dentibus,
Habitus adspectusque omnino P. pulchelli, foliis autem basi ad inser- tionem subcordatim dilatatis.
STEREODON CUPRESSIFORMIS, Linn.
A few barren stems.
ACROCLADIUM POLITUM (Hook. f. et Wils.). :
Small fragments attached to the lower parts of Grimmia
lanuginosa. LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XV. G
72 MUSOI AND HEPATICA OF THE € CHALLENGER ’ EXPEDITION,
AMBLYSTEGIUM DECUSSATUM, Hook, f. et Wils. A slender state, unlike the larger New-Zealand forms; but the substance of the leaves is not different.
Hypnum (BRACHYTHECIUM) SUBPILOSUM, Hook. f. et Wils Without fruit.
EUSTICHIA LONGIROSTRIS, Brid. Barren.
PSILOPILUM AUSTRALE, Hook. f. et Wils. Male plants only.
JUNGERMANNIA COLORATA, Lehm. et Lindenb, In large tufts with perfect fruit.
PLAGIOCHILA MARIONENSIS, Mitt. f
Cauiis erectus flexuoso-curvatus innovationibus continuus, ramis erectis fasciculatim ramosus. Folia erecto-patentia plus minus cauli appressa angulo apicali exteriore recurvo latissime ovata subrotunda, margine ventrali dentibus latis brevibus, dorsali integerrima, cellulis rotundis areolata. Amphigastria patula divaricatave lanceolata integra fur- catave fragilia sæpe obsoleta. Folia involucralia toto ambitu validius dentata. Perianthium ovatum compressum ore parvo truncato Cre- nulato.
Caulis usque ad altitudinem quadriuncialem ascendens, cum foliis lineam latior, fuscus, Folia pallide viridia mox pallide fusca, firmiuscula, sicca parum mutata. P. retrospectanti habitu similis.
LOPHOCOLEA PALLIDE-VIRENS, Hook. f. et Tayl. In small quantity amongst mosses.
L. NoV.£-ZEALANDLE, Nees ab E. Withont fruit.
GorTSCHEA CARNOSA, Mitt. ;
Jaulis ascendens crassus pallidus carnosus. Folia patentia laxe imbri- cata lobo ventrali obovato obtuso, dorsali dimidiato obovato usque fere ad apicem lobi ventralis producto basi cum lobo opposito imbri- cato caulem tegente margine aleformi lobi ventralis infra medium linee conjunctionis desinente, ubique integerrima carnosula levi? Amphigastria lunulata cauli appressa.
Caulis uncialis biuncialisque simplex furcatusve sesquilineam crassus cum foliis lineas tres latus, latere ventrali radicellis brevibus fuse!s- Folia pallide ceraceo-viridia, seniora pallide fusca.
Near G. pachyphylla, but different in the rounded apices of its leaves.
ON PLANTS COLLECTED AT THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS. 73
Lepipozia LÆVIFOLIA, Hook. f. et Tayi. Small barren stems with the Gotéschea and among mosses.
HEARD ISLAND.
CERATODON PURPUREUS (Linn.). In a small starved and blackened state, barren.
GRIMMIA (ScHISTIDIUM) INSULARIS, Mitt.
Monoica. Pulvinato-cespitosa. Folia patentia siccitate subfalea- tim curvata lanceolata subulato-angustata superne carinata integer- rima nervo crassiusculo percursa cellulis superioribus rotundis obscuris basalibus ad nervum angustis elongatis ad angulos oblongis rectan- gulis hyalinis; perichetialia erecta convoluta ovali-elliptica acumi- nata cellulis basalibus oblongis angulatis, superioribus parvis oblongis rotuudisque intermixtis. Theca immersa subrotunda ore amplo, oper- culo conico-acuminato, peristomio dentibus brevioribus.
G. maritime statura habituque simillima sed foliis apice angustiore acu- minatis ct basi eellulis diversiformibus areolatis margine nullibi re- curvis.
BARTRAMIA ROBUSTA, Hook. f. et Wils.
A small state of what appears to be this species is intermixed with Ceratodon purpureus.
FossoMBRONIA AUSTRALIS, Mitt.
Caulis prostratus radicellis purpureis. Folia subquadrata angulata mar-
gine flexuosa antice incurva, sporis margine echinatis.
The specimens gathered by Mr. Moseley are without fruit, but aypear to belong to a species common in New Zealand aud Tas- mania, which in size agrees with F. angulosa, Raddi, but has more the habit of F. pusilla, to which last they have been usually referred.
XXX. Notes on Plants collected and observed at the Admi- ralty Islands, March 3 to 10, 1875. By H. N. Moserty, Esq., M.A.
[Read December 16th, 1875.]
Tur Admiralty Islands are a group consisting of one large island
and numerous small ones. The group lies between latitudes 1°50 S.
and 3? 10' S., and longitudes 146? E. and 14826 E. It forms the
north-westerly termination of the long curved chain of large a2
74 MR. H. N. MOSELEY ON PLANTS COLLECTED
islands and groups of islands which, stretching roughly N.E. and S.W., is composed of the New-Ireland, Solomon, and New- Hebrides groups. The larger island of the Admiralty group is distant from New Hanover, the nearest large island of the chain, about 130 miles, and from the nearest point of New Guinea about 150 miles. A series of groups of small islands form connecting links between the Admiralty group and New Guinea; and a num- ber of the smaller islands of the Admiralty group lie between the large island and New Hanover. The centre of the large or main island is placed by D'Entrecasteau in lat. 2? 18' S. and long. 146? 44 E. The island, which is oblong in form, is about fifty, miles in extreme length, and sixteen in extreme breadth. It has, together with its immediately adjacent islets, an area of about 550 square miles. The main island is mostly of small elevation, but contains mountain-masses rising to a height of about 1600 feet, which were visible to the eastward of the anchorage of the ‘ Chal- lenger’ in Nares Anchorage. The examination of the islands made by us was confined to the extreme north-western portion of the northern coast of the main island, in the neighbourhood of Nares Bay, and to the numerous small outlying islands which, lying just off the coast, shelter that anchorage.
The land-surface in the vicinity of Nares Bay consists of a series of low irregular ridges rising one above another, with wide flat expanses at the heads of bays on the coast, which are scarcely or not at all raised above sea-level, and thus are in a swampy con- dition. The mountains appear, from their form, to be volcanic; and it is probable that the obsidian used by the natives for their spear-heads is procured in them. A trachytic lava was found to compose one of the outlying islands; anda similar rock was ob- served on the mainland where it commenced to rise. A platform of coral-sand rock forms the coast-line of the main island in many places; and a similar rock is the only component of most of the small outlying islands.
From the position of the Admiralty Islands with regard to the equator, their climate is necessarily an extremely damp one. A great deal of exceedingly heavy rain fell during the stay of the ‘Challenger.’ Rain fell on five days of the seven during which we were at Nares Anchorage, the total fall bemg 1:66 inch. The temperature of the air ranged between 86? and 75°°5 F., the mean of maximum and minimum observations being about 80° F. ; and the air was loaded with moisture. Dense clouds of
AND OBSERVED AT THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS. 75
watery vapour hung about the forest-clad ranges, keeping the mountains most frequently concealed; and in the evenings clouds of mist hung about the lower land, looking like smoke rising from between the densely packed trees. Ina bay some miles to the eastward of the anchorage of the ‘Challenger,’ the mouth of a small river, apparently the outlet of the drainage of the mountains on this side, was found, and also'a very small brook; but running water was not elsewhere observed, and the rain probably drains to a large extent into the swamps.
The main island, as viewed from seawards, is seen to be densely wooded everywhere. Along the summits of the ridges cocoa-nut palms show out against the sky, accompanied by areca palms, as can be made out on a nearer view. The general dark-green mass of vegetation on the hill-sides is festooned with creepers, and shows a peculiar horizontal banding of somewhat lighter green, due to the presence in abundance of a leguminous tree (Acacia ?), which has its branches and leaves spread in a succession of hori- zontal layers, contrasting strongly with the general mass of more vertically directed foliage. A closely similar appearance strikes the eye at first sight on viewing the vegetation of the Banda Islands. The tree producing the effect is probably the same in both cases. Unfortunately, of this, as of all the other high trees, no specimens were procured.
The smaller outlying islands dotted about in front of the main island are all thickly wooded. The inhabited ones are distinguished at once by the large number of cocoa-nut trees growing upon them and forming the main feature of their vegetation.
In several points of the coast there are mangrove-swamps, in one of which I collected three species of mangroves. Where the land rises a little higher, so as not to be constantly overflowed by the tide, there is a sandy beach ; and the shore is lined by various littoral trees, amongst which a Barringtonia and a tree * with oval leaves and a pear-shaped fruit with a stony kernel (Calophyllum inophyllum) are the most frequent. The trees overhang the sea with immense horizontal branches ; and the bases of many of the
* On the small Observatory Island it is the only tree, except a Pandanus and a young Barringtonia 1 foot high, the fruit of which has drifted up and germinated. The roots of this tree are gnawed by a terrestrial Pagurid (Ceno- bita) which inhabits the small islands in abundance ; twenty or thirty of these crabs were to be seen gnawing at one long wound in a root, apparently feeding on an exuding gum.
76 MR. H. N. MOSELEY ON PLANTS COLLECTED
trees are constantly washed by the waves, but nevertheless have large woody fungi growing upon them, sometimes so low down as also to be frequently immersed. The overhanging branches are loaded with epiphytes, all growing thus suspended over the sea, so that I had to wade up to my middle in order to gather many of them. Amonst these epiphytes are several species of orchids, five or six of which were found in flower or fruit, and a plant with woody stem and flowers sessile upon it with succulent bright pink ealyces*. Growing with these is a Hymenophyllum in profusion, forming continuous sheets of green, a Niphobolus, and a Lygodium, which twines round the branches in all di- rections ; whilst a Psilotum and the long light-green pendent fronds of Ophioglossum pendulum hang down from the branches in bunches. Further, a nearly white moss [? Leucophanes, sp.] forms large, rounded, compact cushions conspicuous amongst the darker green of the other plants, and reminding me in its habit of antarctic rather than tropical vegetation. Asplenium nidus throws up its crowns of fronds in all directions from the branches in great abund- ance ; and the curious inflated boles of a Hydnophytum t, many of them as much as 1} foot in diameter, are perched all about in the forks. Isaw no specimens of Myrmecodia armata, which occurs so commonly with Hydrophytum in Aru and the Moluccas. The kind of littoral vegetation just described was seen best developed at Wyville Point.
At another part of the eoast, in the vicinity of the small river, where the shore, being less sheltered and exposed to a heavy surf, is not encroached upon to its verge by large trees, several com- mon littoral tropical plants occurred which were not found else- where :—a small trailing bean with yellow flower | Vigna lutea]; a yellow-flowered composite usually herbaceous, but here in places forming a woody shrub: the large Crinum so abundant on the shores at Aru in the Philippines; and Zpom«a pes-capre, which, euriously enough, was nowhere very abundant. Three species of Pandanus grew here also, together with a Casuarina (C. equiseti- folia) and a white-flowered apocynaceous tree with chocolate- coloured ovoid fruits and an abundant milky juice (Cerbera ?).
In Nares Anchorage, not very far from our anchorage and close to the main island, a small thickly wooded island (Pigeon Island) is inhabited by immense numbers of a fruit-pigeon (Carpophaga
* [Perhaps a Medinilla, but specimens not identifiable.—D. O.] + (Sp. nov.? Foliis crasse coriaceis subcomosis.—D. O.]
AND OBSERVED AT THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS. 77
decanica). Large numbers of these pigeons were killed; and I preserved specimens of the fruits contained in their crops, all of which fruits I failed to find or reach in the growing condition. Amongst the fruits were abundance of wild nut- megs and wild coffee-berries. The various species of Carpo- phaga must play a most important rôle in the distribution of plants, and especially trees, over the wide region inhabited by them. The crops of the birds are found to contain an astonish- ing quantity of fruits,some even larger than the nutmeg. Many of the fruits are entirely uninjured and quite fit for germination ; and since when wounded, and probably also often when frightened, or by accident, the pigeons readily eject these fruits and constantly eject the hard kernels, these birds must constantly be transporting the seeds of trees from one island to another. As soon as evera few littoral trees, such as Barringtonia, have established them- selves by drifted seeds upon a fresh coral island, the pigeons alight in their passages upon these trees and drop the germs of more inland trees. I saw the pigeons thus resting on one of the two or three trees as yet growing on Observatory Island, a very small islet in Nares Bay. At Banda formerly the growth of the nutmegs was confined by the Dutch Government to one island of the group, Great Banda, and the trees on the other islands were destroyed. It was found necessary, however, to send a Commis- sion every year to uproot the young nutmeg-trees sown on the other islands, especially Gunong Api, by the fruit-pigeons. Some of the wild nutmegs in the stomachs of the birds from Pigeon Island were soft and partially digested, and unfit for germination.
The main island immediately opposite Pigeon Island consists of a low swampy flat of coral sandstsne covered with a dense growth of high trees. Immediately at the water’s edge, along the sandy beach, are the usual littoral trees with banks of seaweeds thrown up at their roots, whilst a few yards inland a different set of trees, with tall straight trunks, grow, the trees being so closely set that it is very sensibly dark beneath them. Amongst these trees is one with a vermilion-red fruit, which fruit was also found at Aru, and, lying thickly scattered on the mud
* Sir Charles Lyell (Principles of Geology, ninth edition, p. 624) refers to the transportation of seeds by the agency of birds, and notes especially the transpor- tation effected by pigeons, quoting Captain Cook’s ‘ Voyages’ (book 3. chap. iv.) where it is stated that at Tamra “ Mr. Foster shot a pigeon " [obviously a Car- pophaga| “in whose craw was a wild nutmeg.”
78 MR. H. N. MOSELEY ON PLANTS COLLECTED
beneath the tree, is a familiar object at both places, and which was further found on the sea-surface off the north coast of New Guinea amongst the drift-wood from the Ambernoh river. Whilst the ground beneath is bare and muddy and beset with the bare roots of the trees, the trunks of the trees and fallen logs in these dark swampy woods are covered with the most luxuriant growth of feathery mosses and Jungermannias. On one of these tree- _trunks I found also a very curious fern, Trichomanes peltatum. The fronds of the fern are orbicular in form, and adhere in rows (as connected by the slender rhizome) to the bark. They are pressed absolutely flat against the bark, so as to look like an ad- hering crust, and have all the appearance of a Riccia, or some such form, for which, indeed, I took them when I gathered the specimens by cutting off flakes of the bark. At a few hundred yards inland are tracts covered with young sago-palms with several species of Zinziberacee and large swamp-ferns grow- ing beneath them, and a Sphagnum in small quantities. On a collecting-expedition to this part of the island I crossed the swamp, here about half a mile in width, and came to a steep rise in the land of about 30 feet or so. Here the rock appeared to be voleanie, and the soil, draining itself into the swamp below, was firm and comparatively dry. The vegetation here changed its aspect considerably ; and a tree fern, about 6 feet in height, oc- curred at the verge of the rise, and a Melastoma. The rising ground itself was covered with a dense growth of trees, with but little underwood. Beneath these trees grew in abundance iso- lated tufts of Trichomanes javanicum, the erect fern-like Selagi- nella inequalifolia (so abundant in the Fijis, the Aru islands, and the Moluccas), and a small zingiberaceous herb. I found many trees here which I had not met with in the swampy ground. The trees were covered with climbing Aroids, of only one spe- cies of which I was able to obtain fertile specimens. Asple- nium nidus and several epiphytic ferns of somewhat similar habit were abundant; but I missed the large Platycerium so abundant at the Aru islands. The Trichomanes javanicum and all the low vegetation here was bound together by a horsehair-like Rhizo- morpha, which was in such abundance as to be a hindrance in the securing of good specimens of the plants.
Of palms I saw, on the whole, in the Admiralty Islands five spe- cies—the cocoa-nut, sago, and Areca palms, a Caryota, and a small fan-palm. I procured specimens of leayes only of the two
AND OBSERVED AT THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS. 79
latter. The fan-palms appeared identical with one procured in the Aru Islands. I saw no rattans: but they grow in the islands; for in one canoe I saw a rattan stem in use as a cable. A young palm with prickly leaf-stalks, a dried specimen of which is sent, may prove to be of a further species. The cocoa-nut palm is, as has been before mentioned, abundant on the inhabited islands, where young trees are planted by the inhabitants with great care around their villages, each young tree being protected from the numerous pigs or other injury by means ofa neat wicker- work cylindrical fence. On the uninhabited islands cocoa-nut palms are occasionally, but not abundantly, present. The natives, however, plant the palms on uninhabited islands ; for I found four or five young trees planted on Observatory Island, each carefully girt atits base with a circle of stones. Cocoa-nut palms grow also on the mainland, on the tops of the hill-ridges, mostly in clumps, as if one or a few trees originally established had seeded others around. There can be no doubt that these plants were planted by natives; and most probably the spot occupied by each clump was inhabited at some time. This part of the main island may formerly have been more thickly inhabited than it at present appears to be. I saw no dwarf varieties of the cocoa-nut; the trees are all of the common tall kind. The Areca palm is abundant almost everywhere on the main island.
The sago-palm grows, as usual, socially, in swamps; as usual, also, there is a very large preponderance of immature examples which have not yet begun to form a stem. Indeed it was only in one swamp that any stemmed specimens were met with at all. No doubt the natives lose no time in felling all the ma- ture trees in spots easily accessible from the coast, and very often cut them before they are mature, for fear of their falling into other hands. A Cyead is abundant, and grows occasionally to a height of 30 feet, looking like a palm.
The three species of Pandanus met with are identical with the three found at the Aru Islands. The two larger ones were com- mon and striking features in the aspect of the coast-vegetation. lsaw no bamboos in the islands, and they are not in general use amongst the natives; but I saw a few chunam boxes made of bamboo joints.
Amongst the large forest trees an enormous Ficus, with the usual wonderful compound stem, was the most striking. A tree also with the vertical plant-like roots, a familiar phenomenon in
80 MR. If. N. MOSELEY ON THE PLANTS COLLECTED
Philippine forests, was common ; but, unfortunately, as usual, no specimens from the high trees could be obtained. A few flowers were picked up upon the ground; but it was found impossible to make out to which tree, amongst a number of trunks, a particular blossom spread over the ground belonged. Several araliaceous trees and shrubs were characteristic features of the vegetation. A bright-coloured Coleus was amongst the few terrestrial herbs. A Dracena, often beautifully reddened, was common; but no brilliant Crotons were seen. A bright-flowered malvaceous tree (Thespesia populnea) was amongst the littoral trees. Possibly this yields fibres for ropes &c. to the natives.
Fungi were abundant on the dead wood in the swamps and woods ; and a considerable number of forms were collected, some of which, I think, are of special interest.
Seaweeds were cast up on the shores at every tide in great abundanee, and yielded a greater variety of species than had before been met with by me on tropical coral coasts.
Notes on the various Plants made use of as Food and as Implements, Clothing, &c. by the Natives of the Admiralty Islands.
The principal vegetable food of the Admiralty-Island natives, besides cocoa-nuts, is sago, which is roughly prepared and made up into hard masses of a cylindrical form, which were constantly carried by the natives in their canoes. The cylinders are about 1} foot long and 8 to 10 inches or so in diameter, and are done up in mats for preservation. A specimen of the sago is sent for the Kew Museum.
Besides sago, the natives have a taro (Caladium esculentum ?), whieh is eultivated by them, but apparently in no very great quantities. A very similar Caladium was found growing wild on the main island. The plant is eultivated in small enclosures round the houses in the villages; but I saw such cultivated taro only in one village on D’Entrecasteau Island; on Wyld Island (the other inhabited island near the anchorage) I saw no traces of such cultivation. The rhizomes are of excellent quality, and were much used on board the ship. No yams or sweet potatoes were seen on the islands. The natives have plantains, but not in abundance. A species of Artocarpus grows on the inhabited island, near the houses. The natives eat a wild mango and 4 small wild fig, also the fertile fronds of a large Acrostichwm (A, aureum?) and a large brown fruit (Anonacee ?) which was
AND OBSERVED AT THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS. 81
found growing at Aru on a large forest-tree. (Specimens of all these fruits are sent in the collection.)
The natives have also a sugar-cane much larger and finer than that of the Papuans at Humboldt Bay. The ripe canes were 6 feet long and 13 inch in diameter. They were heavy; but did not, of course, contain as much sugar as West-Indian canes.
The natives chew betel, using the betel-pepper, Areca-nut, and coral-lime, or chunam, as usual, together. (The natives of the Louisiade use the Areca-nut and chunam only, and have no betel- pepper—Maegillivray, ‘ Voyage of the ‘ Rattlesnake,’ vol. i. p.222.) One or two natives only were observed who did not use betel. Nearly all use it to excess. I did not see the betel- pepper growing, but only saw it in use. The chunam is car- ried, as a& Humboldt Bay, in long gourds perforated at one end to receive the long stick or spoon with which tne lime is carried to the mouth. The gourd here in use is different in form from either of the two forms in use at Humboldt Bay. The use of tobacco is unknown to the natives, as is also that of kaava.
The women wear as their only clothes two bunches of a grass, apparently—one in front, the other behind. The men wear occa- sionally a narrow strip of bark cloth about 5 feet long and 6 or 8 inches in breadth, which is almost white when new and clean. The cloth is in the form of a long natural sae open at both ends, being evidently loosened from the cut limb of the tree from which it is made by beating, and then drawn off entire. This cloth is sometimes reddened by being rubbed with a red earth used by the natives for smearing their bodies. No better native cloth was seen; and the natives apparently do not know the method of fusing the fibrous matter from several pieces of bark together, so as to form taffa like that of Fiji or Tonga. I saw no articles of ornament or clothing here made of a Rhizomorpha, as occurs ab Fiji and Humboldt Bay.
Very neat armlets and waistbelts, of mixed yellow and black fibres plaited together, are made by the natives; and excellent bags are made of a fine plaited mat-work.
The seeds of Coix Lachryma are used as beads, as they are by so many other savages, and are also used as ornaments to the obsidian-headed spears, the native's chief weapon—being lashed round the necks of the spears just below the heads, so as to form four or more longitudinal rows. A dry double ovoid fruit is worn sometimes in the huge slit in the ear as an ornament,
82 REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME
the fruit hanging at the junction of the two ovoids. The fruit was not found growing.
For use in their canoes, an excellent strong rope, apparently of some bark-fibre, is made by the natives; also a most perfect small twine, of which large sein-like fishing-nets are made, and also small hand-nets, of which latter a specimen is forwarded. The fine twine is probably made of plantain-fibre. No use ap- pears to be made by the natives of the fibre of the cocoa-nut bush. A hard brown fruit, as big as a goose’s egg, is used for cementing the seams of canoes. The fruit is broken open for the purpose, in order to obtain the kernel, which, I think, is applied raw; but in what manner, I did not find out. The fruit is for- warded. The natives do not use bright Crotons or Dracenas for decoration of their persons, as do the Papuans of Humboldt Bay. I saw only one man with green leaves fastened to his shoulders, and one with a flower of Hibiscus rosa sinensis stuck in his hair. A leaf is often worn doubled over the cone of hair, which is made to project from the back of the head by tying the usual loose mop of hair round at its base close to the back of the head. The leaf thus worn looks like a sort of bonnet. A Dracena leaf is often used.
About the houses in the villages bright red Draesnas are commonly planted as ornaments, representing the flower-garden in its most primitive stage. I saw no bright Amaranthus flowers, though the Humboldt-Bay natives had plenty of them.
Of clearings of land for the cultivation of taro or sugar-cane in quantity, such as are to be seen at the Aru Islands and Fiji, and such as there are probably at Humboldt Bay, no traces were seen,
Supplement to the Enumeration of Fungi of Ceylon. By the Rev. M. J. BeRkELXY, F.L.S., and C. E. Broome, Esq., F.L.S. (Read December 16, 1875.)
[Prane II.]
ON a revision of the large collections from Ceylon sent by Mr. Thwaites, a few unrecorded species have occurred, and two very curious new genera, of both of which we are enabled to give faithful sketches, though it is very desirable that a larger supply of specimens should be received, especially of Endocalyz, which, with the formerly described Alwisia, is somewhat anomalous amongst the Myxogastres. The early stage of both is quite
ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON, 83
unknown; and they may possibly form a group with Lycogala terrestre between Myxogastres and Trichogastres. Large as is the number of species which we have described, doubtless many remain to repay future researches; and we stil hope that his numerous duties will not entirely draw off our friend from his favourite Cryptogams.
* Po.typorus pissitus, B. & Br. (Thwaites, no. 966.) Spores angular, -10001-°00015 long.
1188. PrERULA MULTIFIDA, Fr. (No. 19.) On the ground amongst small herbaceous fragments. Peradeniya.
Artocreas, B. d Br.
It is necessary to remark that this is synonymous with Miche- nera, B. & Curtis, and that Artrocreas, B. & C., is the same with Michenera artocreas, B. & C., Cuban Fungi, no. 413.
*“DIDERMA DEPRESSUM, Fr. (No. 1044.)
1189. Dipymium sQUAMULOSUM, Fr. (No. 1039.) On bark. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.
“D. microcarpon, Fr., var. zanthopus, Ditm. (No.76.) =D. fari- naceum, no. 748.
1190. D. RETICULATUM, B. & Br. Adnatum, reticulatum ; peridio sulfureo, furfuraceo; floccis pallide citrinis; sporis nigris (no. 1046). Amongst short moss. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.
*PuvsaRUM NUTANS, P. (No. 1038.) On thin bark. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868.
1191. P. nipERMoiIpzs, P. (No. 135.) Placed doubfully under Didymium cinereum, 756.
1192. P. LIvipum, Rostref., var. conglobatum, Fr. (No. 55.) On various decaying substances.
1193. P. MürLERI, B. (No. 1043.)
On dead wood, Peradeniya; Crocodile Creek, Queensland.
Looks just like Trichamphora paradoxa; but the spores are quite dif- ferent.
We cannot at present give the characters of this species, as the specimens are at Strasburg.
1194. Dicryptum AMBIGUUM, Schrad. On decayed wood. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.
84. REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME
1195. STEMONITIS DICTYOSPORA, Rostaf. Mon. p. 195. (No. 47.) On bark. Nov, 1867.
1196. S. sciNTiLLANS, B. & Br. Peridio globoso, subviridi-cupreo ; stipite setiformi, aterrimo, nitidissimo ; floccis ramosis sporisque glo- bosis fuscis (no. 1042).
On the underside of dead leaves. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.
Spores “0003 in diameter.
1197. OPHIOTHECA WRIGHTII, B. & C., Cuba, 544 (No. 1047.) On slender herbaceous petioles. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868. Spores ‘0004 long, granulated.
1198. O. B1coLon, B. § Br. Peridio globoso, rubro, minute granulato, sporis flavis pulverulentis (no. 350).
On the rind of Nephelium lappaceum. Rambootan.
Spores “0002 long.
1199. HEMIARCYRIA KansTENI, Rostaf. Mon. (No. 49.) On dead wood. Peradeniya.
1200. TRicHIA CLAVATA, P. (No. 24.) On bark. Central Province, Dec. 1868.
1201. PERICH.xNA MARGINATA, B. & Br. Congesta, pallide cinerea, cireumscissa, angulata, intus castanea, margine distincto eireumdata ; sporis floecisque elasticis flavis. (No. 49.)
On dead wood. Peradeniya.
1202. LICEA ciNNABARINA, B. 4 Br. Applanata, cinnabarina, pa- pillosa, e strato membranaceo hyalino oriunda; sporis subglobosis, leevibus (no. 663).
On bark. South of island, July 1868.
Spores ‘0005-0006 in diameter.
*ALWISIA BOMBARDA, B. 4 Br.
The figure (tab. 2. fig. 6) represents merely the simplest form. A more characteristic figure is given here (Tab. II. fig. 1).
Enpocatyx, B. & Br.
Peridium calyciforme, pedunculatum, villosum, demum ruptum, e basi crassa oriundum ; spore subglobose echinulatze.
1203. ENpocaLyx Tuwartestt, B. § Br. Ore insigniter laciniato, laciniis elongatis; stipite gracili, elongato (no. 1048). On dead sticks. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.
ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 85
Spores varying from globose to oval, “0006-0008 in diameter. Tab. II. fig. 2. Plant and spores magnified.
1204. E. esriLosToMaA, B. & Br. Ore primum integro, dein fisso; sti- pite brevi erassiore. ' With the last. Spores :0008—001 in diameter. This curious genus is evidently closely allied to Alwisia. The spores, however, are very different and not half the diameter.
1205. IsaRIA GLAUCA, Dittm. (No. 571.) Probably a state of some lichen.
Aotinicers, B. & Br.
Stipes hyalinus, e floccis congestis in capitulum globosum radi- antibus, hie in spieulas conicas vitreas granulatas desinenti- bus, illic in ramulos tenerrimos ; spore minutissime.
1206. ACTINICEPS THWAITESI, B.§ Br. (No. 1040.) On dead coriaceous leaves. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868. Stem “017 high, head “0065 in diameter.
The curious spicules are more like parts of a sponge than of a fungus.
Tab. II. fig. 3: c, plant magnified ; b, threads of which the stem is com- posed; c, one of the spicules; d, ends of threads with spores.
1207. MvRoTHECIUM ATROCARNEUM, D. § Dr. Disco atro, depla- nato, e massa carnea oriundo ; sporis elliptieis (no. 167). Spores “003 long.
1208. RHINoTRICHUM PALLIDUM, B. & Br. Pallide citrinum, effu- sum, floccis articulatis; articulis spiculiferis, sporiferis; sporis subglo- bosis v. obovatis (no. 1025).
On dead vegetable matter. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869.
Very pale lemon-coloured ; spores “0007 long, “0005 wide.
1209. AscoBoLUus cERVvINUS, B. & Br. Olivaceus, extus furfuraceus ; margine discreto; ascis rectis oblongis; sporis minoribus (no. 422).
On dung. Peradeniya, Feb. 1869.
Allied to A. erugineus, with which it agrees in colour and the distinct margin; the asci, however, are straight and much smaller, as are also the spores, though in the specimens before us they have scarcely arrived at maturity. Spores 6000 long.”
86 MR. 8. LE MARCHANT MOORE ON THE OCCURRENCE
1210. SpH 2ROSTILBE GRACILIPES, Tul. (No. 27.) On dead wood.
1211. Necrria Gyrosa, B.§ Br. Peritheciis in stroma aurantiacum immersis, oblongis, sursum incrassatis; ostiolo nigro, quandoque elongato; ascis clavatis; sporidiis biserialibus, ellipticis, unisep- tatis.
Spores *0003—0004 long, :00015--0002 wide.
Confounded in the memoir with Diatrype gyrosa.
*DoTHIDEA RHYTISMOIDES, Cd. (No. 1141.)
Occurrence of Staminal Pistillody in an Acanthad. By S. Le Marcnant Moors, Esq., F.L.S.
[Read June 17, 1875.] (Puates IIT. & IV.)
Tue subject of the present notice is the Whitfieldia lateritia, Hook., an example of which has lately been flowering in the Palm-house at Kew.
The normal floral arrangement in this plant is as follows :—The bud is protected by a couple of broadly ovate bracts ; these are succeeded by a 5-cleft calyx with oblanceolate segments, inside which is placed the corolla with a tube considerably longer than the calyx, and a half-spreading five-lobed limb exhibiting but slight differentiation into upper and lower lip. Upon the corolla-tube, and at a distance from its base of about a quarter of its length, are seated four stamens in two pairs, one of which has its origin 4 little higher than the other; each filament bears an anther, con- sisting of two equal cells with sagittate bases and shallow pollen- cavities ; the fifth stamen is entirely wanting ; and the whole an- dreecium is girt at its base by a fringe of fine hairs. The ovary is very much compressed laterally ; it has at its base a deep fleshy annular disk ; and its two cells contain each a couple of retinaculum- supported campylotropous ovules. These various points of struc ture are sufficiently illustrated by the figures 1-6.
The most simple deviation met with is not one exhibiting pis- tillody. In this case the normally absent fifth stamen is repre- sented by a short staminodic filament alternating with the lobes of the upper lip; it is of an arched form, and about a line in length.
OF STAMINAL PISTILLODY IN AN ACANTHAD. 87
This deviation, doubtless one of reappearance of a selection-lost organ, is associated with a modification of the number of ovules in one of the ovarian cells, which contains three of them; the third, however, is very small, and, though provided with two coats, would probably not have developed into a seed.
The calyx and corolla remain entirely unchanged in all cases exhibiting pistillody, the least-abnormal appearance presented on the oceurrence of which is shown at fig. 7, where two of the stamens are seen to have the ordinary form; the third consists of an unequally two-lobed anther hoisted up on a coiled hair-fringed filament about one third as long as its unchanged fellows. The larger of these anther-lobes is usual in shape and amount of pollen produced; the smaller contains but few pollen-grains, and has at its base an ovuloid body seated on a halfmoon-shaped support, evi- dently representing a retinaculum. The fourth stamen has the filamentary region but very slightly developed ; one of the anther- cells is represented by a short spirally twisted band foreshadowing a style, while the other is fairly formed, contains a little pollen at its lower end, and has at its base a small ovule-like papilla on a boss of rudimentary-retinaculate nature; the stamen is hollowed out immediately below the cells, the lower part of the hollow hold- ing four well-developed retinaculum-supported ovules. The last thing to be noted is the rudiment of the fifth stamen ; with the ex- ception of the instance mentioned above, this is the only case of the occurrence of such a structure (figs. 8-11).
The next example is very interesting. In this, while two of the stamens are normal in position and structure, the other two are ovuliferous, and have very short filaments inserted on the disk (fig. 12). Fig. 13 shows one of these stamens dissected away: the one cell is usual ; the other is separated into two parts, one of which appears as a twisted false-stylar addition to the normal cell, and the other is a small zigzag-outlined body, forming one of the boun- daries of the filamentary cavity, which contains at its base two well-developed ovules. Fig. 14 represents the second stamen bears only one ovule, and has an almost full-formed half-cell.
In the next case the abnormality is greater. Here (fig. 15) all the stamens are ovuliferous and seated on the disk. One cell of each anther is normal; the other presents the spiral winding alluded to above (fig. 16). The ovules in all these transformed stamens are two in number, in this respect agreeing with the ordinary ovarian cell. The ovary is very deeply modified ; it is
LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XV. H
88 MR. S. LE MARCHANT MOORE ON THE OCCURRENCE
a subglobular three-lobed and three-styled organ (fig. 17), the three lobes of unequal size: the least bears a couple of small ovules ; the next larger has two ovules of ordinary size (fig. 18), while in the largest of the lobes are seated three stalked ovule-grotesques. The knobbed appendages to the two longer of these stalks are very far from being perfect ovules; but the point of greatest in- terest relates to the small short-stalked body springing from the sinus of dichotomy of the other two. This, as shown in the figure (19), has a linear slit running the whole length across its anterior face; and appearances were so suspicious, that I carefully exa- mined it for pollen ; and though I was not able to detect any, yet I rather incline to the belief that it may be an incipient pollinife- rous organ.
I was able to examine only one more flower; and this exhibits a modification of form not before observed. In this, stamen No. 1 presents the appearance shown in fig. 16, but with the addition of a third, lowermost ovule about half the size of the others. Stamen No. 2 (fig. 20) is an unstalked pistilloid body with a short curved hairy style, bearing inside its cavity, which communicates with the outer world by means of a longitudinal slit continued to the extremity of the style, three ovules, the uppermost of which is the smallest. No.3 has the same form as the last; it contains four well-formed ovules. No 4 is to all intents and purposes a carpel, arising, as it does, but a slight distance below the organic apex, and having a long curved style intertwined with the styles of the ova- | rian carpels. Its carpelloid nature is very emphatically pronounced, inasmuch as it contains not less than five ovules, four of which are full-formed, while the fifth is about half the size of the rest. This organ is joined to the ovary about its centre by a narrow isthmus of tissue, and has a completely impervious cavity.
In all cases where an uncoiled style manifests itself, it is grooved from base to apex, which condition also holds with the styles of the two carpels composing the ovary of this last-mentioned flower, one of whose carpels contains two, and the other three ovules.
I spoke above of a form having four hypogynous transformed stamens and a three-lobed ovary ; and I venture to suggest that this third ovarian lobe may be regarded as a reappearance of the normally absent fifth stamen. This suggestion derives strength from the fact that a modified stamen has undoubtedly been found in organic connexion with the ovary; and, on the other hand, if
OF STAMINAL PISTILLODY IN AN ACANTIHAD. 89
the facts of teratology can be held to have any weight in connexion with the history of descent, such, in this case, is almost nil; for one shudders to think of the immense period which must have elapsed since the Personate Adam possessed a three-celled ovary. Of course there remains the third alternative, that it is a structural “leap in the dark "—a freak of development induced by cultivation.
I have looked up all the bibliography bearing on this subject with which I am acquainted, and have met with two cases only in which a normally epipetalous stamen became ovuliferous and hy- pogynous: Brongniart* has described a Jacob's Ladder in which the corolla is partially aborted, being represented by five small
-greenish folioles free from each other, while the transformed sta- mens, inserted beneath the ovary, bear ovules enclosed in an im- pervious cavity; and Masterst speaks of having seen a drawing by the Rev. G. Smith of a specimen of Primula acaulis, in which the stamens were hypogynous and bore ovules in open cavities. Wigand¢ has figured and described a case of Gentiana amarella in which there were two ovarially-inserted stamens ; but these bore pollen in the ordinary way.
Two roads of investigation remain to be opened out in connex- ion with this Whitfieldia :—one, an attempt at fertilization of the exposed ovules; the other, to determine whether there exists a causal relation between the amounts of polliniferous and ovulife- rous production respectively—in other words, whether each trans- formed organ is strictly limited as to the extent of its exhibition of the sexual elements, or whether cultivation has so profoundly modified it that such is not the case. Should the opportunity occur at a future time, I propose to myself the pleasure of experimenting in this direction,
EXPLANATION OF PLATES III. & IV.
Figs. 1-6. Structure of normal flower of Whitfieldia lateritia: fig. 1, natural size; the rest (as all the other figures) more or less magnified. 1. Flower and appendages. 2. The same laid open (the asterisk- marked lobes are those of the upper lip). 3. An anther. 4. Ovary in longitudinal section. 5. The same unopened: 0, ovary; d, disk; r, receptacle. 6. Campylotropous ovule on its reti- naculum.
* Bull. Soc. Bot. t. viii. p. 453. t Veget. Terat. p. 308. f Flora, 1856, t. viii. fig. 6 p. 715. LINN. JOURN.— BOTANY, VOL. XV. I
90 PROF. OLIVER ON PLANTS
Figs. 7-11. Flower with two stamens normal. 10. The ovuloid body on its retinaculum. 11. o, papilla at base of anther-cell. 12-14. Transformed parts of the next-described flower. 15-19. Flower with four hypogynous stamens. 19. p, the incipient pol- liniferous (?) organ. 20, 21. The case last mentioned. 21. a, the modified stamens, with im- pervious ovule-bearing cavity.
Enumeration of Plants collected by V. Loverr Cameron, Lieut. R.N., in the region about Lake Tanganyika. By D. Okrvxn, F.R.S. & L.S., Keeper of the Herbarium, Royal Gardens, Kew.
[Read November 4, 1875.]
[THe following notes comprise’ an enumeration of the species contained in a small parcel of plants received at Kew in February 1875, and whieh had been collected by Lieut. Cameron south of Kawele (lat. 4? 58' 3" S., long. 30? 4' 30" E.), in his journey round the shores of Lake Tanganyika in search of the outlet which he discovered in the River Lukuga on the west side. Lieut. Cameron believes this to flow into the Lualaba, which he all but positively identifies with the Congot. The flora of the region round the lake, on this supposition, belongs to the Congo river-basin. The enumeration has been drawn up by Prof. Oliver; the descriptions of new species are by himself and by Messrs. Baker and Spencer Moore, assistants in the herbarium.]
The new species described below are marked *.
Clematis Kirkii, Oliv. Waltheria americana, L. Cleome hirta, Oliv. Triumfetta semitriloba, L., or Courbonia decumbens, Brongn. T. rhomboidea, Jacq. Abutilon ? sp. Ochna macrocalyx, Oliv. Hibiscus cannabinus, L. Vitis, sp. nov. ?
Gossypium barbadense, L. V. serpens, Hochst., var. ? ?
Dombeya spectabilis, Boj. (M. Polycarpea corymbosa, Lam. T. M. in Trop. Afr: Flora Crotalaria laburnifolia, D. . p. 227). Pueraria?
t See Proc. R. Geog. Soc. xix. p. 75.
COLLECTED BY LIEUT. CAMERON. 91
Indigofera (§ Trichopode) cuneata, J. G. B.*
I. ($ Dissitiflore) dissitiflora, J- G: B *
I. hirsuta, L.
I.: an I. torulosa, J. G. B.?
I. (S Tinctoriæ) Cameroni, J. G. B.*
Phaseolus, sp.
Erythrina tomentosa, R. Br.
Eriosema rhynchosioides, J. G B!
Doliochos ? sp.
Cassia, Sp.
Jesalpineacea, allied to the “ Kobbo " of Dr. Schwein- furth, referred by him to Humboldtia.
Dichrostachys nutans, Benth.
Rhus insignis, Del, var. ? Leafy specimen only.
Kalanchoe platysepala ? Welw.
Jussiea villosa? var.
Cephalandra? sp.
Vernonia obconica, Oliv. & Hiern, ined. :
V. pauciflora? Less.
Conyza egyptiaca, Ait.
Spheranthus. Perhaps anew species allied to S, peduncu- laris.
Gutenbergia polycephala, Oliv. & Hiern *.
Leptactinia heinsioides, Hiern,
Sp. nov. ined,
Oldenlandia. Near O. parvi- lora ?
Kraussia congesta, Oliv. *
Jasminum auriculatum, var.
B. zanzibarense? (I. tet- tense, Kl.).
Strychnos ? sp. Leafy speci- men only (perhapsthe same from Batoka country, Dr. Kirk).
Strychnos? sp. leate specimen.
Asclepiadacea (Raphio- nacme ?).
Convolvulus (Breweria mal- vacea? Kl.).
Ipomea. Allied to I. simplex and allies.
Convolvulus? sp.
Trichodesma zeylanicum,R.Br.
Heliophytum indicum, DC.
Leonotis nepetefolia, R. Br.
Ocymum canum, Sims., var. ?
Ocymum near O. obovatum, E. Mey.
Ocymum, sp.?
Sesamum. Not in a state to describe, with very narrow leaves.
Sesamum. Perhaps the same species. Similar to a spe- eimen collected by Dr. Kirk in S.E. Africa, but not in fruit.
Striga elegans, Benth, ?
Rhamphicarpa tubulosa, Benth.
Rhamphicarpa. Perhaps R. tubulosa, with oblique ros- trate included capsule.
Rhamphicarpa Cameroniana, Oliv.*
Rhamphicarpa? Too imper- fect for description.
12
Leafy acu-
92
PROF. OLIVER ON PLANTS
Cycnium adonense ? E. Mey.
Thunbergia near T. oblongi- folia, Oliv.
Nelsonia tomentosa, Willd.
Barleria limnogeton, Spencer Moore *,
Hypoéstes, sp. for description.
Lantana? sp.
Lantana near L. salviefolia.
Vitex? Leaves simple. Not in state to describe.
Vitex. Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets oblanceolate, ob- tuse, or broadly pointed, entire, glabrescent, more or less tomentose toward the base of the midrib be- neath. Not in flower.
Cyclonema spinescens, Oliv. *
Plumbago zeylanica, L.
P. amplexicaulis, Oliv. *
Arthrosolen glaucescens, Oliv. *
Amarantacea, dub. Perhaps Achyranthes. Too decayed to describe.
Euphorbiacea an Phyllanthus? sp. Not in flower,
Acalypha, sp. ?
Habenaria ? ?
Insufficient
Lissochilus, sp.
Walleria Mackenzit, Kirk.
Gloriosa virescens, Lindl. The typical plant, and also a form with very broad subopposite leaves.
Asparagus racemosus, Willd.
A. asiaticus, L.
A. Pauli-Gulielmi, Solms.
Anthericum Cameroni, J G B."
Chlorophytum macrophyllum, A. Rich.
Cienkowskia? sp.
Hemanthus, sp.
Gladiolus near G. natalen- sis ?
Aneilema longifolia, Hook.
Commelyna, two species.
Nerine, sp.
Fuirena pubescens, Kunth.
Cyperus rotundus, L.
C. coloratus, V.
Setaria glauca, Beauv.
Tricholena rosea, Nees.
Stipa, sp.
Eragrostis poeoides, Beauv.
E. Chapelieri, Nees.
Eragrostis, sp.
Hymenophyllum | polyanthos, Sw.
INDIGOFERA CUNEATA, Baker. Suffruticosa, ramulis gracillimis dense pubescentibus, folis perparvis subsessilibus simplicibus vel ternato- digitatis, foliolis minutis obovato-cuneatis crassis pilosis complicatis, floribus solitariis raro geminis, pedunculis gracillimis folio multo lon- gioribus, calyce minuto dense setoso dentibus linearibus, petalis mi- nutis rubellis, legumine cylindrico glabrescente atro-brunneo, semini-
bus pluribus.
Belongs to the section Trichopode, and closely resembles I. tri-
COLLECTED BY LIEUT. CAMERON. 93
chopoda in the flowers and their arrangement, but ditfers entirely in the leaves.
Stems very slender, suffruticose, terete, copiously branched, with ascend- ing branchlets densely clothed with fine, variously directed, white, pellucid hairs as long as, or longer than, their diameter. Stipules minute, setaceous. Leaves very minute, nearly sessile, simple and trifoliolate intermixed; leaflets obovate, cuneate in