THE NG JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY. agan BOTANY. VOL. XV. LI EDITED BY DR. JAMES MURIE, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.8., ETC. ' LONDON: SOLD AT THE SOCIETY'S APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON HOUSE; AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER, AND WILLIAMS AND NORGATE. : 1877. Dates of Publication of the several Numbers included in this Volume. No. 81, pp. 1-40, was published October 11, 1875. » 82, ,, 40-90, 5 March 3, — 1876. 5 89, «90-159, T May 11, x 5, 84 ., 159-209, 2 July 11, 7 2» 80 p 209-303, i September 14, ,, » 86, ,, 963-422, n October 28, ,„ » 8T, ,, 423-480, i December 15, ,, » 88, ,, 481-548, 5 February 28, 1877. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. LIST OF PAPERS. Page ARCHER, WILLIAM, Esq., F.R.S., M.R.LA. Note on the Freshwater Alge collected by H. N. Moseley, M.A., in Kerguelen's Land. (Communicated by J. D. Hooker, MD, Eres. Roy: S0C) S AIEO NI 445 Baker, JOHN GILBERT, Esq., F.L.S, On the Polynesian Ferns of the * Challenger’ Expedition...... 104 Revision of the Genera and Species of Anthericez and Erio- SPOTMEA e. os es vehe gan Er ene C V ER ERE Curve 253 On a Collection of Ferns made by Mr. William Pool in the inte- tior of Madagascar <.. 5 4 LV E ibis 411 Barroun, Isaac Bavrzv, D.Sc., F.L.S. Extract of a Letter from I. B. Balfour, Esq., Botanist to the Expedition to Rodriguez to observe the Transit of Venus; addressed to, and communicated by, Dr. Hooker .......... 24 On a new Genus of Turneracez from Rodriguez ............ 159 BENTHAM, GEORGE, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., Vice-Pres. Linn. Soc. Notes on the- Gamopetalous Orders belonging to the Campanu- laceous and Oleaceous Groups ................. eese. 1 On the Distribution of the Monocotyledonous Orders into Pri- | mary Groups, more especially in reference to the Australian Flora, with notes on some points of Terminology. (Plates MILI) le Uu MU m. II 490 BERKELEY, The Rey. M. J., M.A., F.L.S, Enumeration of Fungi collected during the Expedition of H M.S. ‘Challenger.’ (Second Notice.) .................. 48 Report on the Fungi collected in Kerguelen's Land by the Rev. A. E. Eaton during the stay of the Transit-of- Venus Expedi- hon of 187475 gh oe oe I NIE 221 iv BERKELEY, The Rev. M. J., and C. E. Broome. Supplement to the Enumeration of Fungi of Ceylon. (Plate II.) BERKELEY, The Rev. M. J., and M. C. Cooxe. The Fungi of Brazil, including those collected by J. W. H. Trail, Esd. M.A Oe S S SS oe looo ao o m ee Broome, C. E., and The Rev. M. J. BERKELEY. Supplement to the Enumeration of Fungi of Ceylon. (Plate II.) CLARKE, C. B., Esq., F.L.S. On Edgaria, a new Genus of Cucurbitaceæ. (With wood- amea an a a NG Ka a NEK NG a Botanic Notes from Darjeeling to Tonglo. (With wood- GUN gGucococuuccbouudectnn GuveoucdUbtU UO DO SCoU UC oO Crombie, The Rev. James M., F.L.S. &c. Lichenes Capenses:—An Enumeration of the Lichens collected at the Cape of Good Hope by the Rev. A. Eaton during the Venus-transit Expedition in 1874 .............. p eee Lichenes Terre Kergueleni:—An Enumeration of the Lichens collected in Kerguelen's Land by the Rev. A. E. Eaton during the Venus-transit Expedition in 1874-75 ................ On the Lichens collected by Professor R. O. Cunningham in the Falkland Islands, Fuegia, Patagonia, and the Island of Chiloe, during the Voyage of H.M.S. “Nassau, 1867-69 .... Lichens collected by W. Pool, Esq., in Madagascar .......... Lichenes Insule Rodriguesii.—An Enumeration of the Lichens collected by Dr. I. B. Balfour in the Island of Rodriguez during the Venus-transit Expedition, 1874 .............* Contributions to the Botany of H.M.S. * Challenger ’:— Numbers XXI. to XXXVII inclusive. Consult respectively ARCHER, XXXIV., p. 445; Baker, XXXI, p. 104; BER- KELEY, XXVI, p. 48; Dicxrm, XXI.-XXV., pp. 40-47, XXXIII, p. 235, XXXV . p. 446, XXX VIL., p. 486; MITTEN, XXIX., p. 59; MosELEy, XXVII, p. 53, XXX., p. 78, XXXVI., p. 481; O'Mzgana, XXVIII., p. 55; REICHEN- BACH, XXXII., p. 112. Cooxr, M. C., and The Rev. M. J. BERKELEY. The Fungi of Brazil, including those collected by J. W. H. TIL Esd. M.A m I S o as EE Page 82 116 165 180 . 222 940 431 Ad Page Darwin, FrANCIS, Esq., M.B., F.L.S. On the Glandular Bodies on Acacia spherocephala and Cecropia peltata serving as food for Ants. With an Appendix on the Nectar-glands of the Common Brake Fern, Pteris 'aquilina. (me VIJ ee cee CEN LESE U te ER ra 398 Dickie, Professor GEORGE, M.A., M.D., F.L.5. Notes on Algz from the Island of Mangaia, South Pacific .... 30 Algze collected by Mr. Moseley at Simon’s Bay, CapeofGood Hope 40 (N.B. Title of this correct on wrapper, but at p. 40, XXI. of Contributions to the Botany of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger,’ con- tains part title of Nos. XXII. to XXV. inclusive.) Algz collected by Mr. Moseley at Seal Island ............ 41 Algæ collected by Mr. Moseley at Marion Island in 40 fathoms 42 Marine Alg: collected by Mr. Moseley at the Island of Kerguelen 43 Algæ collected by Mr. Moseley at Heard Island, 250 miles S. of Kerguelen a gee eens en re ERR 47 Notes on Algæ found at Kerguelen's Land by the Rev. A. E. Eaton cy co is boson a cer RE ee E 198 Algæ chiefly Polynesian: being Contributions to the Botany of HMS ‘Challenger’ ......... eerte 235 Notes on Algz collected by H. N. Moseley, M.A., of H.M.S. ‘Challenger,’ chiefly cbtained in Torres Straits, Coasts of Japan, and Juan Fernandez ........ ea in 446 EE Notes on Algæ collected by H. N. Moseley, M.A., of H.M.S. * Challenger,’ from various localities ......... 486 Dyer, W. T. THISELTON, Esq., M.A., B.Sc., F.L.S., Assist. Director Roy. Gardens, Kew. On the Plant yielding Latakia Tobacco (vide Corrigenda et Addenda, Lattakia) ...... een 246 On the Genus Hoodia, with a diagnosis of a new Species. (Pl.V. and one woodéut.) ala a ee Ai e e non 248 Gamik, J., Esq. Extract of a Letter from Mr. J. Gammie to Dr. Hooker [On spadix of Ariscema speciosum] de esee ice eee rU TRU e ee ive cur GILBERT, J. H., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S. Note on the Occurrence of “ Fairy “Rings eaae roe s 17 Horne, Jons, Esq., F.L.S. Extract of a Letter addressed to Dr. Hooker by John Horne, Esq., F.L.S., Subdirector of the Botanie Gardens, dated Mau- ritius, 12 s ember,1874. [On the Botany oftheSeychelles.] 27 V1 Page Kine, G., Esq., M.B., F.L.S., Superintendent of Botanic Gardens, Caleutta. Note on a Sport in Paritium tricuspe, Q. DONG. 101 Kirk, Jonn, M.D., F.L.S, (H.B.M. Consul, Zanzibar.) Identification of the Modern Copal Tree ( Trachylobium Horne- manntanum) with that which yielded the Copal or Animi, now found in the earth on the East Coast of Africa, often where no copal-yielding trees now exist ............. iesus. 234 Note on specimens of Hibiscus allied to H. rosa-sinensis, L., col- lected in, E. Tropical Africa, with remarks by Prof. Oliver, OE POU T. ec sx b eee asit: 478 Masters, Maxwett T., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. Remarks on the “ Superposed " Arrangement of the Flower .. 456 Mirren, WiILLIAM, Esq., A.L.S. The Musci and Hepatic: collected by H. N. Moseley, M.A., Naturalist to H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ ............. esses 59 A List of the Musci and Hepaticze collected in Kerguelen's Land by the Rev. A B Baton, M.A I es re eee aes 193 Moonz, S. Le MARCHANT, Esq., F.L.S. Occurrence of Staminal Pistillody in an Acanthad. (Plates HL RIV) ue iiss eae sve ieu du E TE 86 MosELEY, H. N., Esq., M.A., late Naturalist H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ Expedition. Further Notes on the Plants of Kerguelen, with some remarks on the Insects. (Ina letter addressed to Dr. Hooker, Pres. R.S.) 53 Notes on Plants collected and observed at the Admiralty Islands, March 3 to 10 IND o ero o a ae ca eee 73 Notes on the Flora of Marion Island. (Communicated by Prof. Ohver ERS Blang elo hers 481 OLIVER, Prof. DANIEL, F.R.S., F.L.S., Keeper of the Herbarium, Royal Gardens, Kew. List of Plants collected in New Guinea by Dr. A. B. Meyer, sent to Mew Decemper INIRE aa ooe ecu ee 29 Enumeration of Plants collected by V. Lovett Cameron, Lieut. R.N., in the region about Lake Tanganyika .............. 90 Note on a Collection of North-Celebes Plants made by Mr. kirodol of Gorontalo: < so ullo asso (debeas uu T vi Page O’Mrara, The Rev. E., M.A. On the Diatomaceous Gatherings made nt Kerguelen's Land by H. N. Moseley, M.A., H.M.S. * Challenger. (Communicated by Dr. Hooker, Pres; R.S., V.E. C.S.) (Piste Ti. 55 Porrs, T. H., Esq., F.L.S. Habits of Filices observed about the Malvern Hills, near the Gorge of the Rakaia, Canterbury, New Zealand............ 423 REICHENBACH, Prof..H. G. - On some Orchidacee collected by Mr. Moseley, of the * Chal- lenger' Expedition,in the Admiralty Islands, Ternate, and Cape York, one of which forms the type of a new section of the Genus Dendrobium. (Communicated by Prof. Oliver, ERS bal e MED DE 112 REINSCH, PAUL FREDERICK, Esq. Species ac Genera nova Algarum aque dulcis que sunt inventa in Speciminibus in Expeditione Vener. transit. hieme 1874-75 in Insula Kerguelensi a clar. Eaton collectis. (Communicated by Dr. Hooker, C.B., Pres RS, EES) euer 205 Sorsy, H. C., Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., Pres. Roy. Micros. Soc. On the Characteristic Colouring-matters of the Red Groups of Alge. (With Woodcuts) -s-e Kn eee ses 34 TRIMEN Henry, Esq., M.B., F.L.S. ; No ön Bocsa Commerdonis, R. Br.: si an a 163 Vines, S. H., Esq., B.A., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. On the Digestive Ferment of Nepenthes. (Communicated by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, M.A., F.L.S., Assist. Director Roy. sens Kew) an oso rea ee DLL . 497 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE I. Dratoms.—Illustrations of new Marine and Freshwater Species from Kerguelen's Land as determined by the Rev. E. O'Meara. II. Fuxar or CEYLON. —A4lwisia bombarda and Actiniceps Thwaitesi, and details of same figured as referred to in the Rev. M. J. Berkeley and Mr. C. E. Broome's paper. III. | WuiTFIELDIA LATERITIA.— Various Views of Normal and Abnormal & Flower of, to illustrate Mr. S. Le Marchant Moore's paper on Sta- IV. minal Pistillody. V. Hoopra and DECABELONE.—Gynostemium of Species of these Genera, viewed from above and in section, to illustrate Mr. W. T. T. Dyer's paper on the Genus Hoodia. VI. GLANDULAR Bopres and NECTAR-GLANDS of Acacia spherocephala, Cecropia peltata, and Pteris aquilina, illustrating Natural Appear- ance and Histology of these Organs according to Mr. Francis Darwin’s researches thereon. VII. Xxnis and Ertocavton.—Diagrammatic Illustrations of these Genera, showing the Homology of Perianth-segments &c., in illustration of Mr. Bentham’s paper. VIII. Cvrrnacrx.— Diagrams to represent the Homology of Parts of same in various Genera and Species as determined by Mr. Bentham. IX. GnAwINEX.— Diagrams illustrating the Homology of their Parts in seve- ral Genera, according to Mr. G. Bentham's views. CORRIGENDA ET ADDENDA. Page 40, line 13 from top, No. XXI. contains part title of Nos. XXII. to — 163, — 167, — 170, — 445, — 452, — 453, — 453, . — 454, — 454, — 454, XXV. inclusive, and should read as given correctly on wrapper, viz. * Algs collected by H. N. Moseley, Esq., M.A., at Simon's Bay, Cape of Good Hope." 4 from top, for “ Herd Island " read Heard Island. Mr. Trimen's paper was read in 1876, not 1875. 16 from bottom, “ F. suBcoRNUTA " should be C. SUBCORNUTA. 12 from top, “ F. minor” should be P. MINOR. 11 from top, “F. cosrATA" should be C. COSTATA. 10 from bottom, in LAMARKII” c has been omitted. 12 from bottom, add XXXIIL, after “ Contributions to the Botany of H.M.S. “ Challenger. " 3 from top. The asterisk (x) attached to Sargassum ilici- folium refers to the two lower lines of p. 239, which ought to have formed a footnote on p. 238. 4from top. The author of the paper states that Mr. Eldridge and Prof. Post, his correspondents and authorities for certain statements, gave the spelling Lattakia (probably the correct one), and not “ Latakia," as usually adopted in this country. 17 from top. After ‘“ Communicated by” delete ** Sir”. 6 from bottom, for “ MICRANTHUM " read MICRACANTHUM. 12 from top, the first “ v" has dropped out in ScurELLUM. 19 from bottom * CrrwAcosPHRIA" should be CLIMACO- SPHENIA ; and * MONILIGEEA " should be MONILIGERA. 2 from top “ CxsrrrALis " should be CESPITALUS. 18 from bottom, for * INSERTA ” read INCERTA. 7 from bottom, the specific name '*coNcioNA" should be CONCINNA. THE JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY. Notes on the Gamopetalous Orders belonging to tle Campanu- laceous and Oleaceous Groups. By Gronaxr BEN YuaM, F.R.S. [Read March 4, 1875.] Ir is now more than thirty years since the volumes of the * Pro- dromus ' containing the above orders were published ; and during that period the great additions made to our knowledge, especially of tropical vegetation, have in many instances required consider- able modifications of their tribual as well as generic arrangement. I have endeavoured to carry this out in preparing them for the forthcoming part of our ‘Genera Plantarum ;’ but there is much of detail respecting the reasons which have induced me sometimes to depart from the principles adopted by former monographists, which the limits of that work prevent me from there entering into, and which I should therefore be desirous of placing on re- cord in the ‘ Journal of the Linnean Society.’ 1. Campanulaces and their allies. The orders constituting this generally recognized and well- defined group are usually reckoned as seven—Stylidiex, Goodeno- view, Brunoniacee, Lobeliacese, Cyphiacee, Campanulacez, and Sphenocleacew. They would appear to me to be more naturally and clearly defined if reduced to three—Stylidiee, Goodenovier and Campanulacee; for the exceptional characters upon which Brunonia, Oyphia, and Sphenoclea have been isolated do not prove to be of more importance than those observable in several other small or monotypic genera, which no one has on that ac- LINN, JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XV. B 2 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE count proposed to separate; and the union of Lobeliaces with Campanulacem, often proposed and rarely distinctly objected to, appears to me to be a most natural one, as I shall presently endeavour to show. With regard to Stylidiee, having so recently worked them up for the Australian Flora, I have now no remarks to make with regard to the genera Stylidium and Levenhookia, almost exclu- sively Australian, and constituting the great bulk of the order. I would only observe, as to the two small southern genera ( Fors- tera and Phyllachne), that they were very well distinguished by Swartz in Sehrader's Journal for 1799, and in the first volume of König and Sims's ‘Annals of Botany. Willdenow and, after him, Endlicher and De Candolle united them under the name of Forstera. F. Mueller in a recent number of his * Fragmenta? adopts the same view, but proposes to substitute the name of Phyllachne for the generally received one of Forstera. In the “Flora Austra- liensis’ I had only to deal with a true Forstera, which I entered under that name. Dr. Hooker, for his series of Southern Floras, had to examine them both; but not having before him the fruit of the typical Phyllachne, he presumed that his predecessors were right in treating it as the same as that of Forstera, and main- tained the two only as sections of one genus ; but having received from New Zealand a new species with ihe habit of his section Phyllachne, but with the perfect fruit irreconcilable with that of Forstera, he therefore proposed it as a new genus under the name of Holophyllum. It is now, however, shown, both by spe- cimens and by Hombron and Jaquinot’s figures (under Forstera), that the original Phyllachne has not only the habit and inflores- cence, but also the indehiscent fruit of Holophyllum, and forms with it a generic group which Swartz was fully justified in distin- guishing from Forstera. GooDENOVIEZ, as the order was originally named by its founder, Robert Brown, or Goodeniacec, as they are styled by the modern advocates of monotony in the names of orders, are, as well as Stylidew, almost exclusively Australian, and are worked up in de- - tail in my Flora. On that occasion, having at my disposal a large proportion of original specimens described by De Vriese, I was fortunately enabled to clear up much of the extraordinary confu- sion exhibited in that botanist’s monograph. also there gave my reasons for following Brown in including Brunonia in the order, which, notwithstanding the anomalies of this monotypie genus, is CAMPANULACEOUS AND OLEACEOUS ORDERS. 3 so definitely characterizad by the indusium as to. have no ambi- guity in its circumscription. The homology of this indusium has been variously interpreted. R. Brown, in the then state of our acquaintance with the organs of other plants that might be com- pared with it, put the following queries (Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. . 134) :—“ Is this remarkable covering of the stigma merely a pro- cess of the apex of the style? or is it a part of distinct origin, though intimately cohering with the pistillum ? On the latter supposition, may it not be considered as analogous to the glan- dular disk surrounding or covering the ovarium in other families ? And in adopting the hypothesis I had formerly advanced (Trans. Linn. Soc. x. 159) respecting the nature of this disk in certain families, namely that it is composed of a series of modified sta- mina, has not the part in question a considerable resemblance in apparent origin and division to the stamina of the nearly related family Stylidiacee ? To render this supposition somewhat less paradoxieal, let the comparison be made, especially between the indusium of Brunonia and the imperfect anthere in the female flowers of Forstera.’ All further observation, however, has tended rather to oppose than to confirm this supposition. Brown's idea of the conformity of the disk, scales, and stamens as aluded to in the passage above quoted, appears to have been founded, not so much on his own observation, as on Labillardiére's having given the name of sterile stamens to the hypogynous glands or scales of Cenarrhenes, which glands, however, in fact give no indication of any structural or morphological analogy to stamens. It is very rarely indeed that the disk has been shown to be a rudimentary whorl of organs, whether a reduced remnant of extinct organs or a first development of new ones. It is, on the contrary, now generally admitted that whether peripetalous, as in the case of the ring of calycine glands or scales in many Apocynes and Asclepiades, or peristaminal, as in some Polypeta- lous orders or genera, or, as is more frequently the case, truly pe- rigynous, hypogynous, or epigynous, the disk isa mere outgrowth of the receptacle or summit of the floral pedicels, promoted pro- bably in many instances by the attractions its secretions afford to insects and then a true nectary, possibly developed in others as a store of nutriment during the early stages of the young embryo, but seldom, if ever, independently organic. If on some occasions it shows a ring of lobes alternating with those of the andrcecium or other immediately external whorl, that is merely due to the B2 4 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE pressure of that external whorl during its growth in the bud. That the indusium cannot well be a second abortive whorl of sta- mens is further proved by the consideration that that whorl of organs is always uniseriate in the whole Campanulaceous group of orders, and that that single series exists in a perfect state in Goodenoviez inits usual position at the base of, or slightly adnate to the corolla ; nor can we readily compare it with a disk, as that excrescence, when epigynous, is, I believe, always at the base, not at the summit of the style. An analogy between the indusiums of Goodenoviese and the ring of collecting-hairs observable in many Lobeliez: has often been distinctly brought forward or tacitly assumed even very lately, as by Sonder in the ‘Flora Capensis’ with regard to Cyphia, or by Asa Gray in his note on Nemacladus in our Journal (xiv. 28); but it was ably refuted by Brown when pointing out the impor- tant characters separating Goodenoviex from Lobeliew. These collecting-hairs are indeed in a ring below the stigma in many Lobeliee and in some Campanulee; but in some of the former and most of the latterthey are differently arranged, either cover- ing the whole of the upper moiety of the style, or in longitudinal rows, or more or less unilateral, &c. ; and in all cases they are en- tirely epidermal productions, whilst the indusium is a development of the substance itself of the style. Lindley may have come much nearer the truth when he says (Veg. Kingd. 694) that it “is to be regarded as nothing more than a remarkable exaggeration of the rim which surrounds ihe stigmatic surface of Heathworts (Hricacee), and of the plates which cover the style of Cranesbills and Balsams (Geraniacex and Balsamines). It is, in fact, the free upper extremity of the carpellary leaves, distinct from that prolongation of the placenta which is named style and stigma." I cannot quite concur with the latter part of this proposition; for I should confine the term placenta to that substance which more or less lines the inner walls of the ovary-cells or protrudes from them and bears the ovules, and regard the whole style as the prolonged apex of the carpellary leaves, entire or variously lobed, or enlarged at the extremity and bearing the stigmatie surface either on the summit, or within, or on the margins of the lobes, or below them on the outside. And if, with Lindley, we may compare the indusium with the ring sur- rounding the stigma in Ericaces, we may perhaps still better com- pare it with the dilatation at the end of the style commonly ealled ~ CAMPANULACEOUS AND OLEACEOUS ORDERS. 9 the stigma, in Apocyneæ and Asclepiadeæ, with this difference, that in the latter two orders the dilatation bears the stigmatic surface or spots on its outside, whilst the terminal bifid apiculus, some- times forming a large beak into which the dilatation tapers, some- times reduced to very small dimensions in the centre of the con- cave disk-like dilatation, is usually, if not always, inert, whilst in Goodenovieæ the concave dilatation or indusium is inert, and the small bifid apiculus in its centre is stigmatic. The same differ- ence in the position of the stigmatic surface is observable in He- liotropieæ as compared with other Boragineæ: that the indusium is thus in fact the concave apex of the style may be further con- firmed by the case of Leschenaultia, where it is more or less di- stinctly two-lobed, and the stigmatic surface, instead of being sti- pitate in the base of the cavity, lines the inside of one at least of the lobes, thus forming an approach to the ordinary bilamellate stigmas of a large number of Gamopetalæ. In the CaAMPANULACEE we have, as has often been proposed, re- united as tribes or suborders the two great groups of Lobelieæ and Campanulex. Together they form a determinate wholesur rounded on every side by a broad gap without any intermediate or ambi- guous form. Their nearest neighbours are the above-mentioned Stylidiee and Goodenoviee; but besides the minor characters brought forward by Brown, it may be enough to observe that there is in Campanulacee no indication either of the singular consolida- tion of the filaments and style of the former, or of the indusium of the latter order. Between the tribes, however, there is no such definite line of distinction. At first sight, indeed, the irre- gular flowers and alternate anthers of Lobeliew would seem to form together a good ordinal character to separate them from the regular flowers and free anthers of Campanulew; but though constant in the great majority of cases, there are various excep- tions with different combinations. There are species of Isotoma and Lobelia where the obliquity of the corolla is very slight ; and, on the other hand, in Leptocodon and several species of Campanula and Phyteuma it is very perceptible. At the most, indeed, the irregularity of Lobeliez is but little more than obliquity. There is no tendency to the bilabiate estivation or to the didynamy of the Personate orders; the equally valvate estivation and the iso- mery of the stamens are constant, both in Lobeliew and Campa- nule»; the structure of the pistil, fruit, and seed is the same in both tribes as to all essentials, and exhibits similar variations in both as to minor points. 6. MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE There are three genera, Cyphocarpus, Nemacladus, and Cyphia, the two former from western extratropical America (south and north), the latter from South Africa, which have very decidedly the irregular corolla of Lobeliex with the free anthers of Campanulee. We have for technical convenience placed them together in a small third tribe intermediate between the two others ; but, strictly speaking, they may not perhaps form a truly natural group. In general character indicative of natural affinity, each one of the three may prove to be more nearly allied to some one belonging to one of the other tribes than to either of the two now associated with it ; but yet the actually inserting them in those tribes would have interfered too much with a clear methodical exposition of the order to be admissible at present, besides that it is by no means certain that they have not a common connexion. An elaborate and careful monograph of the tribe Campanulex was the first botanical publication of Alphonse De Candolle, and gave him at once a distinguished place amongst the followers of systematic botany, although that has never been his special branch of the science. He subsequently edited the whole group for the ‘ Prodromus ;’ and he may always be relied upon for accuraey of detail as far as his own observations went. lf we have found it necessary to remodel some of his genera consisting chiefly or en- tirely of extra-European species, or to lower the systematic grade he had assigned to some of his groups, this is owing either to the additional lights thrown on the subject by subsequent discoveries, or, in the case of several Lobeliex, to the too great reliance placed by him on the preceding observations and conclusions of Presl and Don (George Don, assisted, I believe, in many respects by his brother David), many of which are very loose and hasty. The Lobeliex, however, are exceedingly diffieult to divide into definite genera. The most dissimilar groups often run into each other by almost insensible gradations. I have endeavoured to keep up all genera which appeared to be founded on more appre- ciable characters, such as the consistency and dehiscence of the fruit, the placentation of the ovary, the dorsal or ventral fissure of the corolla, the attachment of the stamens, &c. But I have felt obliged to leave the genus Lobelia itself a very large one, however heteromorphous it may appear at first sight. The St.-Helena Trimeris, the large tropical species which I have referred to the section Rhynchopetalum, the Central-American section Homochilus, the large scarlet North-American Eulobelie, and the small blue CAMPANULACEOUS AND OLEACEOUS ORDERS. 7 South-African and other species, all retained as Lobelia by De Can- dolle and others, appear to me to differ more from each other in habit and character, than some of them do from the American Tupe, or from the small South-African groups generically sepa- rated by De Candolle after Don and Presl, chiefly from the degree of irregularity or fissure of the corolla, which it is often impossible to define in words. Amongst the latter, however, I was at first disposed to maintain the genus Parastranthus, founded on two species with yellow flowers quite sessile, without the reversion which takes place generally in the tribe by the torsion of the pedicel ; but to these two Sonder has added, as a third species, the Lobelia leptocarpa, DC., with shortly pedicellate blue flowers, in which, as far as I can judge from dried specimens, the re- version takes place in some flowers and not in others, thus quite invalidating the generic character. There are also, I be- lieve, other cases of partial or variable reversion. Lobelia Bergiana, Cham., under Presl’s generic name Gramma- totheca, had been associated by De Candolle with Clintonia, Dougl. (now Downingia), in a distinct tribe, with the remark- able character of a unilocular capsule with two parietal pla- cents, but opening in three valves. To this tribe he gave the name of Clintoniex, altered to Grammatothecese by A. Gray, who (Journ. Linn. Soe. xiy. 29) remarks on it as a second in- Stance of Lobeliaceous genera related to each other found in the two distant localities California and South Africa. But all this is founded on the hasty erroneous observations of Presl, never since verified, as I pointed out (Fl. Austral. iv. 128). The only character the two plants have in common is the long narrow ovary and capsule, which occurs here and there in single species of other genera.. L.(Grammatotheca) Bergiana, accurately figured in Delessert, Ic. Sel. v. t. 6, has the true fruit of a Lobelia, completely two-celled and opening at the apex in two short locu- licidal valves between the calyx-lobes ; and the only way I can account for Presl’s singular error is from his having observed old empty capsules, which in their decay have split up longitudinally below the calyx-lobes, the walls of the cells separating from the dissepiments, which latter he must have mistaken for a third placentiferous valve. In Downingia the capsule remains closed at the apex, but really opens below the calyx-lobes in lateral slits for the emission of the seeds. As the walls of the cap- sule are made up of the pericarp and the adnate calyx-tube 8 ME. G. BENTHAM ON THE eomposed of five sepals, each with its midrib, the lateral dehis- cence would naturally take place in the thinner spaces between those nerves or midribs, as is clearly shown in Campanula, where the thin part of the pericarp between the dissepiments coincides with the thin part of the calyx-tube between the nerves or ribs. In Downingia, however, the ovary, two-celled at an early stage, becomes one-celled by the drying up of the exceedingly thin dis- sepiment, and the two placent: remain attached to the inner walls of the cavity, each one opposite the junction of two sepals. When the eapsule at maturity has to split open between the se- pals, four of them are held together in pairs by the adnate pla- cents, and between these pairs there is on one side one slit, and on the other side the intervening odd sepal induces two slits, one on each side of it; and we have as the natural result three valves, two of them placentiferous and the third naked, as described. This is the only instance among Lobeliex proper of the lateral dehiscence, which is also exemplified, but apparently in a single slit, in the Chilian Cyphocarpus among Cyphiex, a genus otherwise allied in many respects to Downingia, and in a few genera of Campanule:, although there rather in short valves than in long slits, excepting, indeed, in Githopsis, an outlying member of Campanulex, as Downingia is of Lobeliew, and connected with the latter in some measure in this respect as in native country. In geographical distribution the Campanulacex may be reckoned, for the most part, amongst the herbaceous races of extratropical origin, and in this respect analogous to a large portion of the Composite. There is nothing also to oppose the idea of their early development having been contemporaneous with that of the Composite, although their subsequent progress has been so much more limited. But I confess myself quite unable to see any grounds for supposing, with Delpino, that Lobeliew are the parents of Composite. Moreover, if the two orders had a com- mon parent, it must have been a very remote one with a long- passed extinction of all the races which had formed the inter- mediate stages. The intervening gap which now separates them is too wide and deep. In the important point of the pistillary structure no genus or species of the tribe Lobeliew or of the whole order of Campanulaces shows any approach to that which is so uniform in Composite; nor indeed does any of the whole group of Campanulaceous orders, unless it be some slight indica- tion in one or two species of Goodenovier, the furthest removed CAMPANULACEOUS AND OLEACEOUS ORDERS. 9 from Lobelia. Turning it over again and again, I can discover no plausible foundation for Delpino’s genealogical Table from Lobelia to Artemisia. The present distribution of Campanulacez seems to indicate a southern origin for Lobeliew and a northern one for Campanulee. The southern extratropical or mountain-range of herbaceous Lobeliez: is extensive and varied. They are represented by iden- tical genera, sections, or even species in South Africa and Aus- tralia (Lobelia Bergiana, L. anceps, and allies), or in Antarctic America, South-east Australia, and New Zealand (Pratia), and have established several minor more or less endemic groups gra- dually diverging from the common types in South Atrica, Aus- tralia, and Extratropical America. From thence Lobeliez appear to have spread in several distinct directions into and beyond the tropics, without any transverse northern connexion between the several lines, which may be traced as follows :— First, and most abundantly, along the western mountain- ranges of America, where they have developed into the shrubby genera Siphocampylus, Centropogon, and Burmeisteria, of which nearly two hundred species are already known, all remainmg en- demic in the tropical or subtropical mountain-regions, with the single exception of the Centropogon surinamensis, which has gene- rally spread over tropical America. Secondly into tall herba- ceous true Lobelie with a wider general range, having formed, however, special groups of a more local character, such as the Tupe of Chili, the thapsoid Brazilian species, the Zylomia of the West Indies, the Homochili of Mexico, the Eulobelie of extra- tropical North America. Thirdly, into the Pratioid genera Hyp- sela, Lysipoma, and Ehizocephalum, which have remained almost entirely confined within the South-American, Andine, or extra- tropical regions, the Pratia hederacea alone, the exact counterpart of the Himalayan P. begoniefolia, having extended further into South Brazil. Fourthly, the southern Hemipogon group has main- tained the typical characters in a few species thinly scattered over the range, chiefly in Mexico, but has also developed into endemie groups passing gradually into the Mexican Heterotoma, more ab- ruptly into the north-western .Downingia. The southern Lau- rentia is also very closely represented by the Mexican L. ramo- sissima and by the Californian Porterella, and the southern Zso- toma by the West-Indian Hippobroma. In the Old World the northern dispersion of the Lobelice ap- 10 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE pears to have been chiefly in the extreme east over the Indo- Australian region with much less of modification of their original southern character than in America. The Asiatic Lobelie: have remained within the limits of the two widely spread genera Pratia and Lobelia, slightly modified as they enter or pass the tropics, in a manner corresponding to that observed in Brazil, but with- out any tendency to the marked endemic groups of Western America. Thus, in Pratia, the Himalayan P. begonicfolia is, as above-mentioned, a close representative of the Brazilian P. hede- racea. The P. montana, from the Archipelago and eastern pro- vinces of India (Spirema, Hook. f. et Thoms.), is an endemic mo- dification, but scarcely generic, diverging in habit, but much less in character than the New-Zealand Colensoa. The genus Lobelia itself has preserved much of the southern type in some species both of Hemipogon and Holopogon, but has also, by somewhat gradual modifications, developed in considerable variety the tall herbaceous Rhynchopetalum forms, sometimes nearly counterparts of the Brazilian thapsoid species, and ranging across the Asiatic continent and to the islands of the China seas. There has also been some extension of the tribe northwards along the extreme west of the Old World: one or two represen- tatives of South-African types (Laurentia Michelii, DC., and L. tenella, DC.) are now very rare in the Mediterranean region ; another (L. wrens) extends along Western France to Britain, but has been unable to penetrate eastward. From this Z. wrens in the extreme west of Europe to the L. sessilifolia in the extreme east of Asia, a continuous expanse of land nearly half encircling the globe, there is not to the north of the great Alpine Caucasian and Himalayan line a single trace of the tribe. L. Dortmanni, an aquatic species of North-western Europe, may, like the Eriocaulon and others, have come over from North Ame- rica. With regard to the Lobelie of the Rhynchopetalum group in tropical Africa we have not sufficient data to form any opinion as to their origin. They are perhaps more likely to be slightly modified Asiatic species than endemic developments of the more distant South-African forms. Lobeliee must also have found their way very early to the distant islands of the Atlantie and Pacifie; for they have there generated special endemic forms with the usual insular cha- racter of a ligneous development of races more generally her- baceous. Thus they have produced the Trimeris ( Labelic sect.) CAMPANULACEOUS AND OLEACEOUS ORDERS. 11 of St. Helena, the Sclerotheca of the Society Islands, and the five genera constituting the Clermontia group of the Sandwich Islands. In regard to geographical distribution, the Cyphiew may be in- cluded in Lobeliex, to which they are otherwise more nearly allied than to the Campanulem. Of the three genera, the principal one, Cyphia, is entirely South African, one species only having reached Abyssinia; the monotypic Cyphianthus, from Chili, and Nemacladus, from North-west America, have followed the course of other races of southern origin, travelling northwards along the western regions of America. We now come to the Campanulex, whose development appears to have been chiefly northern in the Old World, whilst the Lo- belieæ had been generally southern. The union of the two in one very natural and well-defined order would indicate a common origin ; but what that parent race was, or what.was its primitive home, is, I believe, with our present data, beyond the reach of conjecture. All we might venture to imagine appears to be :— That the primitive race flourished very early in some region in connexion with Africa. That the Lobeliee were first developed at a time when the geological or other conditions afforded some general means of southern communication between South Africa and Australia, between Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctic America, between South Africa and extratropical South America. That when the Campanules were differentiated, South Africa was already isolated from the rest of the southern hemisphere. That this branch of the descendants of the primitive race having then become established in the African region, both to the north and to the south of the hot zone, developed freely, ex- tended widely, and became much varied in the wide area opened to it in the north, but remained much more restricted in num- bers and variations in the limited space allowed it in the south. That it spread very sparingly over the tropics, with but little variation, and was stil more restricted in crossing the tropics southward at a distance from the primitive home. Such are the principal conjectures which suggest themselves on the consideration of the present distribution of the tribe of which the following is a general sketch. We may perhaps be justified in taking as the earliest forms in 12 ME. G. BENTHAM ON THE which Campanulee were developed those genera in which the cap- sular dehiscence is normal in terminal valves, especially Wahlen- bergia. This is now the most widely spread genus, being almost cosmopolitan. It is especially abundant in South Africa, where it passes gradually into the closely allied .genera Lightfootia and Microcodon. It does not scorn the tropics, where it has generated the two or three species of the closely allied Cephalo- stigma. In the north, besides one almost cosmopolitan species, it takes the rather distinct forms of the W. hederacea in Western Europe and the several Edrianthi of the East Mediterranean region. Ithas spread over Asia, passing into the Chino-Japanese Platycodon ; and one Indo-Australian form has extended south- wards to New Zealand, where is also a peeuliar endemic species, more nearly connected, however, with the Asiatic than with any otherforms. It has also found its way, with other early races, to some of the distant islands, characteristic shrubby forms being found in Saint Helena and in Juan Fernandez. In America it is only to be met with in the tropics, but very sparingly, and uot in any peculiar endemic form. The European Jasione, though a very distinct type, may be considered also as one of the Wahlenbergia group. And diverging from it, but in a different direction and ina greater degree, are the three Himalayan genera Leptocodon, Codonopsis, and Cyananthus. Although the latter genus, on account of its trimerous ovary being superior or nearly so, had been originally referred to Polemoniacez, I cannot see any real affinity with that order. The three genera are closely allied to each other, and appear to me to be the result of a differentiation, diverging from the Wahlenbergia group, which has not gone further, and not the remains of the extinct races which had intervened between Campanulacee and any other order. Four small genera of Campanulee, with indehiscent fruits bac- cate or nearly so, are exclusively northern, though not so extra- tropical as most of the others. Canarina, a single Canary-island species, is nearly allied to some of the five East-Asiatie species of Campanumea; and these, again, are connected in some measure with the Wahlenbergia group through the above-mentioned Codo- nopsis. But the Himalayan Peracarpa, a single species, and Pentaphragma, from the Malayan archipelago, with three species, are quite isolated, showing no connexion with each other or with any other genus, except the general one with the tribe. The CAMPANULACEOUS AND OLEACEOUS ORDERS. 13 intermediate races which might have shown their special deri- vation are lost to us. The Campanulez in which the capsular valves remain closed and consolidated into a coriaceous or hardened, flat or convex, apex, are numerous, and distributed into a number of more or less distinet genera both in the northern and in the southern (South- African) extratropical regions; but the means of escape provided for the seeds are quite different in the two regions. Inthe genera Roella, Prismatocarpus, Treichelia, Siphocodon, and Merciera, all confined to South Africa, either the hardened apex comes off bodily by a horizontal separation within or below the calyx-limb, or the capsule opens below the calyx-limb in longitudinal fissures, or (in Merciera) never opens at all. On the other hand, in the great northern genera, chiefly Mediterranean, but some of them extending all over Europe, central and northern Asia, and thence to North America, Campanula, Specularia, Phyteuma, and the more restricted Adenophora, Symphiandra, Michauzxia, Musschia, and Trachelium the dehiscence is peculiar. A small orbicular or oblong portion of the pericarp below the calyx-limb and between each two ribs separates in the form of a little valve, leaving a pore or hole for the escape of the seeds; or (in Musschia) a num- ber of transverse slits are opened without any separable valve. This mode of dehiscence, unknown in South Africa, must have had an exclusively northern origin and development; whilst the southern opercular or longitudinal dehiscences have never reached Europe or extratropical Asia. Sphenoclea, a tropical weed common to both the New and the Old World, is a very marked form of uncertain parentage. It has, indeed, so little direct connexion with any one Campanula- ceous genus that it has been raised by some to the rank of a di- stinet order, although there is no character which it has not in common with some portion of the tribe Campanulex. It is most probably of African origin ; and the capsule has the opercular de- hiscence of some of the South- African genera. The several species of Campanulee endemic in North America are chiefly slight modifications of the widely spread northern Old- World genus Campanula, or of its close ally or subordinate genus Specularia. One species of the latter has spread far down the Andine range of South America, where it has even formed some slightly differentiated local races, varieties sometimes dignified with the title of species. There is, however, one monotypic Cali- 14 MR. G. BENTHAM ON THE fornian genus ( Githopsis), the origin and connexions of which are as yet very problematical. It is a small annual of limited area, with the capsule operculate, as in some of the above-mentioned South-African Campanulex, with which it cannot be supposed to have any connexion. The character, however, is exemplified in West America in some Lobeliee—a circumstance which, taken together with the habit, might lead us to suppose that notwith- standing its free anthers, Githopsis is rather derived from the Lobeliew than from the Campanules, with which it is technically classed. 2. Oleaces and Salvadoracez. Following the suggestions of Endlicher and others, we have re- united the Jasmine: and Oleinez, so many of the supposed di- stinctive characters having become invalidated by further observa- tion; and we long hesitated whether the Salvadoraces should not also have been brought in. The whole together form an isolated and well-defined group, divisible into five, of nearly, though not quite, equal value—Jasminex, Syringes, Fraxinex, Oleines, and Salvadoraceee. The connecting link of the whole, independently of a number of minor less-constant characters, is the binary ar- rangement of the stamens in continuation of that of the carpels, and independent of that of the corolline lobes. This is strikingly exemplified in the Jasmine and in Schrebera, where the corolline lobes vary from the ordinary four to five, six, or more. Lindley ob- serves, indeed (Veg. Kingd. 618), that the two stamens of Jasmi- nes are probably connected with a quinary type; but that does not prove to be the case. In the Personate orders, where the stamens are reduced to two, it is always by the abortion of the remainder of the whorl, of which the rudiments may most fre- quently be traced; and the two perfect ones are always alter- nate with the lobes of the corolla. In Jasmine and in Schrebera I have invariably found them, as in other Oleacez, alternating with the carpels and bearing no relation to the corolla-lobes. This is further proved by two or three flowers in which I found three carpels, and in which there were also three stamens, with- out any corresponding difference in the corolla-lobes. In the Sal- vadoracee and in the very few species of Oleaceæ (about half a dozen out of 280), where the second series of stamens is deve- loped, the four stamens do, it is true, alternate with the four CAMPANULACEOUS AND OLEACEOUS ORDERS. 15 petals; but this isomery is only a further continuation of the bi- nary arrangement from the pistil outwards. I know of no order with which the Oleaceous group is imme- diately connected beyond the gereral affinity to bicarpellary Gamopetale, nor am I aware of any ambiguous or connecting genus. Of the five subordinate groups, the Salvadorace: are certainly the most distinct, although they have no one constant character which is not to be found in some genus of the other groups, ex- cept perhaps the rudimentary stipules, of which there is, I believe, no trace in any Oleaceæ. The glandular scales behind the sta- mens of Dobera, and sometimes of Salvadora, have no existence in Oleacez, but are not constant in Salvadoracee. The stamens are always four, as in one or two species of each of three genera of Oleaces ; the radicle is inferior, as in Jasminez; the general re- semblance more with Oleinez. Jasmines, as well as Salvadoracex, are frequently treated as a separate order, the distinctive characters usually given being an inereased number in the parts of the corolla, a didymous fruit, exalbuminous seeds, and an inferior radicle. But the increase in the number of corolla-parts occurs also in Schrebera, with the loculicidal capsule and inferior radicle of Syringeæ ; the fruit is not didymous in Nyctanthes, which in all other respects is a true Jasminea; there is no albumen in Schrebera among Syringee, nor in Woronhea among Oleinee ; and in Zénociera the albumi- nous and exalbuminous species are sometimes most closely allied in all other respects. There remains the inferior radicle; but even this character may not be here considered in the same light asin the case of Boragineæ and Verbenacee. The ovules are in all Oleaces, as far as I have observed, anatropous and laterally attached; and in the seed the radicle, always next the hilum, be- comes inferior when the seed is erect, superior when it is pendu- lous. On the other hand, the radicle is always superior in Bora- ginez, and inferior in Verbenacez, whatever be the position of the hilums. The climbing habit of many Jasmina does not extend to Menodora or Nyctanthes, and occurs in Myzopyrum among Oleinex. The dissected leaves are also found in Fraxinus, and sometimes in Schrebera and Syringa. The three remaining subordinate groups or tribes are distin- guished chiefly by their fruit—capsular and loculicidally dehis- cent in Syringez, samaroid, winged and indehiscent in Fraxinese, 16 ON THE CAMPANULACEOUS AND OLEACEOUS ORDERS. baccate or drupaceous and indehiscent in Oleineæ. The presence or absence, the freedom or union, and the varied æstivation of the parts of the corolla afford generic, but no tribual characters. Geographical distribution does not coincide with tribual differ- ences. Jasminum, Nyctanthes, Schrebera, Olea, and Myxopyrum belong to the tropical or subtropical regions of the Old World, very sparingly extending into more temperate climates; Lino- ciera, also tropical or subtropical, extends nearly equally over America and the Old World. Syringa, Fontanesia, Phillyrea, and Ligustrum are from the northern extratropical districts of the Old World, the first three almost limited to the Mediterranean region; Ligustrum is also European, but is more abundant in East Asia, whence it has even stretched across the tropics to Aus- tralia. Osmanthus and Chionanthus are common to eastern Asia and North America. Fraxinus extends all round tbe northern extratropical zone both in America and in the Old World. Fores- tiera is the only genus exclusively American, and is chiefly tro- pical or subtropical. Menodora, as marked a genus in distribu- tion as in other respects, is the only one showing a more southern character. It belongs to a series of genera which at the present period are represented at once in South Afriea, in extratropical South-American, and in the Mexicano-Texan region of North America. 4 There remain two small genera, both of them slight modifica- of the tropical Linociera—one, Notelea, represented in the Canary Islands and in Australia, the other, Noronhea, limited to the Mas- carene Islands. The Salvadoraceæ, like some of their Oleaceous allies, appear to have had their origin in the East tropical African or Africano- Indian region, having extended northwards as far as Persia, southwards to the Cape, and eastwards, though sparingly, to the Malayan archipelago. DR. J. H. GILBERT ON * FAIRY-RINGS.” 17 Note on the Occuprence of * Fairy-Rings." By J. H. Ae A Ph.D., F.RSS., F.C.S. [Read June 3, 1875.] Ir is known that * Fairy-Rings " occur chiefly, though not exclu- sively, on poor pastures, and that they are discouraged by high (es- pecially high nitrogenous) manuring. In the experiments on per- manent meadow-land, conducted in Mr. Lawes's Park at Rotham- sted, there are twenty different plots, representing nearly as many different conditions of manuring, the same condition having been continued on the same plot in most cases for twenty years in succes- sion. Some of these plots yield an average of little more than 1ton of hay per acre, and others more than 3 tons. On some * fairy- rings " occur, whilst on others they do not. The flora generally, so to speak, has, indeed, changed under the influence of the dif- ferent manures in a very striking degree. Thus, speaking roughly, there are certain plots on which there develop annu- ally from 40 to 50 species or more, whilst in others even less than 20 are in some seasons found. These differences, it should be remarked, are the result of the different conditions as to manu- ring, the whole area, so far as could be judged, having been pretty uniform in the character of the herbage at the com- mencement of the experiments. It will be of interest, and be found not irrelevant to the special subject of this communication, to summarize as briefly as possible a few of the most characteristic changes which have taken place in the botanical character of the vegetation under the influence of certain characteristic conditions as to manuring. On three occa- sions, at intervals of five years (namely, in 1862, 1867, and 1872), a sample of the produce from each plot has been carefully taken and submitted to careful botanieal analysis. Taking the average of the three separations, the following are some of the results :— Continuously without manure (plots 3 and 12), the number of species found in the produce has averaged 48, of which 17 are grasses, 4 belong to the order of Leguminose, and 27 to other orders. The percentage by weight of grasses is about 62, that of the leguminous herbage 8, and that of the remaining species, which it will be convenient to term miscellaneous herbage, 30. With a purely mineral manure, containing superphosphate of LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XY, € 18 DR. J. H. GILBERT ON THE lime and sulphates of potass, soda, and magnesia, but no nitro- gen or organic matter (plot 7), the average number of species found has been 42, of which, as without manure, 17 are grasses, 4 Leguminose, and the remainder “miscellaneous.” But the produce has contained, on the average, only 55 instead of 62 per cent. of its weight of grasses, nearly 26 instead of only 8 per cent. (as without manure) of Leguminose, and only 19 instead - of 30 per cent. of “ miscellaneous" herbage. With the same mineral manure as on the last plot (7), but with the addition of a large quantity of ammonia-salts, in plot 11, the average number of species found has been reduced to 21, of which 13 are grasses, 1 only belongs to the order of Legu- minose, and 7 to other orders. But instead of 62 per cent. by weight of graminaceous herbage, as without manure, or 55 -per cent., as with the mineral manure alone, we have now, with this mixture of the same mineral manure and a great excess of ammonia-salts, 92:5 per cent. by weight of grasses, only 0-01 per cent. of leguminous herbage, instead of 8 per cent. as without manure, and 26 per cent. with the purely mineral manure; and we have less than 73 per cent. of species from other orders, instead of about 30 per cent. as without manure, or 19 as with the purely mineral manure. It will be readily understood that, with the great variety of ma- nurial conditions offered by the twenty different experimental plots, there is very great variety in the development and relative predo- minance of the representatives of different orders and genera in- termediate between the marked extremes above referred to. With reference to the extreme cases cited, the prominent point to ob- serve is, that the grasses dominate to an extraordinary degree where large quantities of ammonia as well as mineral manure were em- ployed, whilst, under these conditions, the leguminous herbage was all but annihilated, and the “ miscelianeous "' species were very much reduced both in number and in weight per cent. in the produce. On the other hand, the percentage proportion and the actual quantity of the leguminous herbage was enormously increased by a mineral manure containing potass but no am- monia, or nitrogen in any other form, or organic matter of any kind. Here is obviously a remarkable instance of domination undef well-defined artificially induced conditions. But the facts are -~ the more remarkable since it is the Graminaceous herbage (which OCCURRENCE OF “ FAIRY-RINGS.”’ 19 under equal conditions of ripeness contains a comparatively low percentage of nitrogen) that is so strikingly developed under the influence of nitrogenous manures; whilst the Leguminous her- bage, which is characterized by a very high percentage of nitro- gen, is specially developed by mineral manure containing potass ; and when to this nitrogenous manures (especially ammoniacal) are added, the plants of the Leguminous order are almost abolished. These striking results, brought out in experiments on the mixed herbage of grass-land, are moreover perfectly consistent with those observed in the growth of individual Graminaceous and Leguminous crops in rotation on arable land. Thus, a crop of wheat, barley, or oats is, other things being equal, very much increased by nitrogenous manures. A crop of clover or beans, on the other hand, although it may yield three, four, or five times as much nitrogen over a given area, as a crop of wheat, barley, or oats growing on the same description of land, is not characteris- tically benefited by direct nitrogenous manures. But these Le- guminous plants will develop and assimilate an enormous amount of nitrogen under conditions in which the Graminacez would lan- guish, and they at the same time leave the Jand in improved con- dition for the growth of the Graminacee. It must be admitted that the source of the much larger quantity of nitrogen assimi- lated over a given area by plants of the Leguminous than of the Graminaceous family, and of the residue of it left by them in the upper layers of the soil in a condition available for the Gra- minaces, is not yet conclusively explained. Reflecting upon these facts, Mr. Lawes and myself have often felt that if we could determine the source of the nitrogen of the fungi growing in “fairy-rings,” some light might perhaps be thrown on the question of the source of the nitrogen of the Legu- minos: which we cultivate separately in rotation, or which grow in association in the mixed herbage of grass-land. It will be readily understood that the nearly twenty conditions as to manuring, and the as many different conditions as to flora, which the experimental plots in the Park at Rothamsted offer, afford an extremely favourable opportunity for observing the con- ditions, both as to manure and association, under which fungi, and especially those occurring in the so-called “ fairy-rings,” most readily develop. Accordingly for some time past Mr. Lawes has observed their occurrence and development ; and it is the c 2 20 DR. J. H. GILBERT ON THE results of his observations on these points that I am enabled to communicate. . Before stating under which of the conditions of manuring * fairy-rings" have most developed, it is of interest to observe that, according to published analyses of various fungi, generally from one fourth to one third of their dry substance consists of ni- trogenous matters. The dry substance further generally contains from 8 to 10 per cent. of mineral matter or ash, of which about 80 per cent. is phosphate of potassium. In fact, fungi would appear to be among the most highly nitrogenous of plants, and to be also very rich in potass. Yet the fungi have developed in *fairy-rings" only on the plots poorest in nitrogen and potass in such conditions as to be available to most other plants. To go a little further into detail :— In November 1874 six species of fungi were observed on the unmanured plot (3), where also they were more abundant than on any other plot. They were named by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley as follows — Boletus erythropus, Hygrophorus pratensis, H. coc- cineus, H. virgineus, Agaricus geotrupus, A. eruginosus. On the plot with superphosphate of lime alone (4 . 1) there were two species, namely Hygrophorus coccineus and Clavaria vermi- cularis. On plot 8, with superphosphate of lime and sulphates of soda and magnesia, but without potass for fourteen years, two species, Hygrophorus virgineus and Agaricus nudus. On plot 17, with nitrate of soda alone, small patches of Hygro- phorus virgineus and of Agaricus furfuraceus were found. On plot 16, with nitrate of soda and sulphates of potass, soda, and magnesia, a few of Hygrophorus virgineus. And on one or two other plots there were individual specimens of Agaricus arvensis of very large size. i “ Fairy-rings " occurred almost exclusively on plot 4.1 (with superphosphate of lime alone), and on plot 8 (with superphosphate of lime, and sulphates of soda and magnesia, but no potass). In May 1875 only one species, namely Marasmius oreadum, was observed. On the 19th there were comparatively few specimens to be found. On the 31st they occurred in small numbers on plot 1 (with farm-yard manure and ammonia salts 1856-1863, but since ammonia salts only), on plot 2 (with farm-yard manure alone 1856- OCCURRENCE OF “ FAIRY-RINGS." 21 1863, but since unmanured), on plot 3 (unmanured for more than twenty years), and on plot 7 (with superphosphate of lime and sulphates of potass, soda, and magnesia for twenty years). On plots 4.1 and 8, on the other hand, they could be counted by hundreds ; and on these two plots only were they found in “ fairy- rings." On plot 4.1 (with superphosphate of lime alone) there were six more or less complete “ fairy-rings," on some of which hundreds of the fungi were growing in thick patches, generally surrounded by the very luxuriant grass of the ring. On plot 8 (with superphosphate of lime and sulphates of soda and magnesia but no potass for fourteen years) there were three large ^fairy-rings " with the fungi growing very thickly on them, the grass of the rings being also very luxuriant. There were, besides these rings, a number of patches down one side of the plot showing many of the fungi and very luxuriant grass; and there was one large patch of very luxuriant grass showing no fungi now, nor was mycelium found in the soil; but in the autumn this patch gave a crop of Agaricus nudus. On this plot especially the increased growth of grass on the rings and patches where fungi have occurred is so considerable that it must appreciably affect the amount of produce on the plot; and the grasses most favoured seem to be Poa trivialis and Holcus lanatus. - Thus, then, the highly nitrogenous fungi flourished strikingly, and appeared in *fairy-rings," on two plots only, on neither of which is either nitrogen or potass applied as manure—conditions under which the development of the Graminaces is extremely re- strieted, and their limited growth is due to a deficient available supply of nitrogen, or of potass, or of both, and where the com- petition of the Leguminoss is also weak, in the absence of a more liberal supply of potass. The questions obviously arise whether the greater prevalence of fungi under such conditions be due to the manurial conditions themselves being directly favourable for their growth, or whether other plants, and especially the grasses, growing so sluggishly under such conditions, the plants of the lower orders are the better able to overcome the competition and to assert themselves. On this point the further questions arise whether the fungi prevail simply in virtue of the absence of adverse and vigorous competi- tion, or whether to a greater or less extent as parasites, and so at the expense of the sluggish underground growth of the plants in 22 DR. J. H. GILBERT ON THE association with them ; or, lastly, have these plants the power of assimilating nitrogen in some form from the atmosphere, or in some form or condition of distribution within the soil not avail- able (at least when in competition) to the plants growing in asso- ciation with them ? It is with the hope of arriving at some answer to these ques- tions, either from the existing knowledge or the future obser- vation of botanists and vegetable-physiologists, that we have felt it desirable to comply with the request made to us, to bring our own observations, made from a special point of view, before the Fellows of the Linnean Society. In aid of this object it may be well to state some other facts which we have noticed in con- nexion with the formation and extension of ^ fairy-rings.” It is probable that the fungi growing on meadow-land owe their occurrence in the first instance to the accidental droppings of animals or birds. Individual specimens appear, and sometimes grow to a large size, even on some of the highly manured plots ; but patches, or “ rings,” are chiefly found on the poorly manured or exhausted plots—that is to say, where there is a marked absence of luxuriance in the vegetation generally. So far as may be judged from observation hitherto, patches may form and die out without development and extension into “ rings.” The formation of an annually increasing * ring " seems to require special condi- | tions, both as to soil and association. In the case of mere patches, some examinations of the soil in spring and autumn have not shown a marked development of mycelium where it would be expected if there were to be extension, though it would appear that, if the conditions be specially favourable, they may enlarge and endure for some time. In the ease of extending “ rings," on the other hand, the soil under the outer portion of the circle gene- rally shows, to a depth of a foot or more, according. the character of the soil, an enormous development of mycelium for some time prior to the appearance of the above-ground growth. It is to be particularly observed that this development of myce- lium is always under the outer portion of the “ ring," and is not | found within it. When a ring is formed, what happens seems to be the following :— From some extraneous cause, such as above referred to, a patch of fungi is established. The plants falling and dying supply a rich nitrogenous (as well as mineral) manuring to the adjacent herbage. A pateh of dark green luxuriant grass, generally several inches higher than the surrounding herbage, OCCURRENCE OF “ FAIRY-RINGS.”’ 23 succeeds. This being cut or eaten off, the soil may sooner or later become even more exhausted than before ; and it is accord- ingly frequently observed that the grass within is less luxuriant than that outside the ring. Initiative experiments, upon which, however, we would not place implicit reliance, have, indeed, shown a lower percentage of nitrogen in the surface soil within the circle than at an equal depth either under or without the circle. Leguminous plants are not excluded from the area within the ring ; but whilst Lathyrus pratensis and Trifolium pratense, plants which on the land in question have shown themselves very depen- dent on artificial supplies of potass, seem to be discouraged, Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium repens, species which maintain their position under marked conditions of exhaustion of soil, are fairly abundant. At any rate, it would appear that, in the case of *rings," the soil underneath the fungus-growth has become unfitted to support another crop, or successive crops, of fungi. Accordingly, supposing the soil of the plot to be favourable, the ring develops always outwards—that is, on what is to the fungi virgin soil; and hence the annual enlargement. It will be seen that in these facts we have an interesting illus- tration of what may be called natural rotation. The original fungi probably receive their nutriment from extraneous sources ; but once established, they must, for the extension into “ rings,” depend upon other supplies, which, if due to the soil itself, are ob- viously unfavourable, either in condition or in distribution, to the surrounding vegetation, and especially to the grasses, which do not flourish until the matter taken up by the fungi becomes available to them as manure, when at once they show very great luxuriance. Or is it, as already suggested, that the mycelium develops, so far as its nitrogen is concerned, not at the expense of that which may be said to have become a constituent of the soil itself, but of that accumulated in the vegetable débris from former growth within the soil, or even parasitically—that is, at the expense of the nitrogenous matters of the roots of not dead but very sluggish vegetation ? These points are obviously of very considerable interest from both a chemical and a physiological point of view; and it is much to be hoped that botanists and vegetable physiologists who may have special knowledge on the subject will bring it to bear on the questions which seem to be at issue—or that, in so far as such knowledge is not yet available, some may be induced to take up 24 MB. T. B. BALFOUR ON THE FLORA OF RODRIGUEZ. the investigation with a view to the elucidation of that which, to us at least, seems to require explanation *. Extract from a Letter from I. B. Barroumn, Esq., Botanist to the Expedition to Rodriguez to observe the Transit of Venus; addressed to, and communicated by, Dr. Hooxzz, F.L.S. [Read May 7, 1874.] I mave done a good deal of work since I came here, and have ex- plored the major part of the island. It is only 102 miles long by 4 miles broad, much smaller than previously supposed ; but the huge boulders and stones which cover the ground over the whole island render walking both difficult and dangerous. The flora is by no means extensive; and it is eurious to note how very restricted in area are the habitats of many of the plants. In several cases the plant from which I have gathered my speci- men was the only individual of the species which I have seen in the island. I do not know enough about the Mauritian flora to make any comparison ; but several of the ferns which I have seen seem to be identical with Mauritian ones. The Vacoas ( Pandani) are extremely “puzzling. The inhabit- ants say that there are four kinds, calling them Vacoa sac, V. poteau, V. chevron, and V. parasol; others make five, adding 7. mile; whilst others, again, substitute a V. calé for the F. sac and V. parasol. For my part, I think at present the V. poteau and V. chevron are the only two species, the former growing on the shore and also on the hills, the latter only on the hills. The V. sac is just the young plant of the V. poteau with large leaves ; the V. mále is merely the male tree of either of the species; and the V. parasol seems to be nothing but the V. poteau growing where it has free scope to develop its branches regularly and form a dome, the V. calé being a dwarfed stunted form of F. po- teau when exposed to wind &. The fruits of all those trees which I would group under V. poteau vary very greatly, both in size, colour, and form; but the habits of the trees are quite the same. These are at present my ideas regarding them; but I intend de- voting a great deal more time to them. * Owing to pressure of occupation at the time, I was not able to refer to the opinions of others before writing the foregoing notes, but have since done so, and would call attention to the observations of Berkeley, Way, Buckman, Lees, and others, —J. H. Q. MR, J. GAMMIE ON ARISCEMA SPECIOSUM. 25 The Palmistes (Palms) here are two in number: one, the Pal- miste bon, is, 1 believe, the same as one growing in Mauritius ; it has a long, thin, straight, tapering stem; the other, called here Palmiste marron, is very clearly and easily distinguished from it; its stem, at first thin, gradually thickens, and then tapers at the summit, so that it has a thick bulged part in the middle. The flowering spike is different, as well as the leaves; and, further, whilst the Palmiste bon makes an excellent salad, this species, if eaten, is apt to poison. There is only one species of Latanier Palm, which is, I believe, similar to one found in Mauritius. 1 have not sent any specimens of plants or rocks by this mail, as I have not got all the necessary packing-materials here ; I shall, however, despatch them as soon as I return to Mauritius. Rodriguez, November 3, 1874. j Extract from a Letter from Mr. J. Gamiz to Dr. HOOKER. [Read February 4, 1875.] DEAR SIR, — » : x Some time ago you asked me to find out the use of the thread- like appendage to the spadix of Ariscema speciosum. It has lately been in flower; and I have examined hundreds of them, but can come to no satisfactory conclusion. Your own surmise, that the appendage is a sort of gangway to lead wingless insects from spadix to spadix, may be the correct expianation; but I did not see an insect of any description crawling along any one of them, and, with the exception of a solitary spider, 1 found no insects inside the spathe. The spider had spun a web across the mouth of the spathe as though it expected visitors; and as spiders are not in the habit of making webs for show merely, I suppose in- sects do visit the flowers. I was much struck with the excess of the male over the female inflorescences; and on counting in many different places I found about ten spadices of the former to one of the latter. At first I thought that the spa- dix-thread might be to keep the flaccid end of the spathe from falling down and closing up the mouth. The leaf and flower- stalks come up together with the thread hitched in between the leaflets. Afterwards, when the leaf-stalk rises beyond the pe- duncle, the thread becomes tolerably tight, with the end of the 26 me : GAMMIE ON ARISCEMA SPECIOSUM. spathe leaning against it. The first breeze, however, often blows the thread to the ground; so that there is little chance of this being its intended function. Some Lepchas told Dr. Hender- son that the thread took hold of the ground and produced a tuber; but I am quite certain that there is not the shadow of à foundation for this assertion. I found, in my searching, ano- ther species, which I had up to that time quite overlooked. It is much larger than A. speciosum, and has leaflets about 15 inches across, with conspicuous light-coloured midribs*. The spathe is also much larger, and has the end curled inwards, com- pletely closing up the opening in froni, leaving only a small open- ing on each side. The ends of the curled-in part look like ele- phant’s ears on asmall scale. On the spadix above the part which bears the flowers there is a sharp disk, which projects about halfan inch. The petiole is bright unspotted green ; and altogether the plant is a very handsome one, and, I am sure, would be much admired ; the spathe is nearly a foot across the ears, and is beau- tifully reticulated with light-coloured veins. I have never seen it below 6000 feet; Ariscema speciosum comes as low as 4000 feet in moist shady places. If these Arums could be acclima. tized in England (which I much doubt), they would be most valu- able for planting in pheasant-eovers. The Sikkim Horned Phea- sant prefers the fruit of them to any other kind of food ; and I suppose the common Pheasant would do the same. Have you never observed that the anthers of Codonopsis in- Jlata are always burst, and the stigma covered with pollen before the flowers open? It is, I think, a good example of independ- ent fertilization. About 80,000 lbs. of India-rubber have been collected in this locality during the past season ; but the trees have been terribly hacked about, and, I am afraid, will yield but little next year. There appear to be at least three species of Ficus from which rubber is extracted. They grow along the banks of streams, perched on the tops of rough-barked trees, in the hot moist valleys from 3500 feet down to the plains. The large aerial roots, which take the form of stems, are merely notched with knives to allow the milk to escape, which, as soon as congealed, is col- lected, and is then ready for market. * It is probably A. Hookerianum, Schott. MR. be HORNE ON THE BOTANY OF THE SEYCHELLES. 27 d Extract of Letter addressed to Dr. Hooxer by Joun Horne, Esq., F.L.S., Subdirector of the Botanic Gardens, Mauritius, dated Mauritius, 12th November, 1874. [Read February 4, 1875.] I nETURNED from the Seychelles on 1st October last, after spending three months there. During that time I visited Mahé (the principal island of the group), Praslin, Silhouette, Félicité, La Digue, Aux Frégates, St. Anne, Aux Cerfs, and was prevented from landing at Marie Anne, a small isle about a mile from Félicité, in conse- quence of a rough sea and because the boat could not be detained. Isle Curieuse I visited on a former occasion. All these islands I travelled over, and searched carefully and minutely, visiting every locality where a new or rare plant could be found, and never allow- ing my thoughts to deceive me. I can assure you I worked very hard, knocking up the men that were with me as guides several times, but enjoyed my work very much, and considerably improved my health and strength notwithstanding fatigues and frequent wettings. 1 collected about three hundred species, some of which I may have gathered on the previous tour; but the bulk of them 1 had not seen before. I have the specimens separated into their natural orders as nearly as I can make them out here; and 1 hope to be able to send the largest portion of them to you by the next mail, with notes relating to each. I doubt really if many of them will be new; but, as you remarked, many may prove to be geographically interesting. Without minutely considering this subject, I may remark that the Seychelles’ flora has more affinities to the floras of Ma- dagascar, East Africa, South of India, Malay islands, and Poly- nesia or Oceania than to those of either Mauritius or Bour- bon. I have yet to discover a genus or even a species which is only found in the Seychelles and the two last-named places. That representatives of the same genera and species are common in Mauritius, the Seychelles, and Bourbon is not to be gain- said; but such plants have a much wider range, and are com- mon in several other countries. On the other hand, the greatest portion of the Seychelles' genera and species are plants common to all or, in many instances, to one or another of the four first-named places. For example, I may quote for S. India Campnosperma zeylanicum, which is one of the commonest trees in 28 MR. J. HORNE ON THE BOTANY OF THE SEYCHELLES. the Seychelles, Dittelasma rarak for the Malay islands ; those for Madagascar and E. Africa are so numerous that examples are needless. The Oceanic or Polynesian flora has many represen- tatives in Seychelles, among which may be mentioned, Barring- tonia speciosa, B. racemosa, Calophyllum inophyllum, Heritiera lit- toralis, Cordia subcordata, &c. Calophyllums of two or three spe- cies are indigenous to Mauritius; but C. inophyllum is not one of them. Besides the above, it is to be noted that several other oceanie genera and species are not found in Mauritius, although common plants in the Seychelles. The geological formations of the several parts may have something to do in the distribution of plants, as well as the currents of the ocean. The Seychelles, Mada- gascar, E. Africa, and S. India are granitic, as well as many of the Malay and Polynesian islands; and during all the greater part of the year a strong sea-current passes the Seychelles from the east. The appearance, nature, and kind of plants I collected in the Seychelles in 1871 lead me to form the above opinion regarding the Seychelles’ flora. When you have seen and examined the plants I collected in the Seychelles this year, I have no doubt that this opinion will be confirmed, the whole being taken, into consideration. I have also concluded, whether rightly or wrongly, that the balance of the Seychelles’ flora is in favour of the Mas- carene, if the flora of Madagascar is the typical one, but not if the Mauritius flora is the standard round which the Mascarene flora is gathered. Of course the Seychelles have what may be termed their local peculiarities ; but what these are it would be difficult for me to guess, as I have not many books of reference and have but few specimens from Madagascar. Besides, at least to me, com- paratively little is known of the plants in that large island. When more is known of them, I dare say that some plants which may now be considered peculiar to the Seychelles will be found to belong to Madagascar also. 1 here more especially refer to the unnamed Rubiacez in my last collection. The publication of two or three works now in hand will throw a good deal of light on this sub- ject. I allude to the ‘ Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles’ by Mr. Baker, the * Flora of Tropical Africa ' by Professor Oliver, and the Flora of India. But it will not be well lighted up until more of the Madagascar plants are known. To any young man who wished to make a name for himself, exploring and collect- ing the plants of Madagascar would be really worth his trouble. MR. D. OLIVER ON PLANTS COLLECTED IN NEW GUINEA. 29 I called at the Botanie Gardens, Bourbon, when on my way to the Seychelles; and I am glad to say that they are very much im- proved since I saw them last. The Government of the island has taken the management of them into its own hands. List of Plants collected in New Guinea by Dr. A B. Meyer, sent to Kew December 1874. By Daxter Outver, Esq., F.R.S. & LS. [Read April 15, 1875.] Dr. Aporr BERNHARD MEYER, Director of the Royal Natural- History Museum of Dresden, recently forwarded to Dr. Hooker, for the Kew Herbarium, the few dried plants which he was able to preserve during his visit to New Guinea (with a view to zoolo- gical and anthropological research) in 1873. As he requested that in case any of the species proved to be new they should be published, 1 have drawn up the annexed list of the whole (there are but ten altogether), with descriptions of the two novelties, for the Linnean Society. Kew, December 30, 1874. No. 5. CANAVALIA OBTUSIFOLIA, DC. Hab. Elefantgeberge, Geelvinksbay. Nos. 9 & 11. PENTAPHRAGMA MACROPHYLLA, Oliv., sp. nov. Foliis amplis oblique elliptieis breviter acuminatis basi inzequilateris penni- veniis, margine dentibus crebriusculis zquilongis szpe incurvis ele- ganter serraiis, supra glabris, subtus vernatione tomentellis, racemis axillaribus multifloris pedunculis incrassatis, calycis lobis lineari-lan- ceolatis acutis corolhe crassiuscule lobis oblongo-ovatis 2plo longi- oribus. Folia alterna, 15 poll. longa, 6-7 poll. lata; petiolus 13-3} poll. longus. Pedunculus 3-2 poll. longus; bractez lineari-lanceolate 1-1 poll. longz. Calyx (cum pedicello) 2 poll. ; tubus teretiusculus levis, lobi 3-2 poll. longi. Hab. Geelvinksbay. No. 6. ScxvoLa Kaenieu, Vahl. Hab. Elefantgeberge, Geelvinksbay. 30 ; DR. G. DICKIE ON ALGÆ FROM No. 8. WEDELIA BirLora, DC. Hab. Flefantgeberge, Geelvinksbay. No. 7. Cerspera ODOLLAM, Gert., var. OBTUSIFOLIA. Hab. Elefantgeberge, Geelvinksbay. No. 4. CORDYLINE TERMINALIS, Kth., var. INFUNDIBULARIS, Baker. Folia subpedalia 12-15 lin. lata. Racemus simplex laxus, floribus subsessilibus infundibuliformibus 2 lin. longis, segmentis basi brevis- sime coalitis. Differs from var. sepiaria of the Fiji Islands in its smaller leaves, simple subspicate raceme, and shorter funnel-shaped perianth. (J. G. B.) Hab. Geelvinksbay. Nos. 1 & 2. DENDROBIUM TRICHOSTOMUM, Reich. fil. MSS. (§ Pla- nifolia, Reich. f. in Walpers’s Ann. vi. 282). Caulibus fasciculatis elongatis gracilibus sæpius foliosis, foliis distichis ovato-lanceolatis vel ellipticis acutis tenuibus, vaginis granulato-scabridis, floribus axillaribus folio brevioribus fasciculatis v. breviter racemosis (ut vide- tur pallide roseis) bracteatis, bracteis brevibus ovatis acutis, sepalis subzequilongis oblongis obtusis, petalis conformibus, mento obtusis- simo, labello calciformi integro obovato-oblongo obtuso longitudina- liter nervoso margine incurvo fimbriato extus infra marginem pube- rulo, columna brevissima glabra. Caulis 1-11-ped. Folia 13-2 poll. longa, 1-2 poll. lata. Bractea 14 poll. longæ. Sepala 2 poll. lata. Mentum }-} poll. longum. Hab. Geelvinksbay. Nos. 3 & 10. HEpvcuiuM, aff. H. angustifolio, Roxb. Hab. Geelvinksbay. (Besides the above numbered specimens, the two following Ferns were found entangled in the Dendrobium. T'richomanes filicula, Bory, var. Polypodium undistinguishable in its barren state from P. ( Pleuridium) selligueoides, Baker. (J. G. B.) Notes on Algæ from the Island of Mangaia, South Pacific. By G. Dicxre, M.D., F.L.S. [Read April 15, 1875.] For the collection to which this communication refers I am in- debted to the kindness of the Rev. W. W. Gill, who for many THE ISLAND OF MANGATA. 31 years acted as missionary in the island. He states that, “ owing to the shallowness of the water on the reef, the Algæ are not nu- merous,” A few notes attached to the specimens are inserted between in- verted commas. FUCACEE. SARGASSUM POLYPHYLLUM, J, Ag. Geog. dist. Sandwich Islands. S. VULGARE, Ag. Geogr. distr. Warmer parts of Atlantic ; Philippines; Australia; New Zealand. TURBINARIA ORNATA, Turn. Geog. dist. Various parts of Pacific; Coast of Chili. DricrvorACE x. ZONARIA OBSCURA, n. sp. Fronde procumbente, coriacea, suborbiculari, undulata vel parce lobata, pagina inferiore radicante, stuposa. It belongs to the stemless division of the genus; in perpendi- cular section there are seven layers of cells. The specimens are about an inch in breadth, of a very dark olive-colour. It grows closely applied to the irregular surface of corals. « Vative name Kana.” Ecrocarpace®. SPHACELARIA PULVINATA, Harv.? Mixed with Microdictyon and very fragmentary, Geogr. distr. Port Philip; New Zealand. RHODOMELACER. POLYSIPHONIA CA LOTHRIX, Harv.? A few imperfect specimens attached to Turbinaria. Geogr. distr. Kiug George's Sound. LAURENCIACEX. LAURENCIA OBTUSA, Lam. The ordinary form as well as the variety gracilis. | Geog. dist. Very widely diffused in both hemispheres. 382 DR. G. DICKIE ON ALGA FROM CoORALLINACE Æ. LITHOTHAMNION Darwinl, Harv. Geog. dist. King George’s Sound. MELOBESIA PUSTULATA, Lama, Growing upon Laurencia. Geogr. distr. Atlantic; Mediterranean; Australia; Norfolk Island. JANIA TENELLA, Kitz, Upon Turbinaria. Geog. dist. Mediterranean ; shores of Mexico. GELIDIACER. GELIDIUM RIGIDUM, Vahl. Geog. dist. Warmer parts of Atlantic; Indian Ocean; Pacifie. HvPNEA RUGULOSA, Mont. * Native name Hnaena; edible; used with juice of eocoa-nut." Geogr. distr. Island of Tond, in Torres Straits. HELMINTHOCLADIE®. LIAGORA VISCIDA, Forsk. * Native name Karekare.” Geogr. distr. Mediterranean ; Adriatic; W. Indies; Indian Ocean ; Red Sea; Australia ; Tasmania. L. AUSTRALASICA, Sonder ? The specimens are rather imperfect. Geogr. distr. Western Australia. GALAXAURA ANNULATA, Lama. Geog. dist. Indian Ocean; Sandwich Islands. G. LAPIDESCENS, Sol, Geog. distr. Australia; Red Sea; Madagascar ; Canary Islands. SIPHONACES. CAULERPA CYLINDRACEA, Sonder. * Native name Rimu. Edible." Geogr. distr. Australia. C. UnviLLEANA, Mont. Geogr. distr. Island of Tond, in Torres Straits. * C. MAcRODISCA, Dne. Geog. distr. Anambas Islands (Australian archipelago). THE ISLAND OF MANGATA. 33 HALIMEDA MACROLOBA, Dne. Geog. distr. W.and S. Australia ; Madagascar ; Red Sea; Indian Ocean ; Keeling Islands ; Friendly Islands. H. OPUNTIA, Lama. Geog. dist. Warmer parts of Atlantic; Mediterranean; Red Sea; &c. CopIUM TOMENTOSUM, Ag. Geog. distr. Tropical and Temperate. Occurs in both hemispheres: Antarctic islands. ULVACER. Urva LATISSIMA, L. Mr. Gill, in a note, states, “ introduced in 1852, when a whaling ship from the Antarctic was wrecked on the reef.” Geog. distr. Widely distributed in both hemispheres. VALONIACE X. MIcRODICTYON MowTAcNEI, Harv. Geog. distr. Friendly Islands. CoNrERYACE X. CLADOPHORA PELLUCIDA, Ktz. Geogr. distr. Western Australia ; Cape G. Hope ; shores of Europe. OSCILLARIACEÆ. LYNGBYA TROPICA, Ktz. Geogr. distr. Gulf of Guinea. Of the species recorded here, the majority are forms chiefly found in various parts of the S. Pacifie, and a few, such as Codium, &c., of general occurrence in both hemispheres. LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XV. D 34 MR. H. C. SORBY ON THE COLCURING-MATTERS OF On the Characteristic Colouring-matters of the Red Groups of Alge. By H. C. Sonzy, F.R.S., F.L.S., Pres. R.M.S., &c. [Read May 6, 1875.] In my paper “On Comparative Vegetal Chromatology "'* I showed that the three great divisions of Alga—the olive, the red, and the green—are, on the whole, very definitely distinguished from one another by the presence or absence of the various green or yellow substances insoluble in water belonging to the chlorophyl and xanthophyl groups. I now propose to consider more especially the general distribution of some of the principal coloured consti- ` tuents which are soluble in water. It would be difficult to find another series of colouring-matters of greater beauty, or with such remarkable and instructive chemical and physical pecu- liarities. Although all easily soluble in water, there seems very good evi- dence to prove that in the living plants they are either in a solid state or combined with a very small quantity of water, and not disseminated through the whole liquid contents of the cells, like the entirely different class of red colouring-matters found in the leaves of the higher classes of plants. On keeping the Alge in a small quantity of water, they soon die and begin to decompose ; and then the various colouring-matters are set free and dissolved, ihe change being indicated by the absorption-band in the spec- irum being a little nearer the blue end than in the spectrum of the living plant, and by the fluorescence being greatly in- creased. In some Alge this change takes place very rapidly, and in some so slowly that the colouring-matters are lost by decom- position before a satisfactory solution can be procured ; but by using no more water than is necessary to cover the plant operated on in a small corked bottle, a solution may generally be obtained which is of beautiful pink or purple colour, according to the nature of the plant. Such a solution, after having been filtered, must be carefully studied by the same spectrum method as I have described in many previous papers, and by the employment of special means which I now propose to explain. The total number of different coloured substances character- istic of the various divisions of the red groups of Alge is at least six. These are distributed in very variable proportions in different * Proc. Roy. Soc. vol. xxi. p. 442. THE RED GROUPS OF ALG. 35 genera and species; and much remains to be learned respecting the cause of this variation. There appears to be no doubt that the age of the plant and the circumstances in which it grows have influence on their amount and relative proportion ; but at the same time there is manifestly a most intimate connexion between them and the general organization ; so that there is a relation between the particular colouring-matters and the position of the plants in the natural system of classification. Premising, then, that very much remains to be learned, I will now proceed to give an outline of some of the principal faets which I have so far been able to ob- serve in a more or less satisfactory manner. In the first place, I must say that in this paper I shall describe the position of the absorption-bands seen in the spectra by giving the wave-lengths of the light corresponding to their centres in millionths of a millimetre, as explained in my late paper to the Royal Microscopical Society *, since I am more and more con- vinced that it is the true method. I shall also express the width of the bands when seen to the greatest advantage by giving the difference between the wave-lengths of their two extreme edges ; but since my chief object is to point out the bearing of my sub- ject on botany, I shall enter as little as possible into mere physies and chemistry. I must, however, to some extent; orelse the evi- dence on which my conclusions are founded could not be understood. As far as my present knowledge extends, red Algs contain at least six different characteristie colouring-matters soluble in water. Various mixtures of these have been called Phycocyan and Phyco- erythrin ; and I do not think that one can do better than adopt these terms generically, and express the difference between the in - dividual species by the addition of words indicating their colour. Thus, for example, the dark species of Oscillatoria, so common in clear still water (O. nigra), yields a splendid purple solution, which has been called phycocyan ; but, as I have long ago shown in various papers, this is chiefly a mixture of two distinct sub- stances—one a purple, having a well-marked absorption-band whose centre is at wave-length 621 millionths of a millimetre, and the other a pink, having an absorption-band at 567 millionths of a millimetre. They may therefore be called respectively purple phycocyan and pink phycocyan. Solutions of such substances in * Monthly Mic. Journ. 1875, vol. xiii. p. 198 t Tb. 1870, vol. iii. p. 229, &c. — T ~ 36 MR. H. €. SORBY ON THE COLOURING-MATTERS OF water often change rapidly, owing to the development of various minute organisms ; but if clean white lump sugar be added to the solution until no more is dissolved at the ordinary temperature, decomposition occurs very slowly, and does not appear to occur at all in hermetically sealed tubes. Having, then, prepared a so- lution, its compound nature may be proved by various methods; but that to which I am the most anxious to direct attention de- pends on the fact that some of the colouring-matters are decom- posed when heated to the temperature at which. albumen coagu- lates, whereas others resist one considerably higher. Thus, in the case of the coloured solution in syrup obtained from Oscilla- toria by carefully keeping it in a water-bath at a temperature of 75° C., the pink phycocyan is soon changed into an insoluble pink substance ; and as soon as the change is complete and the absorp- tion-band at the yellow end of the green has disappeared, on filter- ing the liquid a clear solution of purple phycocyan is obtained. By comparing, side by side, the spectra of the original and of the cold but previously heated solution, we can see very clearly that the bands of the purple phycocyan remains nearly as at first, whilst little or no trace of the other can be detected. These facts will be better understood by means of the following figure. 700 400 IL. Fig. 1. Spectra of the colouring-matters from Oscillatoria. Y. In natural state. Il. Heated to 75? C. This and fig. 2 are both drawn in proportion to wave-lengths; and therefore the red end appears broader, and the blue narrower than when seen in an ordinary spectroscope. In a similar manner we can prove that the beautiful purple solution obtained from Porphyra vulgaris is due to a mixture of four different substances. In a natural condition it gives a spectrum with four well-marked bands and one much fainter; and on heating the aqueous solution to 65? C., the two at the red end disappear and the other three remain. If the natural solution saturated with THE RED GROUPS OF ALGZ&. 37 sugar be heated for a short time to not above 80° C., only one of the bands at the red end disappears, and the other remains until the heat is raised to above 80° C.; and then, when cold, only the bands in the green remain. It will of course be apparent that these changes do not depend on the temperature of the solution, since it is examined after cooling, but on decompositions produced by the heat. These facts will be better understood by means of the following figure, which is to some extent diagrammatic, the re- lative intensity of the bands being not exactly as seen in any one thickness of the solutions. 2 400 ILE Fig. 2. Spectra of the colouring-matters from Porphyra vulgaris. Y. In natural state. II. Solution in syrup heated to 80? C. III. Solution in syrup heated to above 80? C. Sinee on the present occasion it does not appear desirable to enter into physics and chemistry, I will merely say that by these and other means I have found that various red Alge contain at least six different colouring-matters, which, however, have certain characters in common. They all give spectra with one well- marked absorption-band, and more or less distinct traces of a second, lying nearer to the blue end. Five of them have a very strong and splendid fluorescence ; and all are decomposed when heated to a temperature below that of boiling water, which is not the case with the red colouring-matters found so abundantly in the leaves of the higher classes of plants, with which, in fact, they have scarcely any thing in common. They are also decom- posed by alcohol, which is not the case with the different kinds of erythrophyl. I do not think that I could do better than indicate the more important differences between the various kinds of phycocyan and phycoerythrin than by means of the following Table, in which the position of the centres of the principal bands of each substance 38 MR. H. C. SORBY ON THE COLOURING-MATTERS OF is shown by the wave-length of the light at that part of the spectrum in millionths of a millimetre, and their width by the dif- ference between the wave-lengths of the opposite sides when the the bands are well defined. The lowest temperature at which each of the substances is slowly decomposed when dissolved in syrup is given in degrees Centigrade. | Name of substance. . Centre. Width, Fluorescence. | | ponen osed | | | —— | | | | | | | i | | Blue phyeocyan, Oscill...... | 650 | 18 | Strong red. | To^6 | pue | | |P Purple phycocyan, Os. ...... k 621. | m | Strong rose. | 80 | | | | | | | ” " Porph.. | 621 | 32 ” | 68 | | | | | Pink phycocyan, Os......... | 567 | 29 | Doubtful. | 65 | | Pink phycoerythrin, Por.. | 569 | 18 Strong or ange 80 | | | Red phycoerythrin, Por. . : 497 | 27 | . None. 3 80 | | i These different substances are also decomposed in a varying manner by alcohol of various strength ; and the results of the study by that means agree with those arrived at by heating the solutions as deseribed. The chemical and physical relations of these colouring-matters of Alge are so remarkable that I feel much tempted to enter into them more fully, but forbear, since I am more particu- larly anxiousto consider their distribution in the different groups of the plants. The two principal colouring-matters of Oscillatoria soluble in water are entirely different from the two most character- istic of the Floridee as found in such examples as Schizymenia edulis. With the exception of the blue chlorophyl common to all, the other colouring-matters belonging to the xanthophyl group are equally distinct; so that the Oscillatorie and the Flo- ride are as well distinguished by their chromatological charac- ters as by their general structure. Perhaps in some cases they have traces of some substances in common; and there are well- marked connecting-links. For instance, Cystoclonium purpuras- cens and Polysiphonia elongata contain a small quantity of either purple phycocyan or some substance closely allied to it, which is the cause of their more purple tint; and Porphyra vulgaris, be- sides this, contains some blue phyeocyan closely, if not absolutely: THE RED GROUPS OF ALGA. 39 agreeing with that occurring in Oscillatoria; but in all these cases the pink and red phycoerythrins are the chief coloured con- stituents, whereas they are almost or quite absent from Oscil- latoria. The Batrachosperme differ little, if at all, from such marine Alge as I have just named. An Alga which grows abundantly in some of the small streams in the neighbourhood of Sheffield, which Mr. Archer says is Lemanea Jluviatilis, is a far better example of a connexion between the two great divisions, but yet differs strikingly from both. It contains a very considerable amount of a substance giving the same general spectrum as the purple phycocyan of Oscillatoria, which, however, is decomposed at a very considerably lower temperature. Lemanea also differs in containing a relatively far less amount of red phy- coerythrin than the more typical red marine Alge, and, in addition to the pink phycoerythrin, appears to contain a considerable quan- tity of the same pink phycocyan as that found in Oscillatoria. It is thus, on the whole, an excellent case of a connecting-link ; and probably further research will enable us to detect other species more completely filling up the gaps. Palmella cruenta agrees with the Floridez in containing much pink phycoerythrin. So much yet remains to be learned, that it would be altogether premature to speculate on the bearings of such facts. In former papers* I have shown that many important changes in the colouring-matters are brought about by a variation iu the amount of light in which the plant grows ; and such changes must be more fully studied before we can form any very definite conclusions. There is also another most important branch of inquiry which requires much further study. In my paper published in the * Monthly Microscopical Journal ’+ I have shown that there is in some cases an intimate connexion between the spectra of closely related substances, and that, when spectra differ only in wave-length, there is probably some relation between the two substances. The further examina- tion of this question may throw much light on the mutual relations between the various colouring-matters found in Algæ. Thus, for, example, it appears extremely probable that the pink phycocyan of Oscillatoria may be chemically changed into the pink phyco- * Proc. Roy. Soc. vol. xxi. p. 442; Quart. Journ. of Science, vol. iii. (N. S.) p. 451. t Vol. xiii. p. 198. LINN. JOURN,—-BOTANY, VOL. XY. E 40 ALG COLLECTED AT SIMON’S BAY, SEAL ISLAND, ETC. erythrin of the Floride» ; and perhaps the further study of the conditions under which this takes place may throw much light on the development of the particular substances in the living plants. Though so much remains to be learned, yet even now the facts appear sufficient to prove that there is some most intimate con- nexion between the general organization of plants and their co- loured constituents; and I very strongly commend to botanists the further study of the very important and interesting group of substances to which I have directed attention in my present com- munication, which must be looked upon merely as a general intro- duction to a wide and difficult subject. Contributions to the Botany of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger.’ XXI. Alge* collected by H. N. MosELEY, Esq, M.A., at Simon’s Bay, C. G. H., Seal Island, Marion Island, Kerguelen’s Island, and Heard Island in 15 to 20 fathoms. By GEORGE Dickies, M.D., F.L.S. [Read February 4, 1875.] RuopoMELACEX. POLYSIPHONIA INCOMPTa, Harv.? The specimens are imperfect, and I therefore have some doubt as to the species. Geogr. distr. Cape G. Hope. SPH HEROCOCCOIDER. NiTOPHYLLUM UNDULATUM, Kitz. The specimens are young or dwarf. Geogr. distr. Cape G. Hope. CRYPTONEMIACE E. GIGARTINA BuRMANI, Ag. Geogr. distr. Cape G. Hope; and, according to Suhr, found also at e Cape Horn. * In the “ Contributions,” No. XVII., relating to Tristan d’Acunha, the fol lowing should be added by way of supplement :— PRASIOLA CALOPHYLLA, Meneg, A green crust on moist rocks. I have compared it with Scotch and Irish specimens and can see no essential difference. The plant is also found in Franc? and Germany. ON ALGJE COLLECTED AT SEAL ISLAND. 41 CERAMIACEE. CALLITHAMNION GRACILE, H. f. & Harv.? The plant is very probably a form of this species, differing only in the proportions of the upper articulations, which are about twice as long as broad. Geog. dist. Campbell Island. SIPHONACE. CAULERPA FILIFORMIS, Hering. Geogr. distr. Coasts of S. Africa. XXII. Algæ collected by Mr. MosELEY at Seal Island. By George Drckrg, M.D., F.L.S. [Read February 4, 1875.] * Turs is a low rounded granite rock in False Bay, about eight miles from Simon’s Bay, Cape of Good Hope. A perpetual surf washing on the island renders landing difficult. It is inhabited by sea-birds, especially Spheniscus demersus (Jackass Penguin), and Phalacrocorax capensis (Cape Cormorant).” The alge form a thick covering to the rock in the surf. FUCACER, SPLACHNIDIUM RUGOSUM, Grev. Geogr. distr. S. Australia; Tasmania; New Zealand; Indian Ocean; Cape G. Hope. LAURENCIACEX. LAURENCIA VIRGATA, 4g. Geog. distr. Cape G. Hope. GELIDIACE. CHATANGIUM ORNATUM, L. * Geogr. distr. Cape G. Hope. CRYPTONEMIACE®. [RIDA CAPENSIS, J. Ag. Geogr. disir. Cape G. Hope. i ; E Í 42 ON ALGJE COLLECTED AT MARION ISLAND CERAMIACE. CERAMIUM CAPENSE, Kíz. Geogr. distr. Cape G. Hope. CENTROCERAS CLAVULATUM, 4g. Geogr. distr. In the warmer seas of both hemispheres. SIPHONACES. BRYOPSIS CHSPITOSA, Suhr. Geogr. distr. Coast of S. Africa. ULVACE. PORPHYRA LACINIATA, Ág. Geog. dist. Widely spread in both hemispheres. XXIII. Alge collected by Mr. Moszrxx at Marion Island, in 40 fathoms. By Gxoncrz Dicxis, M.D., F.LS. [Read February 4, 1875.] Tuis is the most southern of the group called Prince Edward’s Islands, and about 1100 miles south of Cape G. Hope, lat. 45? S., long. 40? W. SPOROCHNACE. DESMARESTIA VIRIDIS, Lam. Geog. dist. Widely distributed iu the temperate and colder seas of both hemispheres. LAMINARIACER. MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA, 4g. Geogr. distr. Cape G. Hope; Indian Ocean ; California. RHODOMELACEF E. Dasya BERKLEYI, Mont. Geog. distr. Auklands; Falklands; Cape Horn; Coast of Chiloe; Kerguelen. LAURENCIACE®. CLADHYMENIA PELLUCIDA, n. sp. ? ` Fronde lineari, tenui, membranacea, pluries pinnata, costa pellucida ap!- ON MARINE ALG COLLECTED AT KERGUELEN. 43 cem versus obsoleta percursa ; pinnis pinnulisque alternis, pinnulis serrato-dentatis. The specimens are destitute of fructification ; but on some there are wart-like bodies like those of C. conferta, figured in * Nereis Australis.’ SPHJEROCOCCOIDEX. DrLEssERIA LYALLIT, H. f. & Harv. Geog. distr. Falklands and Kerguelen. CRYPTONEMIACE X. CALLOPHYLLIS DICHOTOMA, H. f. & Harv. Geog. distr. Campbell Island. EPvMENIA OBTUSA, Grev. Geogr. distr. Cape G. Hope; Cape Horn ; Auckland Islands. CERAMIACEÆ. BALLIA CALLITRICHA, Ág. A single but very luxuriant specimen, 12 inches long. Geog. distr. Falklands; Aucklands; New Zealand ; Australia; Tas- mania; Kerguelen. A bleached fragment of the same plant from fresh-water pools, accidentally conveyed by birds (?), had on it a minute Conferva and Spherozyga, both too imperfect for recognition. CoNrFERVACEX. CHROOLEPUS AUREUM, L. Geog. distr. Cape Horn; Falkland Islands ; Kerguelen; widely diffused in Europe. XXIV. Marine Alge collected by Mr. Mosrtey at the Island of Kerguelen. By GEOoRGE DICKIE, M.D., F.L.S. [Read February 4, 1875.] FUCACER. D'URVILLAA UTILIS, Bory. Geog. distr. “Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands, and Kerguelen’s Land ; very abundant at half-tide mark and below it; also in the 44 DB. Q. DICKIE ON MARINE ALGÆ FROM open ocean between lat. 45° and 55? S., reaching the 65th degree of S. lat. in the meridian of New Zealand."— Antarctic Flora. D'U. HanvEvi1, H. f. Some of Mr. Moseley's specimens are destitute of the peeuliar honey comb-like structure of the former, and are recorded here as young or small examples of this species. Geog. distr. Cape Horn and Falklands. SPOROCHNACE. Desmar_esTIA Rossin, H. f. & Harv. Geog. distr. Cape Horn and Falklands. D. CHOrRDALIS, H. f. & Harv. Geog. distr. Kerguelen only. D. MEDIA, Grev. This is considered by some authorities a form of D. aculeata, well known in northern temperate and arctic seas. D. viripis, Lam. Geog. dist. Shores of W. Europe; Unalaschka; Cape Horn; Falk- lands. LAMINARIACEX. MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA, Ag. Geog. distr. Antarctic seas from 40? to 64° lat. ; Chili; New Zealand ; Indian Ocean ; California. LESSONIA FUSCESCENS, Bory. Geog. distr. Chili; Cape Horn; Falklands. CHORDARIACEX. ADENOCYSTIS Lessonul, H. f. & Harv. Geog. dist. Cape Horn; Falklands; Auckland and Campbell Islands ; Cockburn Island. ECTOCARPACEA. ECTOCARPUS GEMINATUS, H. f. & Harv. Mr. Moseley found it plentiful on Desmarestia. Geog. distr. Cape Horn ; Falklands. RHODOMELACEÆ. POLYSIPHONIA ANISOGONA, H. f. & Harv. Geog. distr. Cape Horn; Falklands. THE ISLAND OF KERGUELEN. 45 Dasya BERKLEYI, Mont. Geog. dist. Cape Horn; Falklands. LAURENCIACER. DELISEA PULCHRA, Mont. Geogr. distr. W. and E. Australia ; S. Tasmania. PriLONIA MAGELLANICA, J. Ag. Geog. distr. Cape Horn; Falklands. CoRALLINACER. MELOBESIA VERRUCATA, Lama. Growing upon specimens of Ballia. Geog. distr. Atlantic; Mediterranean ; Aucklands ; New Zealand ; Tas- mania. SPILEROCOCCOIDEX. DeLESSERIA Davrsrr, H. f. & Harv. Geog. distr. Cape Horn; Falklands. D. Lyauuu, H. f. $ Harv. Geog. dist. Falkland Islands. NITOPHYLLUM FUSCO-RUBRUM, H. f. & Harv. Geogr. distr. Kerguelen only. N. MULTINERVE, H. f. & Harv.? A solitary specimen is referred with doubt to this species ; in the ‘Antarctic Flora’ there is also an expression of doubt respect- ing it. Geog. dist. Cape Horn; Falklands. GELIDIACEX. CHJETANGIUM VARIOLOSUM, Mont. Geog. distr. Cape Horn; Falklands. RHODYMENIACER. RHODYMENIA VARIOLOSA, H. f. & Harv. A solitary example with narrow segments. Geog. distr. Kerguelen only. PLocamium Hooker], Harv. Geog. distr. Kerguelen only. 46 ON ALGÆ FROM THE ISLAND OF KERGUELEN. CRYPTONEMIACES. AHNFELTIA PLICATA, Huds. Geog. distr. Temperate and colder seas in the northern hemisphere; Falkland Islands. CALLOPHYLLIS VARIEGATA, Bory. Geog. ‘distr. Peru; Chili; New Guinea; Cape Horn; Falklands ; Auckland Islands. KALLYMENIA DENTATA, Suhr. Varieties a and y. Geog. dist. Cape G. Hope. GIGARTINA RADULA, Esp. Geog. distr. Cape G. Hope; New Zealand; Auckland and Campbell Islands; California. IRIDJEA CAPENSIS, J. Ag. Geog. distr. Cape G. Hope. I. LAMINARIOIDES, Bory. Mr. Moseley’s collection contains several specimens which I think belong to this species. Geog. distr, South-western shores of Chili; Auckland Islands. CERAMIACES. CERAMIUM RUBRUM, Ág. Geog. distr. General in colder seas of both hemispheres. BALLIA CALLITRICHA, 4g. Geog. distr. Falklands; ; New Zealand; Aucklands; Australia; Tas- mania. ` NIPHONACEE. CoDIUM TOMENTOSUM, Stackh. Geog. distr. Temperate and colder seas of both hemispheres, UrvACEX. PoRPHYRA VULGARIS, Ag. P. LACINIATA, 4g. Geog. distr. Both widely distributed in northern and southern hemi- spheres. : ENTEROMORPHA COMPRESSA, Grev, Geog. distr. Temperate and colder seas in both hemispheres. ON ALGZE COLLECTED FROM HEARD ISLAND. 47 ULVA LATISSIMA, L. Geog. distr. Very general in both hemispheres. CONFERVACEE. CLADOPHORA RUPESTRIS, L. Geog. distr. General between arctic circle and Mediterranean ; Kerguelen only in S. hemisphere. C. ARCTA, Dillw. Geog. distr. German and Atlantic Oceans; Cape Horn and Falk- lands. OSCILLARIACEX. CALOTHRIK OLIVACEA, H. f. § Harv. Growing upon Nitella flexilis. XXV. Alge collected by Mr. MosELEY at Heard Island, 250 miles S. of Kerguelen. By Grorer Dicxiz, M.D., F.L.8. [Read February 4, 1875.] FucaACEX. ScYTOTHALIA OBSCURA, n. sp.? Frondibus e radice callosa, inferne simplicibus, superne decomposito- pinnatis; phyllodiis linearibus, apicibus indivisis vel bifidis, acutis ; receptaculis ? A solitary specimen, having several fronds from a scutate root, agreeing in structure and general habit with the genus Scytothalia. What seem to be immature receptacles are crowded on the mar- gins and surface of the fronds. SPOROCHNACES. DesmaREsTIA Ross, H. f. $ Harv. Geng. distr. Cape Horn and Falklands. LAMINARIACES. LESSONIA NIGRESCENS, Bory. Geog. dist. Chili to Cape Horn. L. ovata, H. f. & Harv. Geog. distr. Cape Horn and Falkland Islands. 48 REV. M. J. BERKELEY ON FUNGI COLLECTED LAURENCIACES. DELISEA PULCHRA, Moni. Geog. distr. W. and E. Australia; Tasmania, S. shore; Kerguelen. SPHJEROCOCCOIDE E. BoTRYOGLOSSUM PLATYCARPUM, Turn. Geogr. distr. Falklands; Chili; California; Cape G. Hope. RuopYMENIACEZ. PLocaAmMium Hookkni, Harv. Geogr. distr. Kerguelen. CrYPTONEMIACES, CALLOPHYLLIS ELONGATA, n. Sp. ? Fronde elongata, parce dichotoma, segmentis linearibus, inferne an- gusta, prope basin angustissima, margine undulata. Two specimens of a red-purple colour, without fructification, but having the characteristic structure of the genus. XXVI. Enumeration of Fungi collected during the Expedition of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger.’ By the Rev. M. J. Brnkxzrry, M.A., F.L.S. (Second Notice.) [Read February 4, 1875.] Bermupa. June 1873. 1140. Acaricus (Mycena) ALPHrTOPHORUS, B. Minutus, totus aleu- riatus niveus; pileo conico-campanulato ; stipite filiformi ; lamellis angustis adscendentibus. On small twigs, Devonshire Marsh. Scarcely a line high ; stem 3-1 inch high, covered, as well as the pileus, with white mealy particles. Very delicate. 4l. A. (NoLANEA) HELICTUS, B. Pileo profunde umbilicato sericeo 5 stipite torto ; lamellis primum dente decurrentibus, demum adnexis; mycelio candido. On rotten leaf-mould. Pileus about l inch across; stem 1i inch high, slender. Very much wrinkled, when dry of a pale umber, sometimes browner towards the margin ; spores irregular, “0003 inch long. In very young specimens the stem is darker, but without any DURING THE EXPEDITION OF H.M.S. ' CHALLENGER.’ 49 information as to its colour when recent, its exact affinities cannot be ascertained. 42. MARASMIUS BERMUDENSIS, B. Pileo convexo pulverulento albido subsuleato, margine inflexo; stipite brevi sursum pellucido, deorsum pulverulento; lamellis distantibus breviter adnatis; interstitiis laevibus. On dead coffee-wood, Paynter's Vale. Pileus about | line across; stem 4-3 inch high; gills, when dry, pale tawny with a white edge. 43. M. sABALI!, B. Pileo reniformi tomentoso, demum resupinato ; stipite brevissimo; laniellis distantibus adnatis postice rotundatis crassiusculis integerrimis ; interstitiis venosis. On leaf-stalks of Sabal Palmetto. Pileus probably white when fresh ; but the whole plant, when dry, is of a pinkish buff, soon resupinate, then at length sulcate; spores sub- globose, *00028 long, hollowed out on one side. 44. Potyporus (MEsopus) ARCULARIUS, Fr. Marsh near Mount Langton, on dead sticks. A slender form with a hispid stem. 45. HinNEOLA corrEICOLOR, B. Coffeicolor foliacea parva, subtus glabra. On coffee-bark, Paynter's Vale. June. The specimens are few in number and possibly young. There seem, however, to be a fertile and a barren side; and if so, they must be referred to Hirneola, though the underside is smooth. 46. SPORIDESMIUM ANTIQUUM, Cd., var. SPARSUM. On dead stems. If not the plant of Corda, it is so near that I cannot distin- guish it. 47. GEOGLOSSUM HIRSUTUM, P. On dead Sphagnum under ferns in Devonshire Marsh. The head, as well as the stem, is hispid. The specimens are young. 48. USTILAGO CARBO, Tul. 49. HvPOXYLON CONCENTRICUM, Grev. On dead wood. Devonshire Marsh. Baura. September 1873. 50. AGARICUS (FLAMMULA) SAPINEUS, Fr. On dead wood. a au ahane ga Oe ee. 50 REY. M. J. BERKELEY ON FUNGI COLLECTED 51. LENTINUS PYGM.EUS, D. Pileo convexo glaberrimo, margine invo- luto; stipite subzquali furfuraceo-squamuloso; lamellis integerrimis liberis vel leviter adnexis, annulo primum arachnoideo lamellas tegente. On dead wood. Pileus 4 inch across; stem $ inch high, 3 a line thick. A curious little species. 52. L. suBTILIs, B. Albus; pileo umbilicato squamulis minutis seti- formibus aspero, margine ciliato; stipite albo-velutino basi leviter incrassato ; lamellis crassiusculis subdistantibus integris decurren- tibus. Oa dead wood. Pileus about £ inch across; stem 3 inch high, | line thick at the base, $ in the middle. Allied to 4. Ravenelii, b. 53. L. vinLosus, Fr. On dead wood. 54. MARASMIUS SEMISPARSUS, B. Umbrinus; pileo depresso griseo- pulverulento, margine nudo sulcato; stipite subtiliter tomentoso, basi leviter spongioso ; lamellis distantibus adnato-decurrentibus. On petiole of dead leaf. Pileus about 2 lines across; stem 3 inch high, twisted and compressed when dry. A. single specimen only, but different from any of the numerous specimens in my herbarium. 55. ScHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE, fr. On dead wood. 56. FAVOLUS BRASILIENSIS, Fr. Ep. p. 498. On dead wood. 57. Potyporus (PLEUROPUS) SANGUINEUS, Fr. On dead wood. 58. P. (ANODERMEI) HYPOCITRINUS, B. Tenuis carnosus centro affixus tomentosus, margine inflexo; hymenio citrino; poris laby- rinthiformibus ; dissepimentis tenuibus. On dead wood. About 2 an inch in diameter. There is a single specimen only. 59. P. (PLACODERMEI) AUBERIANUS, Mont. Cuba, p. 399. On dead wood. 60. P. (PLACODERMEI) AUSTRALIS, Fr. On dead wood. BERE tee DURING THE EXPEDITION OF H.M.S. ‘ CHALLENGER.’ 51 61. P. (PLACODERMEI) PERsoonNII, Fr. On dead wocd. 62. P. (INoDERMEI) PINSITUS, Fr. On dead wood. 63. STEREUM VERSICOLOR, Fr. On dead wood. 64. S. PAPYRINUM, Mont. On dead wood. 65. S. Kunzet, B.—Thelephora Kunzei, Weig. Exs.; Hook. Bot. Misc. ii. p. 162, tab. 85. On decayed sticks. 66. CvPHELLA PERPUSILLA, B. Congesta pallidissime mellea cylin- drico-subglobosa, ore minuto aperta. On the hymenium of Stereum Kunzei. Forming little thin patches. Spores extremely minute. I sec no trace ofasci. This species is just intermediate between Cyphella and Solenia. 67. Cora PAVONIA, Fr. On exposed situations. 68. HinNEOLA RUFA, Fr.—Exidia rufa, B. Ann. Nat. Hist. x. p. 384, tab. 12. fig. 17. On dead wood. 69. LvcoGALA EPIDENDRON, P. On various decaying substances. 70. XYLARIA INVOLUTA, Ki. On dead wood. 71. X. Scaweinitzu, B. 4 C. Journ. Ac. Nat. Se. Phil. ii. 1853, p. 284. On dead wood. 72. HYPOXYLON TURBINATUM, B. Laccatum erumpens, demum omnino liberatum ; receptaculo exacte turbinato deorsum attenuato, apice convexo, centro supra perithecia oblonga membranacea leviter depresso. On dead wood. About 3 an inch across and nearly as much high; exactly top-shaped ; clothed with a thick hard laccate coat, at first coffee-coloured, then pitch-blaek. Asci subelliptie with a slender pedicel; paraphyses rather thick ; sporidia oblong, hyaline, “00054 inch long. 52 FUNGI COLLECTED DURING THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. This curious species is so like Léveillé’s genus Phylacia that 1 am inclined to think that either Phylacia, when perfect, has asci which in some cases are easily absorbed, or it is merely a stylo- sporous state of Hypoxylon. 73. H. coNoPus, Fr. Mont. Cuba, p. 341. On dead wood. 74. H. (Guesos1) Mosexei, B. Orbiculare erumpens leviter depres- sum marginatum, primum cortice velatum, basi margine tenui cir- cumdatum ; peritheciis oblongis; ostiolis papillzeformibus deciduis ; strato exteriore rigido. On dead sticks. About 1 inch in diameter. Nearly allied to Spheria subaffiza, Schwein., but of a much harder substance. Unfortunately I find perfect fruit in neither. TRISTAN D’ACUNHA. 75. AGARICUS (PHOLIOTA) PHYLICIGENA, B. Pileo convexo carnoso areolato fulvo, primum levissimo; stipite crasso sursum attenuato, deorsum incrassato infra annulum crassum mobilem transversim floc- euloso ; lamellis leviter decurrentibus argillaceis. On trunks of Phylica arborea, Oct. 17, 1873. Pileus 3 inches or more across, convex, at first very smooth and even, at length repeatedly areolate with a depressed wart in each division, margin turned up; stem excentric, attenuated upwards, thick and swollen below, solid, about 2 inches high, 1} inch or more thick in the centre; ring thick, very soon detached, and movable ; gills mo- derately broad, crowded, clay-coloured, decurrent, edge pale; spores oblong oblique, about “0003 inch long, but variable in size. Very nearly allied to A. capistratus, Cooke, but differs in several points, especially in the incrassated stem. There is a misprint in Coc ke’s description of that species, the figure being quite correct. 76. HYPOXYLON PLACENTÆFORME, B. § Curt. Journ. Linn. Soc. X. p. 383. On dead Phylica arborea, Oct. 17, 1873. Manion ISLE, 77. AGARICUS (Naucoria) GLEBARUM, B. Fl. Ant. tab. 162. fig. 3. On Azorella, Dee. 26, 1873. Spores “0003 inch long. There are also white, flexuous, filiform threads which look like NOTES ON THE PLANTS AND INSECTS OF KERGUELEN. 53 an Isaria ; but the component cells are large, and the production is not, I think, fungoid. 78. A. (PSILocYBE) ATRO-RUFUS, Scheff. t. 234. Spores lemon-shaped, “00028 inch long. KERGUELEN’S LAND. 79. A. (NAUCORIA) GLEBARUM, B. l. c. On Azorella, Jan. 1874. 80. A. (GALERA) HYPNORUM, Batsch. On Azorella, Jan. 1874. Spores “0004 inch long. 81. COPRINUS TOMENTOSUS, Fr. Bull. t. 133. On dung, Jan. 1874. 82. PEZIZA KERGUELENSIS, B. Fl. Ant. tab. 164. fig. 3. On the ground, Betsy Cove, Royal Sound, Jan. 1874. XXVII. Further notes on the Plants of Kerguelen, with some re- marks on the Insects. By H. N. MosELEY, M.A., Naturalist to H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ (In a Letter addressed to Dr. HooKER, Pres. R.S.) [Read February 4, 1875.] I am very glad that the collection of Marion-Island and Kerguelen plants was satisfactory. I found Nitella and the Limosella only in the lake at Christmas Harbour. The Limosella I may have over- looked in other places, since it so curiously simulates the linear- leaved aquatic form ofthe Ranunculus. This linear-leaved form of R. crassipes was extremely abundant at Betsy Cove, and I gathered many specimens. At the lake at Christmas Harbour this form is also abundant, and grows mixed with the Limosella. Hence in hunting for Limosella without any very definite idea as to its appearance, I constantly overlooked it, thinking all that I saw to be the aquatic form of the Ranunculus. Ithink there must be some mistake about the antarctic species of Ranunculus. Two forms of R. crassipes appear to have been described as separate species. Ithink my specimens may show this. The only other plant besides Limosella and Nitella which appears to be local in Kerguelen is the Uncinia. 1 found this only in the one spot on Mount Bromley. The Lomaria supposed by you to be rare in 54 NOTES ON THE PLANTS AND INSECTS OF KERGUELEN. Kerguelen, is enormously abundant in Betsy Cove and about Royal Sound, forming large beds. The insects we found at Kerguelen were two apterous flies, one as large as a housefly, the other almost as big as a blowfly, an apterous gnat (Culex) and a winged gnat, a small apterous (or rather very short-winged) moth, two or three beetles (Curculio and Staphylinide), and three or four spiders (Saltici and a Trom- bidium). The moth I found crawling upon the beds of the little Juncus. The gnats are to be found about the dead seaweed &c. on the sea- shore. The larger fly nestles at the bases of the leaves of Pringlea, and lays its eggs in the fluid which is caught there. I never found it elsewhere ; but there it is extraordinarily abundant, and every cabbage yielded ten or a dozen specimens. The fly creeps in a slow lazy manner. Iam very sorry I did not observe whether it climbs to the inflorescence in sunshiny weather; perhaps this may be the case. This is an instance of one of those “ neglected opportunities” to which you refer in the ‘ Flora Antarctica,’ as so galling in the retrospect. Even at Heard [ Yong] Island I found the same apterous fly nestling on Pringleain abundance. Perhaps the two forms have some relation of mutual benefit. On one Pringlea plant I found twenty-eight flower-stalks. Three were fresh, of the recent season’s growth. The others ap- peared to belong, by their successive amount of decay, to eight preceding seasons. At Christmas Harbour all the Pringlea seed was unripe, whilst in the inner and sheltered parts of Royal Sound, towards the south of the island, a very large quantity was ripe. The Leptinella forms immense and luxuriant beds of light bluish green, very conspicuous as seen from seawards on the coast round the rookeries of the shag (Phalacrocorax carunculatus), and everywhere thrives and luxuriates where the soil is enriched by dung. Hence also nearly all the old seal- and sea-elephant rook- eries, so conspicuous from their hummocky appearance, are covered with Leptinella, which forms a soft bed for the very few of these beasts which yet remain. * * * * We dredged in sight of the Kermadecs all one day; but no landing was arranged. I was very much disappointed. — —— ON DIATOMACEOUS GATHERINGS FROM KERGUELEN S LAND. 55 XXVIII. On the Diatomaceous Gatherings made at Kerguelen’s Land by H. N. qued M.A., H.M.S. ‘Challenger? By the Rev. E. O’Mrata, M.A. Communicated by Dr. Hooxzm, Pres. R.S., V.P.L.S. (Prate I.) [Read April 15, 1875.] Tar gatherings were seven in number—four from fresh water, two marine, and one from a freshwater lake within the reach of tidal influence. No. 1. Pond at sea-level, Tristan d’Acunha. This gathering, as might have been anticipated, contained both freshwater and marine forms: of the latter, Melosira moniliformis, Kütz., abounded ; and of the former there were numerous specimens of Fragilaria virescens, Ralfs, F. capucina, Desm., Gomphonema tenellum, Kütz., Gomphonema intricatum, Kütz. No. 2. From a stream on the cliffs, Tristan d’Acunha. Fn this were found Navicula viridis, Nitzsh, N. carussius, Ehr., Fra- gilaria capucina, Desm., F. virescens, Ralfs, F. equalis, Heiberg, F. crotonensis, Kitton. No.3. From a stream, Tristan d’Acunha. This gathering con- tained <Achnanthidium coarctatum, Bréb., Fragilaria virescens, Ralfs, Gomphonema calcareum, Clene, Navicula viridis, Nitzsh, and N. carassius, Ehr. No. 4. Small pond-streams, Marion Island. The forms found in this gathering were Navicula carassius, Ehr., Diatoma grande, Wm. Sm., both in great abundance, and also an undescribed spe- cies of Gomphonema, which I propose to distinguish as GoMPHONEMA BICAPITATUM. Pl. I fig. l. Frustules “0018 in length. On front view cuneate, slightly arched on the margin. On the side view bicapitate. The attached end much smaller than the opposite; striw fine, costate, radiate, reaching the median line. No. 5. Small pond-streams, Marion Island. This gathering, though from a place similar to that of the preceding, is quite di- stinct, containing in abundance Navicula carassius, Ehr., Fragilaria capucina, Desm., Diatoma grande, Wm. Sm., and an undescribed species of Diatoma which I would name as DiAToMA RHOMBICUM. Pl. I. fig. 2. Frustules small, about “0006 in length. On front view quadrangular, LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XV. F 56 REV. E. O MEARA ON THE DIATOMACEOUS the costz appearing as a narrow band of puncta. On side view rhombic; costæ very fine, previous. : No. 6. Marine, from surface of the water between Kerguelen and Herd Island. This is a very remarkable gathering, consisting, for the most part, of various species of Chetoceros with spines of extraordinary length aggregated in small.masses of jelly-like ap- pearance. In every instance the spines were broken off from the valves ; so that it was difficult in many cases to ascertain the spe- cies; however, Ohetoceros peruvianus, Bright, and C. borealis, Bail., were unmistakably present, and that in profusion. These species constituted by far the greater portion of the material ; and mixed with them were found some specimens of Hemiaulus an- tarcticus, Ehr., Rhizosolenia calyptra, Ehr., R. styliformis, Bright, R. imbricata, Bright, and R. setigera, Bright. Fragments of what appears to be an undescribed species of Rhabdonema occurred in great number ; but although it would be remiss to omit reference to this form, the description cannot be re- garded otherwise than as unsatisfactory. It was difficult to obtain a side view of the frustules ; and when a filament was turned so as to bring the side view under observation, it appeared as if the valves had been detached from it. All that could be learned con- cerning these latter was that they must be circular or nearly so. Some few forms were found that seemed likely to correspond; they were ring-like, strongly costate; and in one or two cases I noticed specimens in which the central part was fractured, show- ing that what otherwise would have been considered a ring was really a continuous disk; possibly these may be the side view of the valve, which, if so, must be described as plain and destitute of strie except at the margin. Three other forms appeared which seem not to have been previously described. GoMPHONEMA ANTARCTICUM. Marine. PI. I. fig. 3. Frustules “0022 in length. On front view cuneate, linear. On side view greatly wider at the upper than the lower end, cuneate ; stris fine, linear, slightly radiate, and interrupted in the middle by a narrow longitudinal unstriate band. TEREBRARIA KERGUELENSIS. Marine. PL I. fig. 4. Frustules united in a filament, adhering in pairs which present a lenti- cular outline; the stri appearing, on the front view, in the form of large marginal puncta. Valves, on the side view elliptical-lanceolate ; length “0028; breadth “0005; striz moniliform, parallel, pervious. GATHERINGS MADE AT KERGUELEN’S LAND. 57 ASTEROMPHALUS WYVILLE-THOMSONIANUS. Marine. PI. I. fig. 5. Diameter ‘0024. Primary rays broad, deep, extending from the centre to the margin, dividing the disk into six compartments, of which five are of the same dimensions, and the sixth double the breadth of the others, without any dividing line. The several compartments areo- late, the five equal ones to the extent of one fifth of the diameter, the remaining compartment to the extent of one third of the dia- meter. Secondary rays seven, extending írom the centre, five touching with their ends the middle points on the inner margin of the equal compartments, and two others much shorter and nearly parallel, terminating close together on the inner margin of the large areolate compartment. This form, on first inspection, closely resembles in its general appearance Asterolampra marylandica, Ehr., var. [?, as described by Wallieh (Q. J. M. S. Jan. 1860, p. 47, pl. 11. fig. 18); but from the above description it will be evident that it differs not only spe- cifically, but generically. No. 7. Alge from a surface-net put over when H.M.S. ‘ Chal- lenger’ was at anchor in Betsy cove, Kerguelen’s Land, the net probably dragging on the bottom in the inlet. It would appear from the presence of numerous forms of Odon- tidium hyemale, Lyng., that there was some discharge of fresh water in the immediate vicinity ; but all the other forms were marine. The amount of Diatomaceous material in this gathering, it is to be lamented, was extremely small, supplying only a very few slides; but for the amount the forms were numerous, and of great interest. The following is a list of the known species :— Actinocyclus Ralfsii, W. Sm. (the disk is much larger and the areolation finer than that of other specimens observed elsewhere) ; Cocconeis pacifica, Grun.; C. Scutellum, Ehr., C. regalis, Grev. ; Coscinodiscus centralis, Ehr.; C. concavus, Ehr.; C. fimbriatus, Ehr.; C. perforatus, Ehr. ; C. radiatus, Ebr. ; C. radiolatus, Ehr. ; C. subtilis, Ehr.; Eupleuria pulchella, Arnott ; Grammatophora marina, Lyng. ; G. serpentina, Ehr. ; G. maxima, Grun. ; Melosira subflexilis, Kütz. ; Nitzschia panduriformis, Greg., Orthosira ma- rina, W. Sm. Besides the above-named species, the following were found which do not seem to have been previously described :— Coscinopiscus MoseLeyI. Marine. Pl. I. fig. 6. Frustule highly lenticular, of immense size, the diameter of the valve F 2 58 ON DEATOMACEOUS GATHERINGS FROM KERGUELEN’S LAND. being “02, having a distinct large umbilicus consisting of about eight cuneate areoles, four large and four small. Areoles small, radiate, appearing in the dry valve irregularly quadrate, with an azure pustule in the middle of each. When mounted in balsam, roundish. Of equal size throughout. Closely arranged in fascicles, with about nine or ten rays in each at the margin, but the number decreasing towards the centre. The fascicles have an undulate appearance like the shell of the Pecten. Dry valve iridescent. Many fragments of this form were found, some larger, some smaller; and but a few perfect valves. This form, so large that it would oceupy too much space to figure completely, I have plea- sure in naming after the gentleman to whose indefatigable explo- rations we are indebted for the gathering which contained it. AcTINOCycLUS OLIVERANUS. Marine. Pl. I. fig. 7. Diameter of the valve ‘0030; furnished with a narrow border of fine linear stris, on the inner margin of which the valve is divided by eight equal elliptical undulations deeply shaded, with their crests di- rected towards the centre. Valves areolate ; areoles small, roundish, arranged for some distance concentrically around the inner margin of each alternate undulation, until the lines of areoles reach the margin ‘at the extremity of the next undulation at either side, and thence towards the centre linearly at an angle with the distinctly marked radius which strikes the middle point in the crest of the basal undula- tion. The centre is occupied by a few irregularly arranged areoles. This very striking and beautiful form I name after Professor Oliver. ACTINOCYCLUS CHALLENGERI. Marine. PI. I. fig. 8. Diameter of the valve “0028. Furnished with a narrow border with small, close, punctate stri: ; remainder of the disk areolate ; areoles small, roundish, radiate, larger in the centre, and decreasing in size towards the margin. Neither in this nor in the preceding species was there obser- vable a submarginal nodule; so that with hesitation are they re- ferred to the genus Actinocyclus, to which they otherwise would undoubtedly belong. PIxXIDICULA RADIATA. Marine. Pl. I. fig. 9. Frustules large; breadth, on front view, ‘0028; diameter of the valve *0045. The valve is divided into three concentric portions; the cen” tral portion dark brown, unstriate, large, round which there is a light- fawn-coloured zone, with fine linear striz. Into this zone project longer and shorter dark rays from the central boss, which are alternately [^ amu "v a a a MUSCI AND HEPATIC OF THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 59 arranged; outside this zone is a narrow fawn-coloured border finely striate. Observed in the front view, the outer edges of the two valves fit closely together without any intervening connective band. GEPHYRIA DYERANA. Marine. Pl. I. fig. 10. Length of frustule “0088; breadth, on side view, ‘0018. In front view the frustule is arched at the extremities, the intervening portion be- tween nearly flat ; margins marked with short linear strie. On side view the valve is slightly arched, ends cuneate ; costate striæ distri- buted in two series, separated by a strongly marked undulate line running from one end to the other in the middle of the valve, the costate pannels on the lower side of this line being alternate with those on the upper. This species is considerably larger than any hitherto described ; and I name it after Professor Dyer, to whose kindness I am indebted for the gratification of examining these very interesting collections. : XXIX. The Musci and Hepatice collected by H. N. MosErEy, M.A.,/Naturalist to H.M.S. >‘ Challenger By Wirum MirrÉN, A.L.S. [Read April 15, 1875.] TENERIFFE. EntTostHopon TEMPLETON! (Hook.). A single fertile and a few young stems. MNIUM ROSTRATUM, Schrad. Small barren stems. M. unpuLatuM, Hedw. In the same state. HyPNUM ILLECEBRUM, Schwaegr. ; A few fragments without fruit. PoGONATUM ALOIDES, Hedw. Specimens complete, with fruit. PoLvTRICHUM PILIFERUM, Schreb. Barren. SoUTHBYA STILLICIDIORUM (Raddi). Without fruit. Growing on earth. 60 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE MUSCI AND HEPATICJE CALYPOGEIA TRICHOMANIS (Spreng.). A few fragments only. FIMBRIARIA AFRICANA, Mont. Fertile. BERMUDA. EUCLADIUM VERTICILLATUM (L.). Without fruit. TORTULA (TRICHOSTOMUM) BERMUDANA, Mitt. Dioica. Caulis humilis infra periehzetiumi nnovans. Folia a basi erecta rotundo-quadrata cauli appressa cellulis parvis oblongis pellucidis areo- lata exinde erecto-patentia stricta sensim angustata canaliculata apice obtusiusculo, nervo in mucronulum exeurrente, margine integerrimo supra medium incurvo inflexove, cellulis minutis rotundis obscuris, pericheetialia pauca basi ovalia cæteroquin caulinis similia. Theca in peduneulo flavo ovali-oblonga erecta operculo triente breviore. Ca- lyptra ad medium usque thecæ descendens. Peristomium e denti- bus geminatis filiformibus rubris. Iu extensive patches on calcareous sand. Caulis lineas quatuor altus gracilis. Folia flavo-viridia «tate pallide fusca sicca incurvata laxe contorta. Pedunculus subsemiuncialis gra- cilis. Theca state fusca ore intensiore colorato. Not unlike some states of Weissia controversa ; but the capsules are not striated when old, and the leaves are shorter and wider. T. MELANOCARPA, Mitt. Monoiea. Caulis brevissimus simplex. Folia patentia recurvave ligulifor- mia obtusa, nervo crassiusculo sub apice evanescente, margine cellulis prominulis crenulata, cellulis superioribus rotundatis parietibus cras- siusculis basalibus oblongis hyalinis utrinque ad margines altius ascen- dentibus areolata. Theca in pedunculo nigro-fusco elliptico-cylin- dracea operculo recto subulato dimidium thecæ longitudinis, peris- tomio dentibus erectis angustis basi brevissime coalitis, annulo com- posito. On calcareous matter. Caulis lineam altus. Folia semilineam longa fuscescentia, siccitate parum mutata. Pedunculus trilinearis. Closely resembling Trichostomum brevicaule, Hampe, but with leaves not narrowed at their bases, and having there a larger space occupied by the pellucid cells. Bryum DICHOTOMUM, Hedw. A few barren stems with Tortula bermudana. COLLECTED DURING THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 61 RHACOPILUM TOMENTOSUM, Brid. In very small quantity, with fruit. IsorrERYGIUM TENERUM, Sw. In fruit. CEPHALOZIA CONNIVENS (Dicks.). Fragments with Anewra palmata. PLEUROsCHISMA PROSTRATA, Sw. ANEURA PALMATA (Hedw.). Without fructification. OTIONA Aronia (Nees ab E.). Barren. DUMORTIERA HIRSUTA (Sw.). Fertile. TRISTAN D ACUNHA. CYNONTODIUM CONICUM (Mont.). Tall stems, without fruit, appearing to be the same as the Chilian species. CAMPYLOPUS INTROFLEXUS (Hedw.). Fertile, in a very small and short state, growing on the earth. C. ARCUATUS, Brid. Barren, with a tall state of the preceding associated with Bar- tramic; in coarse sand. CERATODON PURPUREUS ( Linn.). One or two fertile stems amongst Marchantia. GRIMMIA (DRYPTODON) MEMBRANACEA, Mitt. Compacte ezspitosa. Folia sicca arcte appressa, humida patentia, lan- ceolata ovato-lanceolataque sensim acuta, apicibus sepe brevissime hyalinis, margine recurva, nervo canaliculato in apicem evanescente carinata, cellulis parietibus ubique interruptis areolata; perichetialia dimidio breviora ovata obtuse acuta. Theca in pedunculo brevi ovalis operculo subulato, peristomio pallido, annulo composito. On rocks. Caulis uncialis ramosus. Folia juniora viridia, seniora fuscata. Pedun- culus sesquilinearis pallidus. — Theca evacua brevior ovalis pallide fusca membranacea. Similar to G. symphyodon, C. Müller, but with the leaves at the apex not contracted into an apiculus. 62 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE MUSCI AND HEPATIC’ Weissia (HyMENOSTYLIUM) CALCAREA, Nees et Hornsch. Barren stems scattered amongst Bryum megalacrion. MACROMITRIUM ACUTIRAMEUM, Mitt. Caulis repens ramis brevibus ramosis in ceespitem depressum congestis. Folia ramea patentia siccitate in spiram contorta ad ramorum apices in euspidem acutam torta, lanceolata apicem versus latiuscula et in apiculum acuminata, nervo in plica carinzformi sepulta sub apice evanescente, margine a basi usque ad fohi medium anguste reflexa integerrima cellulis superioribus minutis rotundatis inter se distinctis, basin versus oblongis parvis limitibus latis areolata. Caulis ubique ramis semiuncialibus cum foliis densis crassitudine circiter lineam metientibus obtectus. Folia juniora viridia mox fuscescentia lineam longa. BaAnTRAMIA (PHILONOTIS) CAPILLATA, Mitt. Dioica. Caulis humilis. Folia plumosa erecto-patentia a basi sublan- ceolata sensim angustissime attenuata, nervo dorso denticulis scabro excurrente carinata, margine serrulata, cellulis parvis oblongis areo- lata; perichztialia ovato-lanceolata tenuiacuminata. Theca in pe- duneulo elongato rubro globosa obliqua plicata, peristomii dentibus externis internisque rubris. Flos masculus gemmiformis foliis a basi erecta dilatata vaginante crocea sensim angustatis patulis, nervo debi- liore haud excurrente, cellulis longioribus areolatis. On wet sandy earth. Caulis unciam brevior eum foliis lineam angustior. Folia lineam longa viridia stramineaque obscura, perigonialia minus obscura. Pedunculus unciam altus. "Theca, unica visa, satis magna ore parvo. B. (PLAGIOMELA) RADICOSA, Mitt. Caulis elongatus radicellis rufis. Folia a basi erecta obovato-oblong&, cellulis angustis hyalinis areolata, subito longe subulato-angustata patentia, margine argute serrulata, cellulis parvis angustis nervoque ubique papillis obscura. Growing in loose tufts in coarse sand. Caulis biuncialis. Folia 3-linearia, superiora zeruginoso-viridia sub- glauca, inferiora fusca, omnia in acumen crassiusculum nec capillare attenuata. Like B. vulcanica ; but in that the leaves are attenuated into long hair-like points. B. commutata, Mitt., differs also in the same partieular. B. 1nconspicua, Mitt. Humilis. Folia erecto-patentia patentiaqne lanceolata sensim augustata, nervo scabro percursa, margine argute serrulata inferne vix recurva COLLECTED DURING THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION? 63 cellulis basi paucis elongatis superioribus rotundatis obscuris papillosis areolata. Caulis 3—4 lineas altus. Folia bilinearia zruginoso-viridia rigida. Smaller than B. Breutelii, and different in the margin of the leaf not being reflexed. BryuM TRUNCORUM, Brid, Without fruit. B. MEGALACRION, Schw. In extensive patches, with old fruit. B. JULACEUM, Sm. A few scattered barren stems. DALTONIA 2 A single fragment of some species. STEREODON CUPRESSIFORMIS (Linn.). Barren. PrvcHOMNION DENSIFOLIUM (Brid.). Without fruit. Hypnum (PLEUROPUS) BONPLANDIT, Hook. One small barren plant. H. (RHYNCHOSTEGIUM) RAPHIDORRHYNCHUM, C. Mueller. A few barren stems appear to belong to this. THUIDIUM CURVATUM, Mitt. Small barren stems. FissIDENS ASPLENIOIDES, Sw. Barren. EUSTICHIA LONGIROSTRIS, Brid. Short barren stems are frequent amongst other mosses. POLYTRICHUM JUNIPERINUM, Hedw. With fruit. JUNGERMANNIA COLORATA, Lehm. et Lindenb. In large patches without fruit. PLAGIOCHILA INFUSCATA, Mitt. Caulis gracilis. Folia inter se remotiuscula rigidula siccitate immutata distiche explanata patentia ovato-oblonga breve ovalia oblongave plani- uscula, margine dorsali integerrima subrecta, ventrali dentibus parvis circiter sex serrata apice subbidentata, cellulis rotundis areolata. On earth or rocks. 64 e MR. W. MITTEN ON THE MUSCI AND HEPATIC Caulis triuncialis rigidulus fuscus cum foliis lineam latus. Folia olivaceo- viridia fuscescentia ubique æqualiter inter se disposita. LoPHOCOLEA SERRATA, Mitt. A few minute fragments, barren. L. IiNCONSPICUA, Mitt. Pusilla. Caulis procumbens parum divisus. Folia explanata sursum secundave ovali-orbiculata apice rotundata truncata interdum sinu obtuso bidentata, cellulis rotundatis interstitiis carnosulis areolata. Amphigastria parva bifida. Folia involucralia majora concava convo- luta integerrima, amphigastrio ovali apice bidentato. Perianthium ovatum subtruncatum apice eroso triplicato. On the earth amongst Bryum megalacrion. Caulis semiuncialis eum foliis semilineam latus. Folia siccitate parum mutata fusca. Perianthium a folis involucralibus ultra medium obtectum. CHILOSCYPHUS LUCIDUS, Mitt. Caulis procumbens ramosus. Folia explanata divergentia oblonga apice rotundata sinuve parvo obtuso plus minus distincto bi- rarius tri- dentata, cellulis amplis rotundo-hexagonis pellucidis parietibus an- gustis firmis areolata. Amphigastria caulis latitudine brevia quadri- dentata. Perianthium obconicum superne trigonum. Folia involu- cralia minora conformia appressa amphigastrio caulinis simili, On the earth. Caulis inter muscos suberectus semiuncialis cum foliis lineam latus. Folia juniora pallide obseureque viridia nigro-fuscescentia e substantia erassiuscula. Perianthium parvum. LETHOCOLEA PROSTRATA, Mitt. Caulis prostratus radicellis pallidis ad terram affixus simplex. Folia ex- planata divaricata imbricata late ovalia planiuscula obtusa integerrima, e cellulis rotundis parietibus carnosulis areolata. Caulis unciam brevior cum foliis sesquilineam latus sepe autem angus- tior. Folia ceraceo-viridia obscura. Very similar to L. Bustillosii, Mont. in Fl. Chilens. Crypt. t. b, f. 1, but appears to have the areolation of its leaves composed of larger cells. LEPIDOZIA PROCUMBENS, Mitt. A few small plants amongst mosses. LEJEUNIA PARASITICA, Tayi. A few stems without fruit creeping on Grimmia membranacea. 4 COLLECTED DURING THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. . 65 PALLAVICINIUS PROCUMBENS (Tayl.). Barren stems of some species, probably this, are creeping amongst Bryum megalacrion. ANTHOCEROS L&VIS, Linn. With fruit. ASTERELLA HEMISPHARICA, Beauv. With imperfect fruit. MARCHANTIA POLYMORPHA, Linn. | Without fruit. INACCESSIBLE ISLAND. ` PHYSCOMITRIUM (APHANORHEGMA) BREVISETUM, Mitt. Caulis innovationibus repetitis dichotome ramosus. Folia superiora obovato-oblonga acuta brevissime apiculatave, nervo ante apicem evanido, margine versus apicem serrulata, cellulis hexagono-oblongis versus folii apicem brevioribus areolata. Theca in pedunculo brevi globoso-pyriformis ore truncato magno, operculo perfecte conico. Calyptra longirostris basi plurifida laciniis ad operculi basin descen- dentibus. On earth. Caulis 4-14 unciam altus. Folia 13-2-lhinearia satis firma viridia. Pe- dunculus semilineam longus. Differs from its congeners in the large exactly conical oper- culum. BRYUM TRUNCORUM, Brid. Barren. KERGUELEN’S ISLAND. CYNONTODIUM AUSTRALE, Mitt. Musc. Austr. Amer. 42. In the descriptions of this species it is omitted that when dry each leaf is spirally twisted. BLINDIA MICROCARPA, Mitt. Monoica. Pulvinate cæspitosa. Caulis dichotomus fastigiatim ramo- sus. Folia patentia stricta plus minus falcato-curvatave dimidio infe- riore lanceolato superiore carinato anguste attenuato integerrima nervo angusto percursa cellulis alaribus in auriculam parvam dispositis fuscis reliquis elongatis angustis; perichætialia brevia parva ovata convoluta in acumen subulatum producta. Theca in pedunculo gra- cili foliis caulinis dimidio breviore erecta parva ovalis, operculo subu- lato demum ore dilatato cyathiformis fusca, peristomii dentibus tene- 66 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE MUSCI AND HEPATIC/E ris. Calyptra parva dimidiata. Flos masculus foliis propriis perichz- tialibus similibus inclusus. Caulis subuncialis. Folia trilinearia sicca subeurvata parum mutata vix nitida. Pedunculus lineam longus. CAMPYLOPUS APPRESSIFOLIUS, Mitt. Muse. Austr. Amer. In dense tufts, without fruit. DicRANUM PUNGENS, var. LUCIDUM, Hook. f. et Wils. Barren. D. (Isocarpus) TORTIFOLIUM (Hook. f. et Wils.). With perfect fruit. CERATODON PURPUREUS (Linn.). Barren. GRIMMIA (DRYPTODON) CHLOROCARPA, Mitt. Without fruit. ToRTULA SERRULATA, Hook. et Grev. A few barren stems. T. ERUBESCENS, Mitt., Hook. Handb. New Zealand Flora, ii. 421 (Di- dymodon). A few, plants with immature capsules. STREPTOPOGON AUSTRALIS, Mitt. Folia inferiora patentia spathulato-ligulata obtusiuscule acuta, nervo in apice desinente margine apicem versus denticulata; superiora duplo latiora a basi erectiore sensim recurva patentia apice cum nervo in acumen longitudinis variabilis sensim educto, margine superne serrulata. Two small fragments are all yet seen; but the species must be very different from S. mnioides, Schw., there being no trace of the limb bordering the leaves. OrTHOTRICHUM CRASSIFOLIUM, Hook. f. et Wils. Complete specimens with fruit. O. ATRATUM, Mitt. Monoicum. Caulis humilis ezspitosus. Folia patentia sieca incurva laxe contorta lanceolata apice lata obtusiuscule acuta, nervo sub summo apice evanescente, cellulis fere ubique parvis rotundatis obscuris ; pericheetialia majora. Theca in pedunculo longitudine perichet! subzequali ovalis levis sicca infra os contracta, inferne collo crasso: operculo convexo rostro angusto, peristomii dentibus 16 vel plus minus COLLECTED DURING THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 67: coherentibus 8. Calyptra magna fusca calva ad medium usque thecee descendens. Caulis subsemiuncialis. Folia lineam longa juniora pauca viridia reli- qua nigra. Theca straminea subcarnosa. Differs from O. crassifolium in its leaves being twice as wide, less dense and opaque in areolation. The peristome in some cap- sules is in sixteen equal teeth, in others partly coherent into eight. ZyGODON BrRownlil, Schw. Minute fragments, indicating the presence of this or some other species. BarTRAMIA (EUBARTRAMIA) ROBUSTA, Hook. f. et Wils. Without fruit. B. (EuBARTRAMIA) PATENS, Brid. With fructitication. B. (BREUTELIA) PENDULA, Hook. Barren. Bryum (WEBERA) NUTANS, Schreb. With perfect fruit. B. (WEBERA) ALBICANS, Wahlenb. s Barren. B. (WEBERA) cRUDUM, Hedw. Also barren. B. (EccREMOTHECIUM) PENDULUM, Hornsch. Tall specimens with complete fructification. B. KERGUELENSE, Mitt. Monoicum. Caulis brevisramosus. Folia erecto-patentia imbricata in- feriora rameaque ovali-lanceolata acuta carinato-concava nervo rubro percursa, margine integerrimo, cellulis angustioribus in seriebus dua- bus limbum subindistinctum formantibus reliquis suboblongis, co- malia longiora latioraque, perichetialia interna minora. Theca in pedunculo breviusculo rubro superne flexuoso curvato horizontalis tenui-membranacea nitida, sporangio ovali, collo recto sxquilongo sensim angustato, ore satis parvo coarctato, operculo convexo apice brevissime acuto, peristomii dentibus pallidis interni fragmentis ex- terno usque ad medium adhzrentibus. Caulis trilinearis crassitudine cum foliis lineam haud excedens. Folia 68 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE MUSCI AND HEPATICH pallide viridia subnitida fusco-nigrescentia. Pedunculus quadrilinea- ris. Theca cum ejus collo sesquilinearis fulva. Flos masculus in innovationem brevem terminalis. MIELICHHOFERIA CAMPYLOCARPA, Hook. et Arn. Fruit plentiful, but not well perfected. AMBLYSTEGIUM DECUSSATUM, Hook. f. et Wils. © A slender state without fruit. A. UNCINATUM, Hedw. Barren. SCcIAROMIUM CONSPISSATUM (Hook, f. et Wils.). A short barren state. Hypnum (BRACHYTHECIUM) suBPILOSUM, Hook. f. et Wils. Without fruit. PSILOPILUM TRICHODON, Hook. et Wils. Stems short, but with perfect fruit. ANDREZA ACUMINATA, Mitt. A few mature capsules are on the specimens. PLAGIOCHILA HETERODONTA, Hook. f. et Tayl. With Grimmia (Drypt.) chlorocarpa. LEIOSCY PHUS PALLENS, Mitt. Caulis procumbens ascendensque ramosus. Folia sursum secunda con- niventia imbricata orbiculata caviuscula integerrima, cellulis rotundis parietibus crassiusculis areolata. Amphigastria erecto-patentia lan- ceolata profunde bifida laciniis elongatis subulatis. Perianthium ob- ovatum ore truncato integerrimo. Caulis uncialis sesquiuncialisve cum foliis 3 lineam latus. Folia pallide olivaceo-viridia fuscescentia. Amphigastria semilineam longa. TEMNOMA QUADRIPARTITA (Hook.). A few minute scraps with other Hepatice. JUNGERMANNIA COLORATA, Lehm. et Lindeb. Common amongst mosses ; a few stems with perianths. J. LEUCORHIZA, Mitt. Caulis procumbens radicellis pallidis. Folia laxe inserta quadrata sub- rotundave sinu acuto obtusove bilobata interdum lobo altero minore, lobis acutis obtusisve incurvis, cellulis rotundatis et ovali-hexagonis areolata. COLLECTED DURING THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 69 Caulis subuncialis, eum foliis 4 lineam latus. Folia viridia pallide fus- cescentia. Not unlike small states of J. ventricosa. MARSUPIDIUM EXCISUM, Mitt. Caulis primarius repens exinde ascendens pallidus. Folia inferiora mi- nora sensim superne magnitudine increscentia et exinde in caulem productum iterum minora, omnia oblongo-quadrata concava sinu obtuso bidentata integerrima, lobis latis acutis incurvis. Caulis repens rhizomatiformis, ascendens unciam altus vel interdum longior, flagelliformi-productus. Folia viridia carnosula cellulis hexagonis parietibus angustis. GYMNOMITRIUM ATRICAPILLUM, Hook. f. et Tayl. In densely interwoven patches. DiPLOPHYLLUM DENSIFOLIUM (Hook.). Dark brown in colour and without fruit. LEMBIDIUM VENTROSUM, Mitt. Caulis erectus? arcuatus crassus carnosus, flagella ex amphigastriorum angulis emittens. Folia inferiora remota superiora majora, insertione fere verticalia, patentia, apicem caulis versus imbricata, rotundata profunde concava apice rotundata sinuve subindistincto subretusa, cellulis satis parvis parietibus angustis areolata. Amphigastria parva cauli appressa triangularia apice subemarginata. Perianthium in ramo brevi superne valde incrassato foliis amphigastrioque involucra- libus convolutis ovatis apice breviter bi-tridenticulatis. In extensive patches; when dry, of a pale brownish green. Caulis lineas quatuor altus cum foliis semilineam latus vel angustior, pallidissime viridis fere albidus. Ramus fertilis cum foliis sesqui- linearis. HERPOCLADIUM FISSUM, Mitt. Caulis firmus crassiusculus. Folia alterna patentia ovata obtusa apice incurva sinu parvo acuto breviter bidentata concava, basi utroque caulem ad medium tegentia, margine dorsali interdum flexura sinuata rarius unidentata, cellulis densis obscuris areolata. Amphigastria foliis similia patula divaricatave apice integra obtusa. A few small fragments amongst Leioscyphus pallens. In its apparently trifarious leaves similar to H. bidens, Mitt., and to H. tenacifolium, Hook. f. et Tayl., but smaller. SYMPHYOGYNA PODOPHYLLA, Thunb. Specimens all without fruit. 70 MR. W. MITTEN ON THE MUSCI AND HEPATICE MARCHANTIA POLYMORPHA, Linn. Barren. Marton ISLAND. CYNONTODIUM AUSTRALE, Mitt. Fruit past maturity. DicRANUM (IsocARPUS) ANTARCTICUM (C. Mueller). A few stems with unripe fruit appear to belong to this species ; they were growing in a tuft of Jungermannia colorata (Hedw.). CAMPYLOPUS INTROFLEXUS (Hedw.). Barren. C. cavirouius, Mitt. Musc. Austr. Amer. 87. Also without fruit, in dense tufts. GRIMMIA (DRYPTODON) CHLOROCARPA, Mitt. Without fructifieation. G. (RHACOMITRIUM) LANUGINOSA, Dill. Tall stems, without fruit. APALODIUM AUSTRALE (Hook. f. et Wils.). With fruit not quite mature. ENTOSTHODON LAXUS (Hook. f. et Wils.). A single stem with young fruit and two or three barren plants. BARTRAMIA (PHILONOTIS) TENUIS, Tayl. Without fruit. B. (PHILONOTIS) REMOTIFOLIA (Hook. f. et Wils.). In extensive patches, with perfect fruit. B. (GLYPHOCARPUS) QUADRATA, Hook. Tall slender stems without fruit, amongst other mosses. B. (BREUTELIA) DUMOSA, Mitt, Sterile. BRYUM PENDULUM, Hornsch. Without fruit. B. pavicatuM, Hook. f. et Wils. Also sterile ; but in fine state. MIELICHHOFERIA TENUISETA, Mitt. In luxuriant growth, with immature fruit. COLLECTED DURING THE ‘ UHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 71 DISTICHOPHYLLUM FASCICULATUM, Mitt. Monoicum. Caulis debilis erectus fasciculatim ramosus ruber. Folia compressa omnia conformia, lateralia patentia, oblongo-ovalia obtusa, apiculo brevissimo szpius obsoleto terminata planiuscula, nervo tenui ultra medium evanido, limbo e triplici serie cellularum angustissima- rum marginata integerrima, cellulis hexagonis limpidis areolata ; peri- chetialia erecta interna late ovalia convoluta apice acuta subserrulata immarginata enervia. Theca in pedunculo elongato rubro levi erecta ovalis, collo seusim angustato. Growiug in a tufted manner intermixed with Jungermannia colorata. Caulis uncialis biuncialisve cum foliis lineam latus. Folia pallide stra- mineo-fusca sieca vix compressa marginibus flexuosis. Pedunculus unciam brevior. Like D. sinuosum, but with cells twice as large and an erect capsule. : D. IMBRICATUM, Mitt. Caulis rubro-fuscus fasciculatim ramosus erectus. Folia concava fere teretiuscule imbricata, ad ramorum apices in gemmam subacutam congesta, ovali-oblonga acuta apiculo parvo terminata, limbo e duplici serie cellularum angustissimarum marginata, nervo angusto ultra medium evanescente, cellulis limpidis hexagonis areolata. In a scattered manner amongst Gottschea carnosa. Caulis semiuncialis cum foliis vix compressis lineam latus. Similar to D. flaccidum, but with acute leaves which at the apices of the stems are imbricated in a cuspidate manner. PLAGIOTHECIUM ANTARCTICUM, Mitt. Monoicum, cæspitosum, ramis ascendentibus. Folia compressa sub- falcata nitida, caulina ovata acuminata integerrima enervia, ramea ovato-lanceolata tenuiter acuminata subenervia, omnia basi subcordata, cellulis angustis elongatis areolata ; perichætialia convoluta late ovata breviter acuminata. Theca in pedunculo elongato rubro ovalis inæ- qualis suberecta inclinatave operculo breviter conico peristomio interno ciliis in unum coalitis inter processus carinatos dentium longitudinis im- positis in membranam usque ad dimidiam dentium longitudinem insi- dentibus, Habitus adspectusque omnino P. pulchelli, foliis autem basi ad inser- tionem subcordatim dilatatis. STEREODON CUPRESSIFORMIS, Linn. A few barren stems. ACROCLADIUM POLITUM (Hook. f. et Wils.). : Small fragments attached to the lower parts of Grimmia lanuginosa. LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XV. G 72 MUSOI AND HEPATICA OF THE € CHALLENGER ’ EXPEDITION, AMBLYSTEGIUM DECUSSATUM, Hook, f. et Wils. A slender state, unlike the larger New-Zealand forms; but the substance of the leaves is not different. Hypnum (BRACHYTHECIUM) SUBPILOSUM, Hook. f. et Wils Without fruit. EUSTICHIA LONGIROSTRIS, Brid. Barren. PSILOPILUM AUSTRALE, Hook. f. et Wils. Male plants only. JUNGERMANNIA COLORATA, Lehm. et Lindenb, In large tufts with perfect fruit. PLAGIOCHILA MARIONENSIS, Mitt. f Cauiis erectus flexuoso-curvatus innovationibus continuus, ramis erectis fasciculatim ramosus. Folia erecto-patentia plus minus cauli appressa angulo apicali exteriore recurvo latissime ovata subrotunda, margine ventrali dentibus latis brevibus, dorsali integerrima, cellulis rotundis areolata. Amphigastria patula divaricatave lanceolata integra fur- catave fragilia sæpe obsoleta. Folia involucralia toto ambitu validius dentata. Perianthium ovatum compressum ore parvo truncato Cre- nulato. Caulis usque ad altitudinem quadriuncialem ascendens, cum foliis lineam latior, fuscus, Folia pallide viridia mox pallide fusca, firmiuscula, sicca parum mutata. P. retrospectanti habitu similis. LOPHOCOLEA PALLIDE-VIRENS, Hook. f. et Tayl. In small quantity amongst mosses. L. NoV.£-ZEALANDLE, Nees ab E. Withont fruit. GorTSCHEA CARNOSA, Mitt. ; Jaulis ascendens crassus pallidus carnosus. Folia patentia laxe imbri- cata lobo ventrali obovato obtuso, dorsali dimidiato obovato usque fere ad apicem lobi ventralis producto basi cum lobo opposito imbri- cato caulem tegente margine aleformi lobi ventralis infra medium linee conjunctionis desinente, ubique integerrima carnosula levi? Amphigastria lunulata cauli appressa. Caulis uncialis biuncialisque simplex furcatusve sesquilineam crassus cum foliis lineas tres latus, latere ventrali radicellis brevibus fuse!s- Folia pallide ceraceo-viridia, seniora pallide fusca. Near G. pachyphylla, but different in the rounded apices of its leaves. ON PLANTS COLLECTED AT THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS. 73 Lepipozia LÆVIFOLIA, Hook. f. et Tayi. Small barren stems with the Gotéschea and among mosses. HEARD ISLAND. CERATODON PURPUREUS (Linn.). In a small starved and blackened state, barren. GRIMMIA (ScHISTIDIUM) INSULARIS, Mitt. Monoica. Pulvinato-cespitosa. Folia patentia siccitate subfalea- tim curvata lanceolata subulato-angustata superne carinata integer- rima nervo crassiusculo percursa cellulis superioribus rotundis obscuris basalibus ad nervum angustis elongatis ad angulos oblongis rectan- gulis hyalinis; perichetialia erecta convoluta ovali-elliptica acumi- nata cellulis basalibus oblongis angulatis, superioribus parvis oblongis rotuudisque intermixtis. Theca immersa subrotunda ore amplo, oper- culo conico-acuminato, peristomio dentibus brevioribus. G. maritime statura habituque simillima sed foliis apice angustiore acu- minatis ct basi eellulis diversiformibus areolatis margine nullibi re- curvis. BARTRAMIA ROBUSTA, Hook. f. et Wils. A small state of what appears to be this species is intermixed with Ceratodon purpureus. FossoMBRONIA AUSTRALIS, Mitt. Caulis prostratus radicellis purpureis. Folia subquadrata angulata mar- gine flexuosa antice incurva, sporis margine echinatis. The specimens gathered by Mr. Moseley are without fruit, but aypear to belong to a species common in New Zealand aud Tas- mania, which in size agrees with F. angulosa, Raddi, but has more the habit of F. pusilla, to which last they have been usually referred. XXX. Notes on Plants collected and observed at the Admi- ralty Islands, March 3 to 10, 1875. By H. N. Moserty, Esq., M.A. [Read December 16th, 1875.] Tur Admiralty Islands are a group consisting of one large island and numerous small ones. The group lies between latitudes 1°50 S. and 3? 10' S., and longitudes 146? E. and 14826 E. It forms the north-westerly termination of the long curved chain of large a2 74 MR. H. N. MOSELEY ON PLANTS COLLECTED islands and groups of islands which, stretching roughly N.E. and S.W., is composed of the New-Ireland, Solomon, and New- Hebrides groups. The larger island of the Admiralty group is distant from New Hanover, the nearest large island of the chain, about 130 miles, and from the nearest point of New Guinea about 150 miles. A series of groups of small islands form connecting links between the Admiralty group and New Guinea; and a num- ber of the smaller islands of the Admiralty group lie between the large island and New Hanover. The centre of the large or main island is placed by D'Entrecasteau in lat. 2? 18' S. and long. 146? 44 E. The island, which is oblong in form, is about fifty, miles in extreme length, and sixteen in extreme breadth. It has, together with its immediately adjacent islets, an area of about 550 square miles. The main island is mostly of small elevation, but contains mountain-masses rising to a height of about 1600 feet, which were visible to the eastward of the anchorage of the ‘ Chal- lenger’ in Nares Anchorage. The examination of the islands made by us was confined to the extreme north-western portion of the northern coast of the main island, in the neighbourhood of Nares Bay, and to the numerous small outlying islands which, lying just off the coast, shelter that anchorage. The land-surface in the vicinity of Nares Bay consists of a series of low irregular ridges rising one above another, with wide flat expanses at the heads of bays on the coast, which are scarcely or not at all raised above sea-level, and thus are in a swampy con- dition. The mountains appear, from their form, to be volcanic; and it is probable that the obsidian used by the natives for their spear-heads is procured in them. A trachytic lava was found to compose one of the outlying islands; anda similar rock was ob- served on the mainland where it commenced to rise. A platform of coral-sand rock forms the coast-line of the main island in many places; and a similar rock is the only component of most of the small outlying islands. From the position of the Admiralty Islands with regard to the equator, their climate is necessarily an extremely damp one. A great deal of exceedingly heavy rain fell during the stay of the ‘Challenger.’ Rain fell on five days of the seven during which we were at Nares Anchorage, the total fall bemg 1:66 inch. The temperature of the air ranged between 86? and 75°°5 F., the mean of maximum and minimum observations being about 80° F. ; and the air was loaded with moisture. Dense clouds of AND OBSERVED AT THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS. 75 watery vapour hung about the forest-clad ranges, keeping the mountains most frequently concealed; and in the evenings clouds of mist hung about the lower land, looking like smoke rising from between the densely packed trees. Ina bay some miles to the eastward of the anchorage of the ‘Challenger,’ the mouth of a small river, apparently the outlet of the drainage of the mountains on this side, was found, and also'a very small brook; but running water was not elsewhere observed, and the rain probably drains to a large extent into the swamps. The main island, as viewed from seawards, is seen to be densely wooded everywhere. Along the summits of the ridges cocoa-nut palms show out against the sky, accompanied by areca palms, as can be made out on a nearer view. The general dark-green mass of vegetation on the hill-sides is festooned with creepers, and shows a peculiar horizontal banding of somewhat lighter green, due to the presence in abundance of a leguminous tree (Acacia ?), which has its branches and leaves spread in a succession of hori- zontal layers, contrasting strongly with the general mass of more vertically directed foliage. A closely similar appearance strikes the eye at first sight on viewing the vegetation of the Banda Islands. The tree producing the effect is probably the same in both cases. Unfortunately, of this, as of all the other high trees, no specimens were procured. The smaller outlying islands dotted about in front of the main island are all thickly wooded. The inhabited ones are distinguished at once by the large number of cocoa-nut trees growing upon them and forming the main feature of their vegetation. In several points of the coast there are mangrove-swamps, in one of which I collected three species of mangroves. Where the land rises a little higher, so as not to be constantly overflowed by the tide, there is a sandy beach ; and the shore is lined by various littoral trees, amongst which a Barringtonia and a tree * with oval leaves and a pear-shaped fruit with a stony kernel (Calophyllum inophyllum) are the most frequent. The trees overhang the sea with immense horizontal branches ; and the bases of many of the * On the small Observatory Island it is the only tree, except a Pandanus and a young Barringtonia 1 foot high, the fruit of which has drifted up and germinated. The roots of this tree are gnawed by a terrestrial Pagurid (Ceno- bita) which inhabits the small islands in abundance ; twenty or thirty of these crabs were to be seen gnawing at one long wound in a root, apparently feeding on an exuding gum. 76 MR. H. N. MOSELEY ON PLANTS COLLECTED trees are constantly washed by the waves, but nevertheless have large woody fungi growing upon them, sometimes so low down as also to be frequently immersed. The overhanging branches are loaded with epiphytes, all growing thus suspended over the sea, so that I had to wade up to my middle in order to gather many of them. Amonst these epiphytes are several species of orchids, five or six of which were found in flower or fruit, and a plant with woody stem and flowers sessile upon it with succulent bright pink ealyces*. Growing with these is a Hymenophyllum in profusion, forming continuous sheets of green, a Niphobolus, and a Lygodium, which twines round the branches in all di- rections ; whilst a Psilotum and the long light-green pendent fronds of Ophioglossum pendulum hang down from the branches in bunches. Further, a nearly white moss [? Leucophanes, sp.] forms large, rounded, compact cushions conspicuous amongst the darker green of the other plants, and reminding me in its habit of antarctic rather than tropical vegetation. Asplenium nidus throws up its crowns of fronds in all directions from the branches in great abund- ance ; and the curious inflated boles of a Hydnophytum t, many of them as much as 1} foot in diameter, are perched all about in the forks. Isaw no specimens of Myrmecodia armata, which occurs so commonly with Hydrophytum in Aru and the Moluccas. The kind of littoral vegetation just described was seen best developed at Wyville Point. At another part of the eoast, in the vicinity of the small river, where the shore, being less sheltered and exposed to a heavy surf, is not encroached upon to its verge by large trees, several com- mon littoral tropical plants occurred which were not found else- where :—a small trailing bean with yellow flower | Vigna lutea]; a yellow-flowered composite usually herbaceous, but here in places forming a woody shrub: the large Crinum so abundant on the shores at Aru in the Philippines; and Zpom«a pes-capre, which, euriously enough, was nowhere very abundant. Three species of Pandanus grew here also, together with a Casuarina (C. equiseti- folia) and a white-flowered apocynaceous tree with chocolate- coloured ovoid fruits and an abundant milky juice (Cerbera ?). In Nares Anchorage, not very far from our anchorage and close to the main island, a small thickly wooded island (Pigeon Island) is inhabited by immense numbers of a fruit-pigeon (Carpophaga * [Perhaps a Medinilla, but specimens not identifiable.—D. O.] + (Sp. nov.? Foliis crasse coriaceis subcomosis.—D. O.] AND OBSERVED AT THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS. 77 decanica). Large numbers of these pigeons were killed; and I preserved specimens of the fruits contained in their crops, all of which fruits I failed to find or reach in the growing condition. Amongst the fruits were abundance of wild nut- megs and wild coffee-berries. The various species of Carpo- phaga must play a most important rôle in the distribution of plants, and especially trees, over the wide region inhabited by them. The crops of the birds are found to contain an astonish- ing quantity of fruits,some even larger than the nutmeg. Many of the fruits are entirely uninjured and quite fit for germination ; and since when wounded, and probably also often when frightened, or by accident, the pigeons readily eject these fruits and constantly eject the hard kernels, these birds must constantly be transporting the seeds of trees from one island to another. As soon as evera few littoral trees, such as Barringtonia, have established them- selves by drifted seeds upon a fresh coral island, the pigeons alight in their passages upon these trees and drop the germs of more inland trees. I saw the pigeons thus resting on one of the two or three trees as yet growing on Observatory Island, a very small islet in Nares Bay. At Banda formerly the growth of the nutmegs was confined by the Dutch Government to one island of the group, Great Banda, and the trees on the other islands were destroyed. It was found necessary, however, to send a Commis- sion every year to uproot the young nutmeg-trees sown on the other islands, especially Gunong Api, by the fruit-pigeons. Some of the wild nutmegs in the stomachs of the birds from Pigeon Island were soft and partially digested, and unfit for germination. The main island immediately opposite Pigeon Island consists of a low swampy flat of coral sandstsne covered with a dense growth of high trees. Immediately at the water’s edge, along the sandy beach, are the usual littoral trees with banks of seaweeds thrown up at their roots, whilst a few yards inland a different set of trees, with tall straight trunks, grow, the trees being so closely set that it is very sensibly dark beneath them. Amongst these trees is one with a vermilion-red fruit, which fruit was also found at Aru, and, lying thickly scattered on the mud * Sir Charles Lyell (Principles of Geology, ninth edition, p. 624) refers to the transportation of seeds by the agency of birds, and notes especially the transpor- tation effected by pigeons, quoting Captain Cook’s ‘ Voyages’ (book 3. chap. iv.) where it is stated that at Tamra “ Mr. Foster shot a pigeon " [obviously a Car- pophaga| “in whose craw was a wild nutmeg.” 78 MR. H. N. MOSELEY ON PLANTS COLLECTED beneath the tree, is a familiar object at both places, and which was further found on the sea-surface off the north coast of New Guinea amongst the drift-wood from the Ambernoh river. Whilst the ground beneath is bare and muddy and beset with the bare roots of the trees, the trunks of the trees and fallen logs in these dark swampy woods are covered with the most luxuriant growth of feathery mosses and Jungermannias. On one of these tree- _trunks I found also a very curious fern, Trichomanes peltatum. The fronds of the fern are orbicular in form, and adhere in rows (as connected by the slender rhizome) to the bark. They are pressed absolutely flat against the bark, so as to look like an ad- hering crust, and have all the appearance of a Riccia, or some such form, for which, indeed, I took them when I gathered the specimens by cutting off flakes of the bark. At a few hundred yards inland are tracts covered with young sago-palms with several species of Zinziberacee and large swamp-ferns grow- ing beneath them, and a Sphagnum in small quantities. On a collecting-expedition to this part of the island I crossed the swamp, here about half a mile in width, and came to a steep rise in the land of about 30 feet or so. Here the rock appeared to be voleanie, and the soil, draining itself into the swamp below, was firm and comparatively dry. The vegetation here changed its aspect considerably ; and a tree fern, about 6 feet in height, oc- curred at the verge of the rise, and a Melastoma. The rising ground itself was covered with a dense growth of trees, with but little underwood. Beneath these trees grew in abundance iso- lated tufts of Trichomanes javanicum, the erect fern-like Selagi- nella inequalifolia (so abundant in the Fijis, the Aru islands, and the Moluccas), and a small zingiberaceous herb. I found many trees here which I had not met with in the swampy ground. The trees were covered with climbing Aroids, of only one spe- cies of which I was able to obtain fertile specimens. Asple- nium nidus and several epiphytic ferns of somewhat similar habit were abundant; but I missed the large Platycerium so abundant at the Aru islands. The Trichomanes javanicum and all the low vegetation here was bound together by a horsehair-like Rhizo- morpha, which was in such abundance as to be a hindrance in the securing of good specimens of the plants. Of palms I saw, on the whole, in the Admiralty Islands five spe- cies—the cocoa-nut, sago, and Areca palms, a Caryota, and a small fan-palm. I procured specimens of leayes only of the two AND OBSERVED AT THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS. 79 latter. The fan-palms appeared identical with one procured in the Aru Islands. I saw no rattans: but they grow in the islands; for in one canoe I saw a rattan stem in use as a cable. A young palm with prickly leaf-stalks, a dried specimen of which is sent, may prove to be of a further species. The cocoa-nut palm is, as has been before mentioned, abundant on the inhabited islands, where young trees are planted by the inhabitants with great care around their villages, each young tree being protected from the numerous pigs or other injury by means ofa neat wicker- work cylindrical fence. On the uninhabited islands cocoa-nut palms are occasionally, but not abundantly, present. The natives, however, plant the palms on uninhabited islands ; for I found four or five young trees planted on Observatory Island, each carefully girt atits base with a circle of stones. Cocoa-nut palms grow also on the mainland, on the tops of the hill-ridges, mostly in clumps, as if one or a few trees originally established had seeded others around. There can be no doubt that these plants were planted by natives; and most probably the spot occupied by each clump was inhabited at some time. This part of the main island may formerly have been more thickly inhabited than it at present appears to be. I saw no dwarf varieties of the cocoa-nut; the trees are all of the common tall kind. The Areca palm is abundant almost everywhere on the main island. The sago-palm grows, as usual, socially, in swamps; as usual, also, there is a very large preponderance of immature examples which have not yet begun to form a stem. Indeed it was only in one swamp that any stemmed specimens were met with at all. No doubt the natives lose no time in felling all the ma- ture trees in spots easily accessible from the coast, and very often cut them before they are mature, for fear of their falling into other hands. A Cyead is abundant, and grows occasionally to a height of 30 feet, looking like a palm. The three species of Pandanus met with are identical with the three found at the Aru Islands. The two larger ones were com- mon and striking features in the aspect of the coast-vegetation. lsaw no bamboos in the islands, and they are not in general use amongst the natives; but I saw a few chunam boxes made of bamboo joints. Amongst the large forest trees an enormous Ficus, with the usual wonderful compound stem, was the most striking. A tree also with the vertical plant-like roots, a familiar phenomenon in 80 MR. If. N. MOSELEY ON THE PLANTS COLLECTED Philippine forests, was common ; but, unfortunately, as usual, no specimens from the high trees could be obtained. A few flowers were picked up upon the ground; but it was found impossible to make out to which tree, amongst a number of trunks, a particular blossom spread over the ground belonged. Several araliaceous trees and shrubs were characteristic features of the vegetation. A bright-coloured Coleus was amongst the few terrestrial herbs. A Dracena, often beautifully reddened, was common; but no brilliant Crotons were seen. A bright-flowered malvaceous tree (Thespesia populnea) was amongst the littoral trees. Possibly this yields fibres for ropes &c. to the natives. Fungi were abundant on the dead wood in the swamps and woods ; and a considerable number of forms were collected, some of which, I think, are of special interest. Seaweeds were cast up on the shores at every tide in great abundanee, and yielded a greater variety of species than had before been met with by me on tropical coral coasts. Notes on the various Plants made use of as Food and as Implements, Clothing, &c. by the Natives of the Admiralty Islands. The principal vegetable food of the Admiralty-Island natives, besides cocoa-nuts, is sago, which is roughly prepared and made up into hard masses of a cylindrical form, which were constantly carried by the natives in their canoes. The cylinders are about 1} foot long and 8 to 10 inches or so in diameter, and are done up in mats for preservation. A specimen of the sago is sent for the Kew Museum. Besides sago, the natives have a taro (Caladium esculentum ?), whieh is eultivated by them, but apparently in no very great quantities. A very similar Caladium was found growing wild on the main island. The plant is eultivated in small enclosures round the houses in the villages; but I saw such cultivated taro only in one village on D’Entrecasteau Island; on Wyld Island (the other inhabited island near the anchorage) I saw no traces of such cultivation. The rhizomes are of excellent quality, and were much used on board the ship. No yams or sweet potatoes were seen on the islands. The natives have plantains, but not in abundance. A species of Artocarpus grows on the inhabited island, near the houses. The natives eat a wild mango and 4 small wild fig, also the fertile fronds of a large Acrostichwm (A, aureum?) and a large brown fruit (Anonacee ?) which was AND OBSERVED AT THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS. 81 found growing at Aru on a large forest-tree. (Specimens of all these fruits are sent in the collection.) The natives have also a sugar-cane much larger and finer than that of the Papuans at Humboldt Bay. The ripe canes were 6 feet long and 13 inch in diameter. They were heavy; but did not, of course, contain as much sugar as West-Indian canes. The natives chew betel, using the betel-pepper, Areca-nut, and coral-lime, or chunam, as usual, together. (The natives of the Louisiade use the Areca-nut and chunam only, and have no betel- pepper—Maegillivray, ‘ Voyage of the ‘ Rattlesnake,’ vol. i. p.222.) One or two natives only were observed who did not use betel. Nearly all use it to excess. I did not see the betel- pepper growing, but only saw it in use. The chunam is car- ried, as a& Humboldt Bay, in long gourds perforated at one end to receive the long stick or spoon with which tne lime is carried to the mouth. The gourd here in use is different in form from either of the two forms in use at Humboldt Bay. The use of tobacco is unknown to the natives, as is also that of kaava. The women wear as their only clothes two bunches of a grass, apparently—one in front, the other behind. The men wear occa- sionally a narrow strip of bark cloth about 5 feet long and 6 or 8 inches in breadth, which is almost white when new and clean. The cloth is in the form of a long natural sae open at both ends, being evidently loosened from the cut limb of the tree from which it is made by beating, and then drawn off entire. This cloth is sometimes reddened by being rubbed with a red earth used by the natives for smearing their bodies. No better native cloth was seen; and the natives apparently do not know the method of fusing the fibrous matter from several pieces of bark together, so as to form taffa like that of Fiji or Tonga. I saw no articles of ornament or clothing here made of a Rhizomorpha, as occurs ab Fiji and Humboldt Bay. Very neat armlets and waistbelts, of mixed yellow and black fibres plaited together, are made by the natives; and excellent bags are made of a fine plaited mat-work. The seeds of Coix Lachryma are used as beads, as they are by so many other savages, and are also used as ornaments to the obsidian-headed spears, the native's chief weapon—being lashed round the necks of the spears just below the heads, so as to form four or more longitudinal rows. A dry double ovoid fruit is worn sometimes in the huge slit in the ear as an ornament, 82 REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME the fruit hanging at the junction of the two ovoids. The fruit was not found growing. For use in their canoes, an excellent strong rope, apparently of some bark-fibre, is made by the natives; also a most perfect small twine, of which large sein-like fishing-nets are made, and also small hand-nets, of which latter a specimen is forwarded. The fine twine is probably made of plantain-fibre. No use ap- pears to be made by the natives of the fibre of the cocoa-nut bush. A hard brown fruit, as big as a goose’s egg, is used for cementing the seams of canoes. The fruit is broken open for the purpose, in order to obtain the kernel, which, I think, is applied raw; but in what manner, I did not find out. The fruit is for- warded. The natives do not use bright Crotons or Dracenas for decoration of their persons, as do the Papuans of Humboldt Bay. I saw only one man with green leaves fastened to his shoulders, and one with a flower of Hibiscus rosa sinensis stuck in his hair. A leaf is often worn doubled over the cone of hair, which is made to project from the back of the head by tying the usual loose mop of hair round at its base close to the back of the head. The leaf thus worn looks like a sort of bonnet. A Dracena leaf is often used. About the houses in the villages bright red Draesnas are commonly planted as ornaments, representing the flower-garden in its most primitive stage. I saw no bright Amaranthus flowers, though the Humboldt-Bay natives had plenty of them. Of clearings of land for the cultivation of taro or sugar-cane in quantity, such as are to be seen at the Aru Islands and Fiji, and such as there are probably at Humboldt Bay, no traces were seen, Supplement to the Enumeration of Fungi of Ceylon. By the Rev. M. J. BeRkELXY, F.L.S., and C. E. Broome, Esq., F.L.S. (Read December 16, 1875.) [Prane II.] ON a revision of the large collections from Ceylon sent by Mr. Thwaites, a few unrecorded species have occurred, and two very curious new genera, of both of which we are enabled to give faithful sketches, though it is very desirable that a larger supply of specimens should be received, especially of Endocalyz, which, with the formerly described Alwisia, is somewhat anomalous amongst the Myxogastres. The early stage of both is quite ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON, 83 unknown; and they may possibly form a group with Lycogala terrestre between Myxogastres and Trichogastres. Large as is the number of species which we have described, doubtless many remain to repay future researches; and we stil hope that his numerous duties will not entirely draw off our friend from his favourite Cryptogams. * Po.typorus pissitus, B. & Br. (Thwaites, no. 966.) Spores angular, -10001-°00015 long. 1188. PrERULA MULTIFIDA, Fr. (No. 19.) On the ground amongst small herbaceous fragments. Peradeniya. Artocreas, B. d Br. It is necessary to remark that this is synonymous with Miche- nera, B. & Curtis, and that Artrocreas, B. & C., is the same with Michenera artocreas, B. & C., Cuban Fungi, no. 413. *“DIDERMA DEPRESSUM, Fr. (No. 1044.) 1189. Dipymium sQUAMULOSUM, Fr. (No. 1039.) On bark. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869. “D. microcarpon, Fr., var. zanthopus, Ditm. (No.76.) =D. fari- naceum, no. 748. 1190. D. RETICULATUM, B. & Br. Adnatum, reticulatum ; peridio sulfureo, furfuraceo; floccis pallide citrinis; sporis nigris (no. 1046). Amongst short moss. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868. *PuvsaRUM NUTANS, P. (No. 1038.) On thin bark. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868. 1191. P. nipERMoiIpzs, P. (No. 135.) Placed doubfully under Didymium cinereum, 756. 1192. P. LIvipum, Rostref., var. conglobatum, Fr. (No. 55.) On various decaying substances. 1193. P. MürLERI, B. (No. 1043.) On dead wood, Peradeniya; Crocodile Creek, Queensland. Looks just like Trichamphora paradoxa; but the spores are quite dif- ferent. We cannot at present give the characters of this species, as the specimens are at Strasburg. 1194. Dicryptum AMBIGUUM, Schrad. On decayed wood. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869. 84. REV. M. J. BERKELEY AND MR. C. E. BROOME 1195. STEMONITIS DICTYOSPORA, Rostaf. Mon. p. 195. (No. 47.) On bark. Nov, 1867. 1196. S. sciNTiLLANS, B. & Br. Peridio globoso, subviridi-cupreo ; stipite setiformi, aterrimo, nitidissimo ; floccis ramosis sporisque glo- bosis fuscis (no. 1042). On the underside of dead leaves. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869. Spores “0003 in diameter. 1197. OPHIOTHECA WRIGHTII, B. & C., Cuba, 544 (No. 1047.) On slender herbaceous petioles. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868. Spores ‘0004 long, granulated. 1198. O. B1coLon, B. § Br. Peridio globoso, rubro, minute granulato, sporis flavis pulverulentis (no. 350). On the rind of Nephelium lappaceum. Rambootan. Spores “0002 long. 1199. HEMIARCYRIA KansTENI, Rostaf. Mon. (No. 49.) On dead wood. Peradeniya. 1200. TRicHIA CLAVATA, P. (No. 24.) On bark. Central Province, Dec. 1868. 1201. PERICH.xNA MARGINATA, B. & Br. Congesta, pallide cinerea, cireumscissa, angulata, intus castanea, margine distincto eireumdata ; sporis floecisque elasticis flavis. (No. 49.) On dead wood. Peradeniya. 1202. LICEA ciNNABARINA, B. 4 Br. Applanata, cinnabarina, pa- pillosa, e strato membranaceo hyalino oriunda; sporis subglobosis, leevibus (no. 663). On bark. South of island, July 1868. Spores ‘0005-0006 in diameter. *ALWISIA BOMBARDA, B. 4 Br. The figure (tab. 2. fig. 6) represents merely the simplest form. A more characteristic figure is given here (Tab. II. fig. 1). Enpocatyx, B. & Br. Peridium calyciforme, pedunculatum, villosum, demum ruptum, e basi crassa oriundum ; spore subglobose echinulatze. 1203. ENpocaLyx Tuwartestt, B. § Br. Ore insigniter laciniato, laciniis elongatis; stipite gracili, elongato (no. 1048). On dead sticks. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869. ON THE FUNGI OF CEYLON. 85 Spores varying from globose to oval, “0006-0008 in diameter. Tab. II. fig. 2. Plant and spores magnified. 1204. E. esriLosToMaA, B. & Br. Ore primum integro, dein fisso; sti- pite brevi erassiore. ' With the last. Spores :0008—001 in diameter. This curious genus is evidently closely allied to Alwisia. The spores, however, are very different and not half the diameter. 1205. IsaRIA GLAUCA, Dittm. (No. 571.) Probably a state of some lichen. Aotinicers, B. & Br. Stipes hyalinus, e floccis congestis in capitulum globosum radi- antibus, hie in spieulas conicas vitreas granulatas desinenti- bus, illic in ramulos tenerrimos ; spore minutissime. 1206. ACTINICEPS THWAITESI, B.§ Br. (No. 1040.) On dead coriaceous leaves. Peradeniya, Dec. 1868. Stem “017 high, head “0065 in diameter. The curious spicules are more like parts of a sponge than of a fungus. Tab. II. fig. 3: c, plant magnified ; b, threads of which the stem is com- posed; c, one of the spicules; d, ends of threads with spores. 1207. MvRoTHECIUM ATROCARNEUM, D. § Dr. Disco atro, depla- nato, e massa carnea oriundo ; sporis elliptieis (no. 167). Spores “003 long. 1208. RHINoTRICHUM PALLIDUM, B. & Br. Pallide citrinum, effu- sum, floccis articulatis; articulis spiculiferis, sporiferis; sporis subglo- bosis v. obovatis (no. 1025). On dead vegetable matter. Peradeniya, Jan. 1869. Very pale lemon-coloured ; spores “0007 long, “0005 wide. 1209. AscoBoLUus cERVvINUS, B. & Br. Olivaceus, extus furfuraceus ; margine discreto; ascis rectis oblongis; sporis minoribus (no. 422). On dung. Peradeniya, Feb. 1869. Allied to A. erugineus, with which it agrees in colour and the distinct margin; the asci, however, are straight and much smaller, as are also the spores, though in the specimens before us they have scarcely arrived at maturity. Spores 6000 long.” 86 MR. 8. LE MARCHANT MOORE ON THE OCCURRENCE 1210. SpH 2ROSTILBE GRACILIPES, Tul. (No. 27.) On dead wood. 1211. Necrria Gyrosa, B.§ Br. Peritheciis in stroma aurantiacum immersis, oblongis, sursum incrassatis; ostiolo nigro, quandoque elongato; ascis clavatis; sporidiis biserialibus, ellipticis, unisep- tatis. Spores *0003—0004 long, :00015--0002 wide. Confounded in the memoir with Diatrype gyrosa. *DoTHIDEA RHYTISMOIDES, Cd. (No. 1141.) Occurrence of Staminal Pistillody in an Acanthad. By S. Le Marcnant Moors, Esq., F.L.S. [Read June 17, 1875.] (Puates IIT. & IV.) Tue subject of the present notice is the Whitfieldia lateritia, Hook., an example of which has lately been flowering in the Palm-house at Kew. The normal floral arrangement in this plant is as follows :—The bud is protected by a couple of broadly ovate bracts ; these are succeeded by a 5-cleft calyx with oblanceolate segments, inside which is placed the corolla with a tube considerably longer than the calyx, and a half-spreading five-lobed limb exhibiting but slight differentiation into upper and lower lip. Upon the corolla-tube, and at a distance from its base of about a quarter of its length, are seated four stamens in two pairs, one of which has its origin 4 little higher than the other; each filament bears an anther, con- sisting of two equal cells with sagittate bases and shallow pollen- cavities ; the fifth stamen is entirely wanting ; and the whole an- dreecium is girt at its base by a fringe of fine hairs. The ovary is very much compressed laterally ; it has at its base a deep fleshy annular disk ; and its two cells contain each a couple of retinaculum- supported campylotropous ovules. These various points of struc ture are sufficiently illustrated by the figures 1-6. The most simple deviation met with is not one exhibiting pis- tillody. In this case the normally absent fifth stamen is repre- sented by a short staminodic filament alternating with the lobes of the upper lip; it is of an arched form, and about a line in length. OF STAMINAL PISTILLODY IN AN ACANTHAD. 87 This deviation, doubtless one of reappearance of a selection-lost organ, is associated with a modification of the number of ovules in one of the ovarian cells, which contains three of them; the third, however, is very small, and, though provided with two coats, would probably not have developed into a seed. The calyx and corolla remain entirely unchanged in all cases exhibiting pistillody, the least-abnormal appearance presented on the oceurrence of which is shown at fig. 7, where two of the stamens are seen to have the ordinary form; the third consists of an unequally two-lobed anther hoisted up on a coiled hair-fringed filament about one third as long as its unchanged fellows. The larger of these anther-lobes is usual in shape and amount of pollen produced; the smaller contains but few pollen-grains, and has at its base an ovuloid body seated on a halfmoon-shaped support, evi- dently representing a retinaculum. The fourth stamen has the filamentary region but very slightly developed ; one of the anther- cells is represented by a short spirally twisted band foreshadowing a style, while the other is fairly formed, contains a little pollen at its lower end, and has at its base a small ovule-like papilla on a boss of rudimentary-retinaculate nature; the stamen is hollowed out immediately below the cells, the lower part of the hollow hold- ing four well-developed retinaculum-supported ovules. The last thing to be noted is the rudiment of the fifth stamen ; with the ex- ception of the instance mentioned above, this is the only case of the occurrence of such a structure (figs. 8-11). The next example is very interesting. In this, while two of the stamens are normal in position and structure, the other two are ovuliferous, and have very short filaments inserted on the disk (fig. 12). Fig. 13 shows one of these stamens dissected away: the one cell is usual ; the other is separated into two parts, one of which appears as a twisted false-stylar addition to the normal cell, and the other is a small zigzag-outlined body, forming one of the boun- daries of the filamentary cavity, which contains at its base two well-developed ovules. Fig. 14 represents the second stamen bears only one ovule, and has an almost full-formed half-cell. In the next case the abnormality is greater. Here (fig. 15) all the stamens are ovuliferous and seated on the disk. One cell of each anther is normal; the other presents the spiral winding alluded to above (fig. 16). The ovules in all these transformed stamens are two in number, in this respect agreeing with the ordinary ovarian cell. The ovary is very deeply modified ; it is LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XV. H 88 MR. S. LE MARCHANT MOORE ON THE OCCURRENCE a subglobular three-lobed and three-styled organ (fig. 17), the three lobes of unequal size: the least bears a couple of small ovules ; the next larger has two ovules of ordinary size (fig. 18), while in the largest of the lobes are seated three stalked ovule-grotesques. The knobbed appendages to the two longer of these stalks are very far from being perfect ovules; but the point of greatest in- terest relates to the small short-stalked body springing from the sinus of dichotomy of the other two. This, as shown in the figure (19), has a linear slit running the whole length across its anterior face; and appearances were so suspicious, that I carefully exa- mined it for pollen ; and though I was not able to detect any, yet I rather incline to the belief that it may be an incipient pollinife- rous organ. I was able to examine only one more flower; and this exhibits a modification of form not before observed. In this, stamen No. 1 presents the appearance shown in fig. 16, but with the addition of a third, lowermost ovule about half the size of the others. Stamen No. 2 (fig. 20) is an unstalked pistilloid body with a short curved hairy style, bearing inside its cavity, which communicates with the outer world by means of a longitudinal slit continued to the extremity of the style, three ovules, the uppermost of which is the smallest. No.3 has the same form as the last; it contains four well-formed ovules. No 4 is to all intents and purposes a carpel, arising, as it does, but a slight distance below the organic apex, and having a long curved style intertwined with the styles of the ova- | rian carpels. Its carpelloid nature is very emphatically pronounced, inasmuch as it contains not less than five ovules, four of which are full-formed, while the fifth is about half the size of the rest. This organ is joined to the ovary about its centre by a narrow isthmus of tissue, and has a completely impervious cavity. In all cases where an uncoiled style manifests itself, it is grooved from base to apex, which condition also holds with the styles of the two carpels composing the ovary of this last-mentioned flower, one of whose carpels contains two, and the other three ovules. I spoke above of a form having four hypogynous transformed stamens and a three-lobed ovary ; and I venture to suggest that this third ovarian lobe may be regarded as a reappearance of the normally absent fifth stamen. This suggestion derives strength from the fact that a modified stamen has undoubtedly been found in organic connexion with the ovary; and, on the other hand, if OF STAMINAL PISTILLODY IN AN ACANTIHAD. 89 the facts of teratology can be held to have any weight in connexion with the history of descent, such, in this case, is almost nil; for one shudders to think of the immense period which must have elapsed since the Personate Adam possessed a three-celled ovary. Of course there remains the third alternative, that it is a structural “leap in the dark "—a freak of development induced by cultivation. I have looked up all the bibliography bearing on this subject with which I am acquainted, and have met with two cases only in which a normally epipetalous stamen became ovuliferous and hy- pogynous: Brongniart* has described a Jacob's Ladder in which the corolla is partially aborted, being represented by five small -greenish folioles free from each other, while the transformed sta- mens, inserted beneath the ovary, bear ovules enclosed in an im- pervious cavity; and Masterst speaks of having seen a drawing by the Rev. G. Smith of a specimen of Primula acaulis, in which the stamens were hypogynous and bore ovules in open cavities. Wigand¢ has figured and described a case of Gentiana amarella in which there were two ovarially-inserted stamens ; but these bore pollen in the ordinary way. Two roads of investigation remain to be opened out in connex- ion with this Whitfieldia :—one, an attempt at fertilization of the exposed ovules; the other, to determine whether there exists a causal relation between the amounts of polliniferous and ovulife- rous production respectively—in other words, whether each trans- formed organ is strictly limited as to the extent of its exhibition of the sexual elements, or whether cultivation has so profoundly modified it that such is not the case. Should the opportunity occur at a future time, I propose to myself the pleasure of experimenting in this direction, EXPLANATION OF PLATES III. & IV. Figs. 1-6. Structure of normal flower of Whitfieldia lateritia: fig. 1, natural size; the rest (as all the other figures) more or less magnified. 1. Flower and appendages. 2. The same laid open (the asterisk- marked lobes are those of the upper lip). 3. An anther. 4. Ovary in longitudinal section. 5. The same unopened: 0, ovary; d, disk; r, receptacle. 6. Campylotropous ovule on its reti- naculum. * Bull. Soc. Bot. t. viii. p. 453. t Veget. Terat. p. 308. f Flora, 1856, t. viii. fig. 6 p. 715. LINN. JOURN.— BOTANY, VOL. XV. I 90 PROF. OLIVER ON PLANTS Figs. 7-11. Flower with two stamens normal. 10. The ovuloid body on its retinaculum. 11. o, papilla at base of anther-cell. 12-14. Transformed parts of the next-described flower. 15-19. Flower with four hypogynous stamens. 19. p, the incipient pol- liniferous (?) organ. 20, 21. The case last mentioned. 21. a, the modified stamens, with im- pervious ovule-bearing cavity. Enumeration of Plants collected by V. Loverr Cameron, Lieut. R.N., in the region about Lake Tanganyika. By D. Okrvxn, F.R.S. & L.S., Keeper of the Herbarium, Royal Gardens, Kew. [Read November 4, 1875.] [THe following notes comprise’ an enumeration of the species contained in a small parcel of plants received at Kew in February 1875, and whieh had been collected by Lieut. Cameron south of Kawele (lat. 4? 58' 3" S., long. 30? 4' 30" E.), in his journey round the shores of Lake Tanganyika in search of the outlet which he discovered in the River Lukuga on the west side. Lieut. Cameron believes this to flow into the Lualaba, which he all but positively identifies with the Congot. The flora of the region round the lake, on this supposition, belongs to the Congo river-basin. The enumeration has been drawn up by Prof. Oliver; the descriptions of new species are by himself and by Messrs. Baker and Spencer Moore, assistants in the herbarium.] The new species described below are marked *. Clematis Kirkii, Oliv. Waltheria americana, L. Cleome hirta, Oliv. Triumfetta semitriloba, L., or Courbonia decumbens, Brongn. T. rhomboidea, Jacq. Abutilon ? sp. Ochna macrocalyx, Oliv. Hibiscus cannabinus, L. Vitis, sp. nov. ? Gossypium barbadense, L. V. serpens, Hochst., var. ? ? Dombeya spectabilis, Boj. (M. Polycarpea corymbosa, Lam. T. M. in Trop. Afr: Flora Crotalaria laburnifolia, D. . p. 227). Pueraria? t See Proc. R. Geog. Soc. xix. p. 75. COLLECTED BY LIEUT. CAMERON. 91 Indigofera (§ Trichopode) cuneata, J. G. B.* I. ($ Dissitiflore) dissitiflora, J- G: B * I. hirsuta, L. I.: an I. torulosa, J. G. B.? I. (S Tinctoriæ) Cameroni, J. G. B.* Phaseolus, sp. Erythrina tomentosa, R. Br. Eriosema rhynchosioides, J. G B! Doliochos ? sp. Cassia, Sp. Jesalpineacea, allied to the “ Kobbo " of Dr. Schwein- furth, referred by him to Humboldtia. Dichrostachys nutans, Benth. Rhus insignis, Del, var. ? Leafy specimen only. Kalanchoe platysepala ? Welw. Jussiea villosa? var. Cephalandra? sp. Vernonia obconica, Oliv. & Hiern, ined. : V. pauciflora? Less. Conyza egyptiaca, Ait. Spheranthus. Perhaps anew species allied to S, peduncu- laris. Gutenbergia polycephala, Oliv. & Hiern *. Leptactinia heinsioides, Hiern, Sp. nov. ined, Oldenlandia. Near O. parvi- lora ? Kraussia congesta, Oliv. * Jasminum auriculatum, var. B. zanzibarense? (I. tet- tense, Kl.). Strychnos ? sp. Leafy speci- men only (perhapsthe same from Batoka country, Dr. Kirk). Strychnos? sp. leate specimen. Asclepiadacea (Raphio- nacme ?). Convolvulus (Breweria mal- vacea? Kl.). Ipomea. Allied to I. simplex and allies. Convolvulus? sp. Trichodesma zeylanicum,R.Br. Heliophytum indicum, DC. Leonotis nepetefolia, R. Br. Ocymum canum, Sims., var. ? Ocymum near O. obovatum, E. Mey. Ocymum, sp.? Sesamum. Not in a state to describe, with very narrow leaves. Sesamum. Perhaps the same species. Similar to a spe- eimen collected by Dr. Kirk in S.E. Africa, but not in fruit. Striga elegans, Benth, ? Rhamphicarpa tubulosa, Benth. Rhamphicarpa. Perhaps R. tubulosa, with oblique ros- trate included capsule. Rhamphicarpa Cameroniana, Oliv.* Rhamphicarpa? Too imper- fect for description. 12 Leafy acu- 92 PROF. OLIVER ON PLANTS Cycnium adonense ? E. Mey. Thunbergia near T. oblongi- folia, Oliv. Nelsonia tomentosa, Willd. Barleria limnogeton, Spencer Moore *, Hypoéstes, sp. for description. Lantana? sp. Lantana near L. salviefolia. Vitex? Leaves simple. Not in state to describe. Vitex. Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets oblanceolate, ob- tuse, or broadly pointed, entire, glabrescent, more or less tomentose toward the base of the midrib be- neath. Not in flower. Cyclonema spinescens, Oliv. * Plumbago zeylanica, L. P. amplexicaulis, Oliv. * Arthrosolen glaucescens, Oliv. * Amarantacea, dub. Perhaps Achyranthes. Too decayed to describe. Euphorbiacea an Phyllanthus? sp. Not in flower, Acalypha, sp. ? Habenaria ? ? Insufficient Lissochilus, sp. Walleria Mackenzit, Kirk. Gloriosa virescens, Lindl. The typical plant, and also a form with very broad subopposite leaves. Asparagus racemosus, Willd. A. asiaticus, L. A. Pauli-Gulielmi, Solms. Anthericum Cameroni, J G B." Chlorophytum macrophyllum, A. Rich. Cienkowskia? sp. Hemanthus, sp. Gladiolus near G. natalen- sis ? Aneilema longifolia, Hook. Commelyna, two species. Nerine, sp. Fuirena pubescens, Kunth. Cyperus rotundus, L. C. coloratus, V. Setaria glauca, Beauv. Tricholena rosea, Nees. Stipa, sp. Eragrostis poeoides, Beauv. E. Chapelieri, Nees. Eragrostis, sp. Hymenophyllum | polyanthos, Sw. INDIGOFERA CUNEATA, Baker. Suffruticosa, ramulis gracillimis dense pubescentibus, folis perparvis subsessilibus simplicibus vel ternato- digitatis, foliolis minutis obovato-cuneatis crassis pilosis complicatis, floribus solitariis raro geminis, pedunculis gracillimis folio multo lon- gioribus, calyce minuto dense setoso dentibus linearibus, petalis mi- nutis rubellis, legumine cylindrico glabrescente atro-brunneo, semini- bus pluribus. Belongs to the section Trichopode, and closely resembles I. tri- COLLECTED BY LIEUT. CAMERON. 93 chopoda in the flowers and their arrangement, but ditfers entirely in the leaves. Stems very slender, suffruticose, terete, copiously branched, with ascend- ing branchlets densely clothed with fine, variously directed, white, pellucid hairs as long as, or longer than, their diameter. Stipules minute, setaceous. Leaves very minute, nearly sessile, simple and trifoliolate intermixed; leaflets obovate, cuneate in the lower half, usually not more than a line long, complicate, digitate, subacute, clothed with hairs similar to those of the. branches, but shorter. Flowers copious, solitary or rarely geminate on a thread-like, nearly naked, ascending peduncle 3-4 lines long. Calyx 3 line deep, densely firmly pilose; teeth deep, linear. Corolla reddish, three times as long as the calyx, externally pilose. Staminal sheath 3 inch long. Pod cylindrical, sessile, 3-$ inch long, at first obscurely hispid, finally gla- brescent, dark brown, straight, many-seeded, not at all torulose. I. DISSITIFLORA, Baker. Suffruticosa, ramulis gracillimis teretibus ob- scure pilosis, stipulis setaceis, foliis petiolatis pinnatis, foliolis 1-4-Jugis lineari-subulatis oppositis pallide viridibus setis paucis adpressis, ra- cemis laxe 3-5-floris pedunculatis, calyce minuto dense griseo-his- pido dentibus lanceolatis, petalis parvis purpureis, ovario cylindrico multiovulato. Belongs to section Dissitiflore, next I. pentaphylla, Linn., which it closely resembles in the flowers, but differs entirely in its leaflets and shrubby habit. Stem erect, suffruticose, with copious, very slender erecto-patent branches clothed only with a few scattered, adpressed, bristly hairs. Stipules minute, setaceous, persistent. Leaves of main stem an inch long, distinetly stalked, with 3—4 distant pairs of opposite, linear- subulate leaflets, which are į inch long, grey-green, pointed, narrowed at the base, rather thick in texture, clothed only with a few obscure adpressed hairs like those of the branches. Leaves of branches often with only 3-5 leaflets. Racemes about as long as the leaves, laxly 3-5-flowered, distinctly stalked. Bracts minute, subulate. Pedicels nearly or quite as long as the calyx. Calyx 3 a line deep, densely bristly ; teeth lanceolate, as long as the broadly funnel-shaped tube. Corolla purplish, three times as long as the calyx, shortly bristly. Ovary cylindrical, multiovulate. Ripe pod not seen. I. Cameroni, Baker. Fruticosa, ramulis gracillimis teretibus obscure pilosis, stipulis minutis setaceis, foliis pinnatis breviter petiolatis,foliolis 2-3-jugis oblongis subcoriaceis utrinque tenuiter pilosis, racemis densis brevibus conicis sessilibus folio brevioribus, calyce minuto oblique campanulato argenteo-sericeo dentibus deltoideis, petalis angustis elongatis extus brunneo-sericeis, ovario cylindrico multiovulato. 94 PROF. OLIVER ON PLANTS Belongs to section Tinctorie, next J. torulosa, Baker, from which it differs by its pilose leaves and branchlets, argenteous calyx, &c. Habit quite shrubby. Branches slender, terete, thinly clothed with minute, adpressed, white hairs. Stipules and stipelle setaceous. Leaves short-stalked, 12-2 inches long; leaflets 2-3-jugate, oblong, subcoriaceous, mucronate, j-$ inch long, rounded at the base to a short petiolule; side ones opposite; both surfaces, especially the lower, clothed with short minute white hairs. Flowers in dense racemes, an inch long, which are sessile in the axils of the leaves. Bracts lanceolate-navicular, minute, argenteous, caducous. Pedicels very short. Calyx obliquely campanulate, scarcely à a line deep, densely argenteo-sericeous; teeth deltoid. Corolla i£ inch long, densely brown-silky. Ovary cylindrical, multiovulate. Ripe pod not seen. ERIOSEMA RHYNCHOSIOIDES, Baker. Volubilis, dense griseo-pubes- cens, stipulis parvis lanceolatis persistentibus, foliis longe petiolatis ternato-pinnatifidis subcoriaceis conspicue venulosis, foliolo terminali oblongo distincte petiolulato obtuso minute mucronato, floribus 4-8 in racemum capitatum densum longe pedunculatum dispositis, pedicellis brevissimis, calyce campanulato dentibus magnis lanceolatis, petalis purpureis extus pilosis, legumine oblongo applanato piloso inter semina haud constricto. Of the Tropical- African species this will have to be placed next E. parviflorum, E. Meyer; but it is very different in leaf and calyx, and has entirely the general habit of a Rhynchosia—so much so that it would be inevitably referred to that genus if the seeds were not examined. A voluble herb, with long internodes. Branches densely clothed with short, rather spreading, grey hairs. Stipules small, lanceolate, per- sistent. Petioles 2-1 inch long, spreading, densely pilose. Leaflets 3, subcoriaceous, oblong, 1-2 inches long, both sides thinly pilose, the lower with its veins and veinlets raised; the point bluntish, with a minute mucro, the end one largest, distinctly stalked, the side ones shorter and rather oblique. Flowers 4-8, crowded at the top of an axillary peduncle which much exceeds the leaf. Pedicels very short. Calyx 2 lines deep, densely clothed with short, spreading, grey hairs, the lanceolate teeth much exceeding the tube. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, much recurved, densely silky on the outside. Pod oblong, flat, } inch long, i inch broad, densely pilose, two-seeded, abruptly rounded at the base, not constricted between the seeds. Flattened funiculus attached obliquely. to the extremity of the hilum. COLLECTED BY LIEUT. CAMERON. 95 GUTENBERGIA POLYCEPHALA, Oliv. et Hiern, Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. ined. Herba plus minus incano-tomentella ; ramis teretibus striatis; foliis superioribus sessilibus lanceolatis v. ovato-lanceolatis acutiusculis basi obtusis cordatisve amplexicaulibus integris v. subintegris, supra glabratis v. scabriusculis, subtus albido-tomentosis; capitulis parvis numerosis in paniculas cymosas dispositis, squamis involucralibus pauciseriatis, exterioribus lineari-lanceolatis, interioribus 8. 12 sub- zequalibus ovali-oblongis 3-nerviis, achznio obovoideo 10-12-costato glabro v. parce breviter pilosulo. We have the same from Kilwa (Dr. Kirk). KRAUSSIA CoNGESTA, Oliv., sp. nov. Glabra, foliis ellipticis tenuiter coriaceis breviter obtuse acuminatis basi in petiolum brevissimum an- gustatis, floribus in cymis brevibus paucifloris axillaribus sessilibus v. subsessilibus congestis, pedicellis bracteolatis brevissimis subnullisve, calycis lobis rotundatis tubo obovoideo zquilongis, corollz lobis tubo zquilongis fauce hirsuta, antheris apice appendicula gracili terminatis, stylo bifido glabro, ovulis in loculis paucis (circ. 4). Folia 3-33 poll. longa. RHAMPHICARPA CAMERONIANA, Oliv., sp. nov. Herba verisimiliter 1-2-pedalis, caule ramoso tetragono 4-suleato parce pilosulo v. gla- brato, foliis sessilibus v. subsessilibus lineari-lanceolatis linearibusve basin versus szepe utrinque grosse 1-2-dentatis v. pinnatifido-dentatis, floribus racemosis breviter pedicellatis, pedicello calyce brevioribus, calyce tubuloso-campanulato 10-costato, lobis lanceolatis acutis tubo subzequilongis, corolle hypocrateriformis tubo (4-1 poll. longo) gracili limbo amplo (13 poll. lato) paulo longiore, labio superiore breviter et obtuse 2-lobato, labio inferiore profunde 3-fido lobis subzequalibus late obovato-rotundatis, filamentis apice piloso-barbatis, capsula calycem paulo superante subtruneata v. obcordata vix aut leviter obliqua, valvis coriaceis retusis. Remarkable in the retuse fruit, which is neither beaked (ex- cept the persisting style-base) nor distinctly oblique. BARLERIA LIMNOGETON, Spencer Moore, sp. nov. Caule subtereti, levi- ter tomentoso; foliis petiolatis, oblanceolatis, acutis, integris, primo tomentosis demum supra pubescentibus ; floribus spicatis spicis termi- nalibus; bracteis strobilaceis, inermibus, late ovatis, obtusis, sericeo- tomentosis; bracteolis linearibus, acutis; calycis laciniis exterioribus late lanceolatis, interioribus subulatis; corolla hypocraterimorpha, glabra, tubo quam calyx duplo longiore, segmentis limbi patentis ob- ovatis ; staminibus fertilibus 2 exsertis, sterilibus 3; capsula ignota. Caulis erectus. Folia matura 3-33 unc. longa; petiolus 4 unc. longus. Bractez j unc. longa, nervosa. Calycis laciniæ pubescentes, exte- 96 ON PLANTS COLLECTED BY LIECT. CAMERON. riores 4 unc., interiores 1 unc. longa. Corolla] unc. longa. Ovarium compressum, villosum ; stylus crassus, glabrescens. A very distinct species of the genus, with the habit of a Cross- andra. Indications in some of the leaf-axils would lead to the presumption that the inflorescence may be axillary as well as ter- minal, CYCLONEMA SPINESCENS, Oliv., sp. nov. Piloso-pubescens, ramulis teretibus interdum spinis rectis recurvisve supraaxillaribus oppositis folio brevioribus armatis, foliis late ellipticis rotundatisve obtusis v. mucronatis brevissime petiolatis v. subsessilibus, utrinque piloso- pubescentibus, pedu neulis l-floris axillaribus patentibus folio xqui- longis v. eod. longioribus supra medium 2-bracteatis, bracteis auguste linearibus, calycis villosi tubo campanulato, limbo 5-lobo, lobis ovato- lanceolatis acutis, corolle tubo cylindrico calycem superante, limbo 5- partito lobis obovatis integris apice obtuse rotundatis v. late acutatis venuloso-reticulatis, staminibus longe exsertis glabris, ovario glabro. Folia 3-1} poll. longa. Bracteæ 3-4 lin. longs. Flores 1-1} poll. diam. PLUMBAGO AMPLEXICAULIS, Oliv., sp. nov. Ramis glabratis v. pube- rulis, in sicco longitudinaliter suleatis, foliis obovato-ellipticis late acutatis integris v. undulatis glabris reticulatis subtus nervo medio venisque secundariis prominulis, lamina in petiolum late alatum con- tinua basi conspicue rutundato-auriculata, auriculis amplexicaulibus, floribus czruleis spicstis, spicis paniculatis glandulosis, bracteis ovatis breviter apiculatis, calyce anguste tubuloso costato pube- rulo parce glanduloso, corolle hypocrateriformis tubo gracili poll. longo, limbi lobis obovatis obtusis nervo medio gracillimo excurrente mucronatis, antheris exsertis. Folia 2-5 poll. longa, 13-3 poll. lata. Calyx i-i poll. longus. ARTHROSOLEN GLAUCESCENS, Oliv., sp. nov. Glabra, glaucescens, ramulis foliiferis (cire. i-pedalibus) teretibus levibus, foliis alternis adscendentibus linearibus planis utrinque leviter angustatis acutius- culis, floribus tetrameris capitatis, capitulis solitariis terminalibus mul- titloris, foliis involucralibus ovatis acuminatis glabris floribus brevio- ribus, receptaculo dense hirsuto-piloso, floribus puberulis, tubo peri- anthii gracili, lobis limbi patentibus ovato-lanceolatis acutis, autheris subsessilibus lineari-oblongis lanceolatisve plus minus apiculatis, squa- mulis hypogynis nullis. Folia 3-$ poll. longa, 1-13 lin. lata. Perianthium tubo 3 poll. longo. ANTHERICUM (DILANTHES) CAMERON, Baker. Caule pedali, foliis caulinis4 anguste linearibus duris glabris persistentibus, racemo simplici laxifloro rachi insigniter flexuosa, bracteis paryis deltoideis, floribus ON A COLLECTION OF NORTH-CELEBES PLANTS. 97 semper geminis, pedicellis brevibus prope basin articulatis, perianthii segmentis lanceolatis dorso nervis 5 laxis purpureis vittatis margine angusto albido, staminibus perianthio vix brevioribus, antheris magnis papillosis, ovulis in loculo pluribus crebris. This comes nearest the common Cape Anthericum triflorum, Ait, wrongly placed by Kunth in Chlorophytum; but it may easily be known from that and all other species by the nervation of the perianth-segments. Root not seen. Stem a foot high, with 3-4 leaves, which vary in length from 6 to 15 inches, narrow, linear, firm, persistent, acuminate, 3—4 lines broad, quite glabrous, with a thickened keel, and about 20 close distinct ribs on each side of it, the uppermost one rising from halfway up the stem, and reaching as high as the top of the raceme. Raceme simple, half a foot long, with a slender very flexuose rachis. Bracts minute, deltoid. Flowers laxly placed, all up to the tip in pairs. Pedicels unequal, ascending or spreading, 1-3 lines long, arti- culated just above the base, and the flowers easily falling away by this articulation. Perianth $ inch long; segments lauceolate, 13-2 lines broad at the middle, rather reflexed when fully expanded, with five distinet purple ribs in the centre, leaving only a narrow white border on each side. Stamens nearly as long as the perianth ; anther linear, papillose, as long as the rather flattened filament. Ovary mi- nute, oblong, with a large number of horizontal ovules in each cell. Style à inch long, filiform, declinate. Note on a Collection of North-Celebes Plants made by Mr. RIEDEL of Gorontalo. By Prof. OxiVer, F.R.S. & L.S. [Read November 4, 1875.] In June last Dr. A. B. Meyer, of Dresden, sent to the Kew Herbarium, on behalf of Mr. Riedel of Gorontalo, North Celebes, a collection of dried plants made in that island, with a request that any novelties which it contained might be published. The state of the specimens and the comparatively small number of authentic types of species described from Celebes accessible to us, prevent our drawing up a complete catalogue of the collection ; but the chief points of botanical interest which it suggests are independent of these cireumstances, and may, considering how little we know of the botany of Celebes, be worth while laying before the Linnean Society, together with descriptions of eight new species which our materials enable us to describe. 98 PROF. OLIVER ON A COLLECTION The collection includes between 300 and 400 species; 341 we have noted in our MS. enumeration,the rest being too fragmentary. Of these, 161 belong to polypetalous Natural Orders, but there are only 3 Composite, 32 Rubiacez, 20 Monocotyledons, and but 1 fern (Lygodium dichotomum). There are 6 Anonaces, 1 Mag- noliacea (T'alauma), 1 Nepenthes (N. celebica, Hk. f.), 1 Gnetum. Dipterocarpes are wholly wanting ; and there are no Australian types in the collection. Sterculia comosa, Wall. (only known hitherto from the speci- mens of Amboyna origin, distributed by Dr. Wallich from the Botanic Garden, Calcutta), a pentamerous Callicarpa which may be C. pentandra, Roxb. (known to us from Roxburgh’s description of Molucca specimens), also a species of the Loganiaceous genus Couthovia (only described hitherto from Polynesia and New Cale- donia) are included in Mr. Riedel’s collection. We have no in- formation as to partieular localities or relative frequency of any of the species. SAURAUJA LONGIFOLIA, Oliv., sp. nov. Ramulis dense et longe setosis setis patentibus decurvisve, foliis angustis elongatis ovali-oblongis tenuiter acuminatis basi angustatis integris utrinque setoso-hispidis, floribus axillaribus fasciculatis cum pedicellis dense setosis, sepalis ovatis acuminatis, petalis glabris sepala longiora vix superantibus, ovario glabro, stylis 4-3 basi breviter coalitis. Folia 10-15 poll. longa, 14-13 poll. lata; petiolus $ poll. longus. Pe- dicelli 2-4 fasciculati, j-$ poll. longi, calycem zquantes. Flores $ poll. lati. TARRIETIA RIEDELIANA, Oliv., sp. nov. Foliis 3-foliolatis, foliolis ovali-oblongis utrinque acutatis petiolulatis superne glabris subtus pallidis dense et minute lepidotis, paniculis in axillis foliorum superiorum eisdem vix longioribus furfuraceo-lepidotis, alabastris pedicellatis, calyce (fl. 4) profunde 5-fido crassiusculo lobis © ovato-deltoideis intus tomentellis, columna staminea brevissima an- theris arcte globoso-capitatis inclusis. Foliola 23-4 poll. longa, 1-13 poll. lata; petiolus 1j—3 poll. longa. Flores 3-3 poll. diam. Anthere, ut videtur, 15-20. Allied to T. argyrodendron, Bth., of Australia. BAUHINIA (PHANERA) RiEDELI, Baker, n. sp. a Cirrosum, ramis, pedicellis, calycibus et foliis infra dense ferrugineo- pubescentibus, foliis rigide subcoriaceis 11-nervatis profunde emargi- natis basi et apice cordatis, corymbis densis terminalibus, bracteis parvis linearibus caducis, pedicellis ascendentibus tubo calycis sequi- OF NORTH-CELEBES PLANTS. 99 longis, tubo cylindrico, limbi segmentis discretis lanceolatis quam tubus duplo brevioribus, petalis glabris oblanceolatis, staminibus per- fectis tribus, ovario ferrugineo-piloso, stipite et stylo brevibus, stig- mate peltato. Folia 15-24 lin. longa, lobis 12-18 lin. latis. Pedicelli 6-9 lin. longi. Tubus calycis 6-9 lin. longus. Petala 5-6 lin. longa. Allied to Phanera elongata, Miquel, Flor. Ind. Bat. i. 61 (Bau- hinia mollissima, Wall. Cat. no. 5782), from which it differs by its calyx-segments not more than half as long as the tube, and by its short style and stalk of the pod. LAGERSTR@MIA RIEDELIANA, Oliv., sp. nov. Ramulis teretibus glabratis, foliis breviter petiolatis ellipticis obtusis v. late apiculatis integris glabris, superne (in sicco) pallide viridibus, venulis secundariis prominulis, subtus luride fusco-viridibus, paniculis puberulis terminalibus foliis superantibus, calycis lobis ovatis acutis tubo 6-alato alis continuis vix sinuatis. Folia 13-4 poll. longa, 1-1} poll. lata; petiolus 45-1 poll. longus. Alabastra obovoidea cinereo-puberula 4-5 lin. longa. Flores 4 poll. diam. Petala ovato-rhomboidea, denticulata, breviter unguiculata, venulosa. Stamina glabra. Ovarium globosum, 6-loculare ; stylus elongatus, glaber, basi incrassatus. Fructus ovoideo-globosus apicu- latus calyce 2-3plo longior, 3-3 poll. latus. LoRANTHUS STENOPETALUS, Oliv., sp. nov. Ramulis teretibus gracilibus glabratis, foliis ovali- v. lanceolato-oblongis plus minus aeuminatis basi angustatis, floribus subpollicaribus ternis binisve 3-2-bracteatis breviter pedunculatis:in racemos axillares sepius folio breviores dispositis, calycis margine libero sinuato v. irregulariter dentato, petalis 6 angustissimis basi æqualiter coalitis tubo brevi inflato, antheris anguste linearibus acuminatis adnatis. Folia 4-5 poll. longa, 1-13 poll. lata; petiolus 4 poll. vel longior. Lyonsia? cELEBICA, Oliv., sp. nov. Ramis teretibus dense fusco-tomentellis, foliis late ellipticis acutis api- culatisve basi rotundatis utrinque hirtello-pubescentibus, paniculis axillaribus folio brevioribus pedunculatis tomentellis, floribus appresse hirsutis, pedicello calyci subzquilongo, corolla tubulosa rarissime 5- loba faucibus hirsuta, glandulis hypogynis majusculis crassiusculis ovato-oblongis obtusis inferne connatis ovarium fere duplo superan- tibus. Rami crassitie penne anserinz, internodiis 35-6 poll. longis. Folia 4-7 poll. longa, 21-4 poll. lata, membranacea, nervis primariis lateralibus utrinque 7-9. Panicule solitarie v. geminz, cum pedunculo 2-4 poll. longe v. breviores. Calyx 5-pamitus, lobis ovatis acutiusculis 100 ON A COLLECTION OF NORTH-CELEBES PLANTS. basi crassiusculis. Corolla 3 poll. longa, basi glabrata, lobis zstiva- tione subvalvatis apice recurvis intus papillosis. Stamina inclusa, fila- mentis brevibus hirtis, antheris anguste lanceolatis acuminatis basi lobulis brevibus crassiusculis sagittatis. Ovarium glabrum, 2-loculare, ovulis numerosis. [Nearer Lyonsia than any other genus, with the same valvate corolla, deeply 5-lobed disk, &e. But in Lyonsia the corolla is more deeply cleft, showing the tips of the anthers. Lyonsia is only known from Australia, New Caledonia, and Fiji. The cha- racters do not appear to agree with any other genus.—Wote by Mr. Bentham. | CLERODENDRON RIEDELII, Oliv., sp. nov. Ramulis petiolisque breviter pubescentibus, foliis j-pedalibus ovato- rotundatis, late acutatis, basi truncatis subcordatisve medio in petio- lum breviter et obtuse cuneatim angustatis, integris, scabriuscule hir- tellis, floribus in cymas terminales densas hemisphzericas foliis brevi- ores dispositis, bracteis anguste ovalibus quam calyces subbrevioribus, calyce infundibulari parce puberulo 5-fido, lobis acuminatis tubo zequi- longis, corolla glabra calycem paullo superante, laciniis limbi sub- zquilongis quam lobi latioribus obovato-rotundatis. Folia majora 6-8 poll. longa et lata; petiolus 2-23 poll.longus. Cyma 23 poll. lata. Calyx 2 poll. longus. Corolle tubus 2-1 poll. longus. TACCA PALMATIFIDA, Baker, n. sp. Foliis membranaceis glabris longe petiolatis simplicibus subrotundis pal- matifidis, lobis 13-17 lanceolatis acuminatis, centralibus maximis per tertiam vel quartam lamin partem egredientibus, exterioribus sensim minoribus. Petioli dense cxspitosi, sesquipedales vel bipedales. Lamina 10-12 poll. longa et lata, venis 13-17 conspicuis ex apice petioli radiantibus. Pedunculus bipedalis, floribus umbellatis. Pedicelli 12-15 lin. longi. Bacca oblonga pollicaris. Involucrum et perianthium non vidi. A very singular plant, which, it is much to be regretted, we are only in a position to describe so imperfectly, the only spea- men being in fully developed berry, and the involucre withered and broken away. MR. G. KING ON A SPORT IN PARITIUM TRICUSPE. 101 Note on a Sport in Paritium tricuspe, G. Don. By G. Kiko, M.B., F.L.S., Superintendent of the Botanical Garden, Calcutta. [Read December 16, 1875.] Ow taking charge of the Botanical Garden at Saharunpore in December 1868, my attention was attracted by a singular abnor- mality in a tree of Paritium tricuspe. I could find no notice of the planting of the tree, nor, indeed, any mention of it, in the re- cords of the garden; but its age was estimated at about twenty- five years. Prior to the occurrence of the accident to be subse- quently mentioned, it presented the following appearance. The main trunk (about 16 inches in diameter) ran up to a height of about 10 feet, and there divided into two nearly equal branches. One of these, which I shall call the main branch, continuing in the upright direction, ended in a spreading head, the highest tops of which reached about 20 feet above the ground. The other, which may be called the lateral branch, after a long downward curve, entered the soil, and, reappearing about 2 feet from its point of entrance, gave rise to a large leafy bush about 12 feet high and several yards in circumference. Whether this lateral drooping branch had first entered the ground spontaneously, or whether it had been made to do so by accident or by layering, I could not find out; neither could I discover how long time had elapsed since the occurrence. I think it unlikely that a layer had ever been made for the purpose of propagation, as the plant grows from cuttings almost as freely as a willow. Every leaf borne by the main braneh was of the normal trieuspidate shape from which the species is named. The lateral drooping branch during its course from the main trunk to the ground gave out neither twigs nor leaves ; but immediately after emerging from the soil it gave origin to a multitude of strong healthy branches, which formed, as has been said, a separate bush, apparently quite distinct from the parent tree. On this bush every leaf was of a cordato-reniform acuminate shape; aud after many long and careful searches I could not find a single leaf approaching the tricuspidate form of the leaves of the parent. The tree and the bush looked, in fact, separate and distinct plants, so different was their foliage ; and by all easual observers they were regarded as such. Some little time after my arrival at Saharunpore, flower-buds appeared on both parent and sport; and I looked with much in- 102 MR. G. KING ON A SPORT IN PARITIUM TRICUSPE. terest for the opening of the flowers, anxious to know whether there would be any difference in them. Just before they opened I was obliged to leave home on duty ; but I enjoined my specimen- collector to dry a number of each. Scarcely, however, had they begun to open, when the parent stem was blown down close by the ground by a storm of wind, the drooping lateral branch being entirely divided about a foot above its entry into the soil. The bush formed by the branch after its emergence, however, re- mained quite unhurt, showing that where covered by the soil, the branch had formed independent roots. This flowered freely ; and specimens are now sent, as well as a flower from the parent, gathered before its fall. Since the fall of the parent (the stem of which was quite hollow), a large crop of twigs bearing leaves of the normal form has sprung up from the stool; but none of these had offered to flower up to the time I left Seharunpore. Some months after the accident to the main trunk, I was much interested to find a bud appearing on the limb forming the sport, about 2 inches above the point of its emergence from the ground. This bud I carefully protected. It expanded very slowly; but in the course of three months it grew into a twig bearing leaves exactly like those of the parent. But for the unfortunate accident to the parent, I intended to sow seeds of both itself and the sport, in order to see whether the seedlings would turn out true. Cuttings made from the two forms are perfectly true. There are in Seharunpore Garden numerous plants of both forms which have originated from cuttings either of the parent or its sport. These are of different ages; but in none of them is there the slightest tendency to produce leaves of two forms. They take either entirely after the parent or entirely after the sport. To satisfy myself on the point, I had a number of cuttings taken from the parent and from the sport, and put into pots under my own eye; and of those that struck, all were all quite true to their origin. I also examined a bed of cuttings of the former year without finding on one of them the slightest tendency to di- morphism. So long as the two forms continue to be propagated by cuttings, there appears to be every probability of their remain- ing distinct. I shall try to settle whether the same result will be obtained by seed. I make no remark on the flowers of the two forms, but simply send specimens of each. MR. G. KING ON A SPORT IN PARITIUM TRICUSPE. 103 There is a very striking resemblance indeed between the foliage of this sport of P. tricuspe and the normal form of the allied species P. filiaceum, A. Juss. The flowers of the two are also much alike except in the subsidiary matter of colour. Those of P. tricuspe are of a bright yellow with a purple eye. On wither- ing, the yellow changes into a dusky purplish brown, which is very nearly the colour of the flower of P. tiliaceum from the first. Two points I have omitted to notice; and these are that the plants of P. £ricuspe in the Saharunpore Garden which carry leaves of the normal form incline to the habit of trees, whereas those with the abnormal form of leaf (and in this they resemble the original sport) are more bush-like, and so approach in habit all the plants of P. tiliaceum in the garden. -Note.— The sport of which an account is given by Dr. King (and specimens illustrating which are placed in the Kew Herbarium) was originally noticed by Mr. Bell, ‘Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh,’ vol. vii. (1863) p. 565. It is quoted by Mr. Darwin, * Variation of Plants and Animals under Domestication, vol.i. p. 377, but (by a clerical error) as Cistus instead of Hibiscus tricuspis. It may be noted that H. tricuspis (Paritium tricuspe) is a native of the South- Sea Islands, from which, according to Roxburgh, it was introduced into India. H. tiliaceus, on the other hand, is widely distributed throughout the tropics. The facts described by Dr. King point in the direction of H. tricuspis being a local form derived from H. tiliaceus, to which in the Saharunpore Garden it again re- verted. These are facts which appear to show that plants with undivided leaves tend to develop foliage which is more or less divided when they form part of the vegetation of islands. This seems to be probably the case with the island of Rodriguez, ac- cording to Mr. Balfour.— W. T. T. D. 104 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE POLYNESIAN FERNS Contributions to the Botany of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger.’ XXXI. On the Polynesian Ferns of the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition. By J. G. Baker, Esq., F.L.S. [Read December 2, 1875.) Tue following is a complete catalogue of the ferns gathered in Polynesia by Mr. Moseley and the other naturalists in the ‘ Chal- lenger,’ with their stations. The collection contains eleven new species; and the sets from the Admiralty, Aru, and Little Kei Tslands are specially interesting, because the Pteridology of these groups offers an entirely untrodden field to the explorer. The arrangement followed and nomenclature adopted in the catalogue is that of the second edition of our * Synopsis Filicum ; and the numbers prefixed to the new species indicate the place into which they fall in the classification there followed. GLEICHENIA DICHOTOMA, Willd. Summit of Ternate. CYATHEA ARACHNOIDEA, Hook. Ternate, 2000-4000 feet. Quite agrees with the two specimens in the Kew Herbarium from Ternate, from which the species was described, which were all we previously possessed. 8 52*. CYATHEA MosELEYI, Baker, n. sp. Frond ample, pinnate. Rachises brown, those of the pinne ciliated on the upperside, naked on the lower. Pinnz oblong-lanceolate, 1i foot by 5-6 inches. Pinnules sessile, ligulate-lanceolate, 23-3 inches long, §—3 inch broad, cut down to the rachis into subentire, blunt, slightly curved, tertiary segments 2 lines broad. Texture moderately firm. Upper surface naked; lower with many minute, deltoid, bullate scales on the mid- rib of the veins. Veins 8-10-jugate, ascending, distinct, all but the uppermost forked. Sori 8-10 to a segment, median, placed a distinct space from both edge and midrib, and with a distinct space between each. Involucre large, membranous, persistent, with a regularly truncate margin. Admiralty Isles. Nearest the Fijian and Samoan C. propinqua, Mett. 4/*. ALSOPHILA POLYPHLEBIA, Baker,n.sp. Height of trunk up to 25 feet. Frond ample, tripinnate. Rachis of pinnz pale brown, slightly furfuraceous and rough with raised points. Pinne oblong- lanceolate, 2 feet long, 7-8 inches broad. Pinnules sessile, lanceolate- ligulate, 31—4 inches long, an inch broad, cut down to the rachis into OF THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 105 close, blunt, distinctly crenated tertiary segments 2 lines broad. Texture thin, but firm. Both surfaces glabrous, the lower with a few minute bullate scales on the midrib of the tertiary segments. Veinlets 12-14-jugate, close, fine, distinct, deeply forked, the lowest some- times bifureate. Sori placed close to the costa, and a space from the edge, with a distinct space between each, sometimes 12-15 to a segment, absent from the upper third of the segments. Island of Wolsau, Aru group. A fourth tree fern, from the island of Ternate, probably new, is not in fruit ; and therefore its genus is uncertain. 63*. HyMENOPHYLLUM (LEPTOCIONIUM) POLYODON, Baker, n. sp. Rhizome wide-creeping, filiform, lanose. Stipe 2-2 inches, filiform, flexuose, fibrillose. Lamina lanceolate, tripinnatifid, 2-3 inches long, 3-lin. broad. Pinnæ 8-12-jugate, rhomboid or lanceolate-rhomboid, parallel with the rachis on the upper side at the base, cuneate-trun- cate on the lower side, the central ones the largest, $ inch broad at the middle, the lower ones reduced. Ultimate segments 10-15 to a piuna, ligulate, close, 1-1 line long, bordered by regular, numerous, minute teeth. Sori one to each pinna, terminal on a side segment of the lowest anterior pinnule. Involucre turbinate, a line deep, the very base immersed in the lamina; valves toothed at the edge, free nearly to the base; receptacle exserted. Admiralty Islands. ~ Intermediate between H. tunbridgense and multifidum. ~ TRICHOMANES Morey, V. D. B. Admiralty Islands. T. PELTATUM, Baker. Admiralty Islands. Known before only in Samoa and New Caledonia. T. PYXIDIFERUM, L. Aru Islands. T. HUMILE, Forst. Ternate and Admiralty Islands. T. FtLicuLA, Kaulf. Admiralty Islands. T. savanicum, Blume. Admiralty Islands. DAVALLIA HETEROPHYLLA, Sm., var. NERVOSA, Baker, var. nov. Differs from the type by its crispate lamina and much more conspicuous veins. LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XV, K 106 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE POLYNESIAN FERNS DAVALLIA POLYPODIOIDES, Brack. Ternate, 2000-4000 feet. D. REPENS, Desv. Aru Islands. Laciniated form. D. PULCHELLA, Hook. Ternate, 2000—4000 feet. D. souipa, Sw., var. LINDLEYI, Hook. Matuku (Fijis). D. SOLIDA, var. ORNATA, Wall. Aru Islands and Little Kei Island. D. ELEGANS, Sw. Malanipa Island (Philippines), Ternate, and Admiralty Islands. D. sPELUNCÆ, Baker. Camiguen Island (Philippines) and Aru Island. CHEILANTHES TENUIFOLIA, Sw. Banda Islands. LINDSAYA LOBATA, Poir. Aru Islands and Admiralty Islands. HYPOLEPIS TENUIFOLIA, Bernh. Tongatabu. ADIANTUM LUNULATUM, Burm. Banda. PTERIS LONGIFOLIA, L. Zamboangan (Philippines). P. incisa, Thunb., var. AURITA, Blume. Summit of Ternate. LOMARIA PROCERA, Spreng. Summit of Ternate. BLECHNUM ORIENTALE, L. Banda Islands. CERATOPTERIS THALICTROIDES, Brong. Maelan Island, Cebu (Philippines). ASPLENIUM NIDUS, L. Admiralty Islands, Camiguen (Philippines), Api (New Hebrides), and Matuku (Fijis). À. NIDUS, var. PACHYPHYLLUM, Kunze. Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, Prof. Wyville Thomson. Closely allied to the Himalayan A. phyllitidis, D. Don. OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION, 107 ASPLENIUM OBTUSATUM, Forst. From Coeur Island, Bass’s Straits. 4 A. FALCATUM, Forst. Admiralty Islands, Little Kei Island, Humboldt Bay (New Guinea), Ton- gatabu. A. CUNEATUM, Lam. Admiralty Islands and Ternate. A. LASERPITIIFOLIUM, Lam. Aru Islands. A. (DipLaziuM) BRACKENRIDGEI, Baker. Admiralty Islands. A. (ANISOGONIUM) EsCULENTUM, Presl. Admiralty Islands, Ternate (2000-4000 feet), Zamboangan (Philippines). A. (ANISOGONIUM) DECUSSATUM, Sw, Aru Islands. ASPIDIUM REPANDUM, Willd. Humboldt Bay, New Guinea, Prof. W. Thomson. NEPHRODIUM (EUNEPHRODIUM) MOLLE, Desv. Admiralty Islands and Camiguen (Philippines). 197“. N. (EUNEPHRODIUM) MICROCHLAMYS, Baker, n. sp. Caudex absent. Stipe 4 foot, pale brown, scaleless, finely pilose. Lamina oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 feet long, 12-15 inches broad, bipinnatifid. Pinnz, below the small entire top ones, about 40-jugate, sessile, linear- ligulate, tbe largest 7-8 inches long, 2-3 inch broad, the lowest not reduced, cut down to a broad wing into close, blunt, entire, rather ascending lobes à inch broad, of which the lowest on the anterior side is rather larger than the rest. Texture membranous. Both sides finely pilose and densely dotted with minute pale-brown glands, Veinlets 12-16-jugate, the lowest pair forming a deltoid arch midway between sinus and costa, the next two pairs meeting at the sinus. Sori round, minute, forming a regular row nearer the costa than the edge of the lobes. Involucre minute, persistent. Little Kei Island. General habit of N. molle, with very different sori and veining. N. (EUNEPHRODIUM) PENNIGERUM, Hook. Aru Islands. N. (BUNEPHRODIUM) INVISUM, Carruth, Tongatabu and Humbolt Bay, New Guinea. x 2 108 MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE POLYNESIAN FERNS NEPHRODIUM (EUNEPHRODIUM) TRUNCATUM, Presl. Admiralty Islands. N. (SAGENIA) LATIFOLIUM, Baker, var. IRREGULARE (Brack.). Matuku, Fijis. NEPHROLEPIS ACUTA, Presl. Matuku (Fijis), Camiguen and Zamboangan (Philippines), Banda and Admiralty Islands. N. ACUTA, var. RUFESCENS, Presl. Tongatabu, Admiralty Islands, and Api (New Hebrides). N. EXALTATA, Schott. Admiralty Islands. N. RAMOSA, Moore. Malamaui ( Philippines). PorvPopruM (DicrvoPTERIS) DIFRORME, Blume. Aru Islands. E (EUPOLYPODIUM) DECORUM, Brack. Admiralty Isles. P. (GoNIOPHLEBIUM) VERRUCOSUM, Wall. Ternate, 2000-4000 feet. P. (NIPHOBOLUS) ADNASCENS, Sw. Matuku (Fijis), Malanipa Island (Philippines), and Admiralty Islands. 278*. P. (NiPHOBOLUS) MACROPODUM, Baker, n. sp. Rhizome woody, short-creeping, a line thick, clothed with minute, adpressed, deltoid, black scales with a brown border. Phyllopode 3-4 lines, clothed with scales, just like the rhizome. Proper stipe bordered very nearly to the base. Fronds all alike (barren and fertile), ligulate, very thick and rigid in texture, 4-8 inches long, 1-2 inch broad, the fertile portion contracted, the point acute, the base narrowed very gradually, the upper surface naked, the lower clothed with thin cot- tony toinentum like that of P. adnascens. Veins entirely hidden. Sori like those of P. adnascens, occupying continuously the contractedupper half of the fronds, minute and immersed in the pale-brown tomentum, 6-8 in an erecto-patent row between midrib and edge, and each showing distinctly on the upper side of the frond. Aru Islands. Differs from N. adnascens, var. varium, by its much thicker and more rigid texture, long phyllopode, and almost obsolete stipes. 278*. P. (NIPHOBOLUS) PACHYDERMUM, Baker, n. sp. Rhizome wide-creeping, 1 line thick, woody, flexuose, clothed with minute ad- OF THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 109 pressed, lanceolate, black scales with a brown border. Phyllopode very short. Stipes naked, }-1 inch. Fronds dimorphic: the barren ones oblanceolate-oblong, obtuse, 1-2 inches long, cuneate at the base, 1-£ inch broad; the fertile ones ligulate, 3-4 inches long. Veins quite immersed. Texture very thick and rigid, the upper surface naked ; the lower with only a coating of minute stellate scales, visible under a lens, with a distinct bare space round each. Sori occupying the upper half or two thirds of the fertile fronds, superficial, } line broad, 6-8 in an erecto-patent row between midrib and edge. Little Kei Island. Nearest typical N. adnascens, but much thicker and more rigid in texture, with superficial sori as large as in Lingua, and only spaced lepidote scales. PoLypopiuM (PHYMATODEs) IRIOIDES, Lam. Admiralty Islands. 341*. P. (PHYMATODES) MILLISORUM, Baker, n. sp. Rhizome not seen. Stipe stout, with a narrow wing extending nearly to the base. Lamina linear-ligulate, 2-21 feet long, 2-23 inches broad at the middle, narrowed very gradually to both ends, rigidly coriaceous, quite free from hairs or scales on both surfaces. Veins fine, immersed, the main ones zigzag, 3-3 inch apart in the centre of the frond, di- stinct three quarters of the way to the edge; areole copious, minute, with abundant free included veinlets. Sori i line broad, round, superficial, crowded, filling up the whole of the upper half or two thirds of the frond, distinctly visible on the upper side. Little Kei Island. Differs from P. irioides by its rigidly coriaceous texture, larger sori, and less distinct veins. P. (PHYMATODES) LINGUJEFORME, Mett. Admiralty Islands. Very fine specimens of this rare and little-known species. 322*. P. (PHyMATODES) RAMPANS, Baker, n. sp. Rhizome very wide- creeping, lline thick, clothed only with a few minute, adpressed, linear, dark-brown scales. Stipes naked, very short. Lamina simple, lanceolate-ligulate, 4-6 inches long, 3-1} inch broad at the middle, acute, narrowed gradually to the ends, membrauous, both surfaces quite naked. Main veins erecte-patent two thirds of the way to the edge, then uniting in an areh; areole rather large, very di- stinct, each with an included knobbed free veinlet. Sori not present. Admiralty Islands. A next neighbour to P. lycopodioides. 110 - MR. J. G. BAKER ON THE POLYNESIAN FERNS PoLYPODIUM (PHYMATODES) PHYMATODES, L. Admiralty Islands, Aru Islands, Little Kei Island, Banda, Api (New Hebrides), and Matuku (Fijis). P. (PHYMATODES) NIGRESCENS, Blume. Admiralty Islands. 332". P. (PLEURIDIUM) PHLEBISCOPUM, Baker, n. sp. Rhizome woody, flexuose, short-creeping, 4 inch thick, clothed with membra- nous, erect, lanceolate acuminate pale brown scales 2 lines long. Stipe 1-3 inches, rigid, naked, stramineous, grooved down the front. Lamina simple, oblong or ovate-oblong, entire, 12-3 inches long, 8-15 lines broad at the middle, blunt, or subacute, deltoid at the base, rigidly coriaceous, naked on both surfaces. Main veins erecto-patent, quite distinct to the edge, erecto-patent, 1-1 inch apart ; intervening areole fine, immersed. Sori superficial, 3-4 iu a single row between each erecto-patent vein, round; if single, a line or more broad; often confluent, and then forming an oblong mass 2-3 lines broad. Summit of Ternate. Near the New-Caledonian P. selligueoides and like small P. Griffithianum, but sori in a row between main veins not solitary. 384*. P. (PLEuRIpIUM) MosELey!, Baker, n. sp. Rhizome not seen. Stipes 6-9 inch long, stramineous, naked. Lamina quadran- gular or rhomboid, simply pinnate, 8-15 inches long, 8-12 inches broad, naked, subcoriaceous. Pinnæ 4-6-jugate, linear-acuminate, all dilatato-adnate at the base, erecto-patent or subpatulous, 4-6 inches iong, 3-2 inches broad, the terminal one like the rest but often larger, the margin horny and irregularly repand, the costa and main ribs glossy and stramineous. Main veins of pinne 3-4 lines apart, erecto-patent, very distinct nearly to the edge; areole immersed, rather large, with copious, knobbed, free, included venules. Sori round, slightly immersed, under a line broad, one between each main vein nearer the edge than the midrib. Ternate 2000—4000 feet, and received previously from the same island from De Vriese and Teijsmann. Differs from P. palmatum by its fewer and more distant main veins and sori, the latter not quite median, and pinne all dilatato- adnate at the base. P. (DRYNARIA) RERACLEUM, Kunze. Ternate, 2000-4000 feet. P. (DRYNARIA) QUERCIFOLIUM, L. Camiguen (Philippines), Aru Islands, Little Kei Island, and Wednesday Island (Torres Straits). OF THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 111 VITTARIA ELONGATA, Sw. Admiralty Islands, Aru Islands, and Malanipa Island (Philippines). ANTROPHYUM PLANTAGINEUM, Kaulf. Humboldt Bay, New Guinea (Prof. Thomson), and Matuku (Fijis). ACROSTICHUM (STENOCHLNA) SCANDENS, J. Sm. Admiralty Isles. A. (GYMNOPTERIS) REPANDUM, var. QUOYANUM, Gaud. Admiralty Isles. A. (CHRYSODIUM) AUREUM, L. Tongatabu. 132". A. (PHOTINOPTERIS) THOMSONI, Baker, n. sp. Fronds sub- sessile, membranous, glabrous, the barren part lanceolate, 2-3 feet long, 6-8 inches broad, cut down to a broad wing into lanceolate or deltoid lobes ; those of the centre of the frond 2-3 inches deep, 14-2 inches broad at the base, erecto-patent, narrowed gradually to an acute point; those near the base more shallow. Pinne each with a distinct costa and erecto-patent main veins 3-4 lines apart distinct to the edge, connected by several distinct cross bars as in Campyloneuron ; the final areola quadrate, minute, furnished with copious, knobbed, free, included venules. Fertile portion of the frond extending over the upper half-foot of the rachis, which bears about 20 pairs of subu- late lomarioid pinnz 14-2 inches long. Rachis brown-stramineous. Both surfaces quite destitute of hairs and scales. Admiralty Islands. Of known species, only near A. drynarioides, from which it differs by its membranous texture and much smaller size. PLATYCERIUM GRANDE, J. Sm. Aru Islands. MaARATTIA FRAXINEA, Sm., var. SMITHU, Mett. Ternate, 2000—4000 feet. LYGODIUM DICHOTOMUM, Sw. Admiralty Islands, Aru Islands, Malanipa, Malamaui, and Camiguen (Philippines). L. RETICULATUM, Schk. Matuku (Fijis). OPHIOGLOSSUM PENDULUM, L. Admiralty Islands and Tongatabu. LYCOPODIUM CERNUUM, L. Admiralty Islands, Banda, Summit of Ternate, and Matuku (Fijis). 112 PROF. REICHENBACH ON THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ ORCHIDACES. SELAGINELLA WALLICHII, Spreng. Humboldt Bay, New Guinea (Prof. Wyville Thomson). S. IN.JEQUALIFOLIA, Spreng. Aru Islands, Admiralty Islands, Little Kei Island, Camiguen, and Zam- boangan (Philippines). PSILOTUM TRIQUETRUM, Sw. Admiralty Islands. P. cOoMPLANATUM, Sw. Admiralty Islands. XXXII. On some Orchidaces collected by Mr. Mosxrxx, of the ‘Challenger ’ Expedition, in the Admiralty Islands, Ternate, and Cape York, one of which forms the Type of a new Section of the Genus Dendrobium. By Prof. H.G. RrrcENBAcH. (Com- municated by Prof. Orıver, F.R.S. & L.S.) [Read January 20, 1876.] HABENARIA TERNATEA. Racemo plurifloro, bracteis lanceolatis acumi- natis ovaria attenuata plus dimidio æquantibus, sepalis triangulis tri- nerviis, tepalis multo longioribus, bipartitis, partitione superiore lineari setacea breviore, partitione anteriore rachi lineari utrinque pectinata multipartite ambitu late ligulata, labello ad basin tripartito, partitioni- bus lateralibus elongatis æqualiter capillaceo-decomposito-multipar- titis, partitione media breviore lineari setacea, calcari cylindraceo apice clavato ovario breviore, cruribus loculorum anthere porrectis, cruri- bus stigmaticis semifaleatis. Caulis validus. Folia lanceolata acu- minata, pendentia, in bracteas decrescentia, 31-6 uncias longa, fere 1} supra basin inferiorem lata. Flores illis Habenariee trichopartite, Lindl., paulo minores, folia multo angustiora. Ab hac specie labello ad basin usque partito ac tepalis longe recedit. Ternate, 2000-4000', October 1874. DENDROBIUM. Nova sectio Diplocaulobium. Rhizomatis repentis gemm:e alize pseudo- bulbos monyphyllos sistentes, ali pedunculos basi vaginatos, apice floridos. D. NiTiDISSIMUM. Pseudobulbis fusiformi-teretiusculis, siccis multian- gulatis suleatisque monophyllis, folio lineari-ligulato attenuato bilo- bulo; pedunculo a pseudobulbo foliato liberrimo ex alia gemma, nitido basi vaginato ancipiti, apice bractea magna chartacea nitida, superaddita bractea minore, fatua visa ; flore solitario (semper ?) valde membranaceo, mento bene evoluto, lobulato, sepalis a basali et acu- MR. C. B. CLARKE ON A NEW GENUS OF CUCURBITACEX. 113 minatis elongatis, tepalis angustioribus, labello sepalorum dimidium excedente a basi lineari extenso, medio trifido, laciniis lateralibus obtusangulis antice lobulatis, lacinia media late ligulate lobulata, carinis geminis a basi versus discum lacinie mediæ, ibi melius crispato-lobulatis, antice in pilos numerosissimos tomentum densum efficientibus solutis, columne androclinio trifido, laciniis membra- naceis. Floris perigonium quasi rostriforme illi Thriaspermi cujusdam (Arachnitis ete.) comparabile, ł pollicis longum delicatissimum, tenuissimum. Plantula valde egregia dignitate gemmarum varia insignis. Macro- lepidi A. Rich. eo comparabilis, quod rbachis sub bractea incisa quodammodo articulata. Labellum Macrolepidis tamen exacte est illud Buibophyllosum. Admiralty Islands, March 1875. D. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Pedilonum, caule calamum anserinum crasso, foliis pergameneis oblongo-lanceolatis acutis hinc apice inzqualiter biden- tatis, racemo multifloro, foliis ter breviore, bracteis triangulis minutis, sepalo medio oblongo acuto, sepalis lateralibus subzqualibus paulo latioribus, in pseudocalear cylindraceum amplum apicem versus arcte constrictum extensis, tepalis ligulatis acutis, labello lineari apice trian- gulo extenso transverse, apicibus obtusatis, columna tridentata, den- tibus lateralibus rhomboideis, dente postico triangulo. Cape York, September 1374. On .Edgaria, a new ebd of Cucurbitacee. By C. B. Cránxg, F.L.S. [Read December 2, 1875.] EDGARIA. Dioiea. Flores d solitarii et corymbosi. Calycis tubus elongatus, dentibus 5 subulatis. Corolla rotata, profunde 5-partita, segmen- tis obovatis acutis. Stamina 3 tubo calycis inclusa, filamentis bre- vissimis liberis: antheræ in capitulum cylindricum arctæ con- natæ, una l-locularis, cæteræ 2-loculares, loculis rectis fusiformi- bus. Ovarii rudimentum elongatum.— Flores 9 solitarii, calyce et corolla maris. Staminum rudimenta 0 vel minutissima. Ova- rium fusiforme subtrigonum, apice attenuatum, 3-loculare : stylus elongatus, apice trifidus, stigmatibus 3, bifidis, segmentis oblongis stellato-radiantibus : ovula in quoque loculo 2-3, su- perposita, ab axi pendula. Fructus subexsuccus, elongatus, 114 MR. C. B. CLARKE ON A subrostratus, basi attenuatus, trigonus, 3-locularis, irregulariter sinuato-costatus, intus fibrosus, ab apice ad medium 3-valvis, 6-9-, ssepius 6-spermus. Semina verticalia, elliptica, compressa, rugosa, marginibus obtusis. Herba annua, scandens. Folia simplicia cordato-ovata acuta. Cirri bifidi. Flores flavi: g longe pedunculati; ex eadem axilla pedunculi normaliter duo exoriuntur, alter 1-florus arti- eulatus mox deciduus, alter serius corymbiflorus: 9 brevi- peduneulati; bracteæ bracteoleque omnino nulle. Flores longitudine 2-unciales. Fructus longitudine 4-6-unciales. Fig.1 Fig 3. Fig. 2. Fig. 4. Diagrammatic illustrations of the structure of Edgaria. Fig. 1. Vertical section of male flower, of natural size; calyx-teeth linear. 2. Anthers, magnified and cut apart; filaments hardly any. 3. Vertical section of female flower, of natural size. 4. Style, seen from above, to show the three bifid stigmata. EDGARIA DARJEELINGENSIS. Caules cum foliis sparsim pilosi. Flo- rum d corymbus glaber. Ovarium junius torulosum, rugosum, pilo- sum : fructus maturus minus rugosus, pilosus. Seminum testa crassa crustacea subtuberculata marginibus undulatis ; endopleura membra- nacea colore viridi. Cotyledones valde compresse, orbiculares; ra- dicula supera, i. e. hilo proxima. Hab. Darjeeling in Sikkim, ad 7000-8000 ped. alt.: mensibus Jul.- Sept. florens. NEW GENUS OF CUCURBITACE.F. L15 Fig. 5. Fig. 6. or - Petal, natural size; claw furred. . Pollen, magnified 80 diameters. Yellow and exactly spherical. - Seed, anda horizontal section of the same. - A ripe capsule, of natural dimension. - A horizontal section of the same. The seeds imbedded in loose dry pith- like pulp. Also of natural size. o eo ooN Herpetospermum pedunculosum is now abundant about the Sta- tion of Darjeeling, as likewise is Edgaria dazjeelingensis. The two have not hitherto been discriminated, so far as I can discover. In 116 MR. C. B. CLARKE’S BOTANIC NOTES both the general appearance is extremely like, not merely the male and the female flowers, but the fruit; but on examination, the differences are found to be of the first importance. In Herpe- tospermum the anthers are conduplicate, the ovule in each cell solitary, erect ; in Edgaria the anthers are straight, the ovules in each cell 2-3, pendulous. Edgaria will be a very difficult plant to intercalate in the series of genera in Bth. & Hook. f. It is nearest in artificial character to the Gynostemmex, from which it is very remote in habit. Its remarkable outward resemblance to Herpetospermum, even in the fruit, must not be laid too great stress on ; for there is now grow- ing on Sinchul Mount, near Darjeeling, mixed with both Herpeto- spermum and Edgaria, a third Cucurbit which has female plant and fruitlike both; but the seeds are very many, horizontal, and it belongs to a remote part of the order. I add some drawings of Edgaria, which are botanic only. The name is in honour of my friend J. Ware Edgar, C. S. I., the present Deputy Commissioner of Darjeeling. Botanie Notes from Darjeeliug to Tonglo. By C. B. Crank, F.L.S. [Read December 2, 1875.] Dr. Hookzz, in his admirable * Himalayan Journals,’ says (p. 151 of the first edition):— “The most interesting trip to be made from Darjeeling is that to the summit of Tonglo, a mountain on the Singaleleh range 10,079 feet high, due west of the station, and twelve miles in a straight line, but fully thirty by the path." Dr. Hooker made more than one exeursion to this mountain. He published a full account of the botanical features in the ‘London Journal of Botany’ and the ‘ Horticultural Society’s Journal,’ which are unfortunately not accessible to me here ; and the leading features only are recorded in the ‘ Himalayan Journals,’ whence I quote. The route which Dr. Hooker took was the old path, which de- seended to the level of about 3000 feet above the sea, where it crossed the little Runjeet river, and then ascended again to the top of Tonglo at 10,000 feet, this great range of level giving FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO. 117 of course a very large variety of species. The present Deputy Comntissioner of Darjeeling, J. Ware Edgar, C. S. L, has lately opened a bridle-road which follows the watershed round the head of the little Runjeet river; so that the Lieut.-Governor of Bengal lately rode the twenty-three miles from Tonglo top to Dar- jeeling in three hours. Mr. Edgar is now building a bungalow on the summit of Tonglo; and when this is completed, the Tonglo excursion will be within the reach of every lady in Darjeeling. On the 13th of September last I marched in two days to Tonglo top from Darjeeling, camped one day on Tonglo top, and marched back again in two more days. The day 1 camped on Tonglo there was so violent a rain, with wind and thunder, that I did not leave my tent; and my botanic notule relate, therefore, solely to the two days’ march thither and two back. The new route lies wholly above 7000 feet, except a very short dip to the saddle at the head of the little Runjeet river ; so that it probably affords not more than a third the number of species to be got on Dr. Hooker’s route. The present path, after once clearing Dar- jeeling station, lies entirely in the dripping forest-belt between 7000-8000 feet elevation, with a final ascent to Tonglo of 2000 feet more. The flora of the route thus being uniform, is manage- able in quantity, and is a very characteristic one. So dense is the jungle along this path that, except where the natives have cleared a few spots for huts, it is hardly possible to pitch a small tent anywhere. I determined, immediately on my return to Darjeeling, to jot down, for communication to the Linnean Society, the botanic results of my march out, in the appended list of plants observed— because, while on the one hand these results include three new genera of Cucurbits and various new or improved descriptions of species, on the other hand my own herbarium is tinned down in boxes in Calcutta, and it is not likely that I shall soon be able to work down these rough collections. That is to say, first, I think my Tonglo expedition has supplied me enough new mate- rial to justify a paper for the Society’s Journal ; secondly, I can make the paper as complete now as I shall be able to do at any time before my interest in the expedition has died away and the collection of plants has got mixed in my general collections. I have made this explanation because the following list of names is given by me almost entirely from memory. I have not got my own set of plants to compare; and I have very few books; it 118 MR. C. B. CLARKE’S BOTANIC NOTES is therefore possible that many errors have crept in. But I believe the names are near enough to give a sufficiently exact idea of the nature of the flora; and, moreover, the Members of your Society will be able to judge from the general character of the list how close its accuracy may probably be. In order to keep the list within some reasonable limits, I have excluded in general all reference to the distribution of the species named below 7000 feet, and also all reference to other species to be found below 7000 feet. It will be understood that many plants marked “ 7000-8000 ped. alt., scarce or frequent," may be very common at lower levels. The list is arranged according to the sequence of the orders in Lindley; for I have always kept my plants in that sequence, because Lindley gives me a printed index to the whole, which no unfinished botanic work on orders or genera can do. The dripping forest in Sikkim extends from about 5500 to 9000 feet. Above 9000 feet the Rhododendrons come in; below 5500 feet is cultivation. The present list represents more particularly the upper half of the dripping moss-covered forest. This forest is specially characterized by the prevalence of Oaks, Magnolias, Laurels, and Araliads, and beneath these trees by Urtices, Impatiens, Cyrtandraces, Rubi, and small Bamboos. Conspicu- ously absent are Leguminose and Malvacee. Dr. Hooker has noted the leading botanic features of Tonglo top, and also the gaps or absent orders. But many of the orders stated by him to be conspicuously absent I found very fairly re- presented, such as Umbelliferze, Geraniew, Fumariee, Ranuncu- lacew. I do not suppose that Dr. Hooker could have overlooked these orders had they been as prominent in May (the month of his visit) as they are now in September. Epilobium and Poten- tilla, stated to be absent, are now plentiful. The list which I have drawn out will be seen at a glance to be somewhat unequal; i. e. I have paid much more attention to some orders than to others. The reason Ferns are treated at such length is. that I happen to have by me a kind of elaborate index with notes to my own collection of ferns (tinned down in Calcutta) which has enabled me to name the Tonglo ferns more closely and to speak of varieties more fully than in most other orders. FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO. 119 List of Plants collected between Darjeeling and Tonglo, at 7000 feet or upwards above sea-level. GRAMINES. In Darjeeling station (7000 ped. alt.) and on cleared ground to 8000 feet are prominently seen Eulalia nepalensis, Trin., Pol- linia, sp., Poa subsecunda, Lam. (=Eragrostris atropurpurea auct.), Muehlenbergia sylvatica, Torrey, Agrostis vulgaris, With., A. alba, Schrad. The last two may be introduced, as also Holeus lana- tus, L., Dactylis glomerata, L., Poa annua, L., which are common. in the station. In the woods at 7000-9000 ped. alt. are Isachne miliacea, Roth., Digitaria, sp., Oplismenus compositus, Roem. et Sch., Cen- totheca lappacea, Desv. At 9000 ped. alt. Avena Junghuhnii, Büse; and thence to 10,000 ped. alt. Agrostis nervosa, Nees (which hardly differs from A. alba, Schrad.). And on the summit of Tonglo, at 10,000 feet, occur Avena alpestris, Host., Calamagrostris ciliata, Nees, Bromus confinis, Nees, Stipa orthoraphium, Steud., Glyceria tonglensis, nov. sp. The small bamboo referred to by Dr. Hooker under the na- tive name Praong abounds, covering large spaces. But other grasses, from 7000-10,000 ped. alt. on these Sikkim forest- ridges, are rather rare. There are many grasses at 0-2000 ped. alt. ; and, again, several alpine grasses come in at 12,000 ped. alt, and upwards. GLYCERIA TONGLENSIS, nov. sp. Glabra, 4-pedalis. Panicula diffusa, ramis verticillatis inequalibus, fructu arcte deflexis. Spicule 4-8- flore. Glumz omnino argenteo-scariose. Palea inferior valide. 5- nervis, margine argenteo-scariosa. Species Glycerie (Atropidi) distanti, Mert., Koch, proxima. Differt glumis argenteis ; palea inferiore valide 5-nervi. CYPERACES. Cyperus, which so abounds at lower levels, is hardly seen in the forest from 7000 to 10,000 feet—except in the clearings, C. vulgaris, Sieb. ; and I collected at this level no other genus in the order except Carer. Carex indica, L., is plentiful from Darjeeling station to Tonglo top. I gathered C. fusiformis, Nees, at 9000 feet, and C. foliosa, Don, on Tonglo top at 10,000 feet. Cype- racee are certainly rare in the forest at 7000-10,000 feet. 120 MR. C. B. CLARKE’S BOTANIC NOTES PALMAE. No Palm occurs so high in Sikkim; but Plectocomia may be seen just above 9000 ped. alt. in Darjeeling. ARACER. Numerous in individuals, but mostly out of flower at this season (Sept.). Of Ariscema, Y noticed A. erubescens, Schott, A. tor- tuosum, Schott, A. costatum, Martius, and another species. Scindapsus (? Peepla, Schott) abundant. AMARYLLIDACEJ. The small yellow Hypoxis occurs in open places from 7000- 8000 ped. alt. TRIDACES. An Tris (? decora, Wallich) was in fruit in the swamps at the very top of Tonglo, 10,000 ped. alt. ZINZIBERACER. Gingers, so abundant in Sikkim up to 7000 feet, are few above that level. Roscoéa lutea, Wight, however, abounds on the Tonglo ridge (as elsewhere) up to 9000 feet. ORCHIDEA. Are scarce at 7000-10,000 feet, and now (Sept.) mostly out of flower. ANTHOGONIUM GRACILE, Wallich, and MICROSTVYLIS WALLICHI, Lindl. 7500 ped. alt. ACERAS ANGUSTIFOLIA, Lindl. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Abundant. SPIRANTHES AUSTRALIS, Lindi. 7000-8000 ped. alt. HABENARIA PECTINATA, Don. 7300 ped. alt.: CYRTOSIA LINDLEYANA, Bth. $ Hook. 7000 ped. alt. Just past flower. HERMINIUM (? coxcEsTUM, Lindl.). 8000-10000 ped. alt. SAccoLABIUM. 8000 ped. alt. A small species. FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO. — 121 Ca@LoGYNE PRÆCOX, Lindl. (i. e. Celogyne Wallichii in Hooker's * Sikkim’). 8000-10,000 ped. alt. Frequent. SATYRIUM NEPALENSE, Don. On Tonglo top, 10,000 ped. alt. And also there a Habenaria with non-fimbriated lip. There are in Sikkim, at 7000-10,000 ped. alt, many fine Orchids to be seen in September; but the above list comprises all that I actually saw in flower, walking on the ridge to Tonglo. Near Darjeeling every showy orchid is stripped from the trees for sale for a few pence in the station. COoMMELYNACEX. Commelyna obliqua, Don (ò Mathewii, C. B. Clarke), and Oya- notis barbata, Kunth, are common on cleared ground from 7000- 8000 ped. alt. Commelyna celestis ( = C. erecta, L., ex Asa Gray), cultivated here for its beauty, has established itself as a weed at 7500-8020 ped. alt. .4clisia? Thomsoni, C. B. Clarke (supposed by Haskarl to be a Dichespermum), is abundant at 8000 ped. alt. It is described in my monograph from imperfect material. It is neither an Aclisia nor a Dichespermum, and may be a new genus next Anilema. I give a description of the species here. ANILEMA? THOMSONI, i. e. Aclisia? TnoMsoxir, C. B. Clarke. Sta- mina omnino Commelyne, i. e. tria altero latere floris imposita abor- tiva brevia, tria altero latere floris imposita pollenifera quorum me- dium majus difforme. Ovarium elongatum subzqualiter triloculare, in quoque loculo 5-6-ovulatum. Capsula angusta, apice acuminata, 15-sperma, seminibus in quoque loculo uniseriatis. Not only are the stamens unlike those of Anilema, but the eapsule is elongate, tapering upwards, quite unlike the capsule of any Anilema known to me. JUNCACEX. Juncus bufonius, L., extends from Darjeeling to 8000 ped. alt. in cleared places. Juncus castaneus, Smith, and J. concinnus, Don, are on Tonglo top at 10,000 ped. alt. LirrACEX. CHLooPsis CAULESCENS, B}. ( — Ophiopogon spicatus, Auct.), anda from 7000-9000 ped. alt. ; FLUGGEA INTERMEDIA ? Schott, occurs from 7000-8000 ped. alt. LINN. JOURN.—BOTANT, VOL. XV. L 122 MR. C. B. CLARKE’S BOTANIC NOTES PoLYGONATUM SIBIRICUM is on Tonglo top at 10,000 ped. alt. There is another plant at 8000 ped. alt. like a Polygonatum ; but the berries have 6-8 seeds in each cell; leaves alternate, short, petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, striate; peduncles axillary, cymosely 2-7-flowered ; berries large, pendulous. SMILACINA PURPUREA, Wallich, is frequent from 7000-10,000 ped. alt. At 8000 ped. alt. I collected a very large Smilacina in fruit, of which the following is the description. SMILACINA, sp. Caulis simplex 8-pedalis superne hirtellus. Folia petiolata cordato-ovata valde acuminata venoso-striata glabra. Pani- cula terminalis pubescens composita 8-12-pollicaris, ramis numerosis elongatis 10-25-floris : pedicellis undique divaricatis semipollicaribus. PARIS POLYPHYLLA, Don, is fréquent at 7000-19,000 ped. alt. There is one large Smilax at 9000 ped. alt., and a dwarf Smilax (barely a foot high) from 9000—10,000 ped. alt. Dioscorea, so abundant in species and individuals at low levels in Sikkim, I did not observe above 7000 feet. BALANOPHOREE. ` BALANOPHORA DIOICA, Wallich, is frequent at 7000-9000 ped. alt. CONIFERA. “The rarity of pines is perhaps the most curious feature in the botany of Tonglo and on the outer ranges of Sikkim ; for between the level of 2500 feet (the upper limit of Pinus longi- folia, Roxb.) and 10,000 feet (that of Taxus baccata, L.) there is no Coniferous tree whatever in southern Sikkim." So Dr. Hooker, correctly. That is, after leaving Darjeeling station (where Cryptomeria japonica, Don, Pinus Webbiana, and other Conifers are cultivated), no Pine whatever is seen to Tonglo top except a very few yews below the top. Immediately above 10,000 feet in Sikkim the pines come in again in force. And below 2500 feet there is not only P. longifolia, Roxb., but Po- docarpus neriifolia, Don, P. macrophylla, Don, and Gnetum scan- dens, Roxb. A still more curious fact is that, though Pinus longifolia, Roxb., in Sikkim does not ascend above 2500 feet (I have never seen it quite so high), yet in the much colder north-west Himalaya the self-same species ascends to 6000 feet. FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO. 123 URTICACEA. The nettles are in tremendous force in the Sikkim wet jungle at 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Though the species are rather more numerous at lower levels, the individuals cannot be. URTICA PARVIFLORA, Roxb. Very common, especially near huts. LAPORTEA EVITTATA, Wedd. Abundant, especially where the small bamboo has been destroyed by burning. GIRARDINIA HETEROPHYLLA, Decne. Abundant. PiLEA SMILACIFOLIA, Wedd. Very common, P. ANISOPHYLLA, Wedd. 8000-9000 ped. ait. Common, P. TERNIFOLIA, Wedd. On trees; very plentiful. P. APPROXIMATA, nov. sp.—P. ternifolia, Wedd., var. 8 (Hook. f. et Th. in Herb.). Pusilla glabra erecta 2-8-pollicaris simplex basi bul- bosa, infra subaphylla, foliis omnibus versus apicem caulis praecipue approximatis lanceolatis acuminatis trinerviis laxe profundeque ser- ratis. Flores dioici (an semper) ad apices pedunculorum quam pe- tioli multo longiorum in capitula parva subglobosa densa congesti Stipule minute. Folia supra minute punctata subtus cystolithis con- spicuis destituta. Species in Sikkim ad 8000-10,000 ped. alt. sat communis: in terra inter muscos (neque in arboribus ut Pilea ternifolia) crescit. P. oxyvopon, Wedd. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Common. P. scrtpta, Wedd. Ad 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Common. s .P. umBrosa, Wedd. Ad 7000-9000 ped. alt. Common. P. nnAcTEOSA, Wedd. Ad 7000-8000 ped. alt. P. syMMERIA, Wedd. Ad 7000-8000 ped. LrgcaNTHUS PEDUNCULARIS, Wedd. 7000-9000 ped. alt. L2 124 MR. C. B. CLARKE’S BOTANIC NOTES Common. There is adwarf form of this, the whole plant often not 2 inches high. ELATOSTEMA MARIANNA&, nov. sp. Monoica pilosa. Caulis 3-4- pedalis parum divisus ramis longis simplicibus infra nudus, superne foliis alternis subsessilibus. Folia, omnino elatostematis, inzequila- tera, late lanceolata, valde acuminata, altius serrata. Pedunculi mas- culi e nuda parte inferiore caulis orti 6-15- pollicares apice receptaculo maximo plano crasso quadrato carnoso coronati. Corolla mascula semi-5-fida alba. Capitula foeminea (omnino Elatostematis sessilis) in axillis foliorum superiorum sessilia. Stipulz elongato-lanceolate. Darjeeling, ad 7000-8000 ped. alt. Forsan novum genus. Receptaculum masculum Lecanthi, sed majus. E. sessILE, Forst. Ad 7000-9000 ped. alt. Universal. E. NIGRESCENS? Miq. Ad 7000-8000 ped. alt. frequens. The specifie name is given from description only. E. SIKKIMENSE, nov. sp. Glabrum, ramis apice teretibus ferrugineo- puberulis. Folia alterna elliptica faleata basi angustata apice acumi- nata fere a basi grosse serrata supra cystolithis inspersa subtus iis des- tituta. Nervus basilaris inferioris limbi usque ad basin acuminis productus. Stipule due ad basin cujusque folii, lanceolatz 5-10 lineas longz, deciduz. Capitula dioica aut monoica. Receptacula foeminea (inferiora aut cum masculis intermixta) omnia longe pedunculata late evoluta, bracteis involucrantibus elongatis. Bracteole circa flores ovate minute pilose. In rupibus madidis in Sikkim ad 7000-8000 ped alt. frequens. Species capitulis foemineis longe peduneulatis videtur ab omnibus bene distincta. E. HookERrANUM, Wedd. Ad 7000-8000 ped. alt. E. supincisum, Wedd. Ad 7000-8000 ped. alt. E. pissectum, Wedd. Ad 7000-8000 ped. alt. E. oprusum, Wedd. Ad 8000-10,000 ped. alt. E. DIVERSIFOLIUM, Wedd. 7000-10,000 ped. alt., vulgaris. H«cHMERIA SCABRELLA, Gaud. Ad 7000 ped. alt. Fruticosa. Folia ovata acuta mediocriter ac subzequaliter serrata supra sparsim scabra subtus plus minus pilosa. Racemi subsimplices seepius fasciculati. B. cusPIDATA (i. e. rotundifolia, Ham.). Ad 7000 ped. alt. frequens. Frutex magna vel arbor. Folia rotunda cuspidata altius faleato-serrata utrinque molliter villosa. Racemi subsimplicices, baud fasciculati fructu penduli. FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO. | 125 B. POLYSTACHYA, Wedd. Ad 7000 ped. alt. Fruticosa. Folia ovato-elliptica acuta aut acuminata regulariter ac leviter serrata supra minutissime pilosa vel glabrata subtus fere glabra sæpe albescens, conspicue trinervia. Racemi fructiferi densi ramosi paniculati. Folia opposita: interdum omnia alterna sparsa ! ! These three Behmerie (together with the low-level B. Hamil- toniana, Wedd., which is not seen above 7000 ped. alt.) are all reckoned by Weddell as varieties of his B. platyphylla. They appear to me very distinct; and I see in India no intermediate forms whatever. Povuzouzia INDICA, Gaud. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. CHAMABAINIA SQUAMIGERA, Wedd. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Abundant. MEMORIALIS HIRTA, Wedd. (inclusa M. quinquenervi, Ham.). 7000- 8000 ped. alt. Common. I collected no fig. Dr. Hooker states that one species ascends to 9000 feet on the outer ridges of Sikkim. EUPHORBIACER. Of this large order so abundant at lower levels, I only noticed one tree above 7000 ped. alt., ascending to 9000 ped. alt., viz. Mallotus oreophilus, Müll., Arg. At these high levels I do not recollect that I have ever col- lected Euphorbiacem. Sarcococca pruniformis, Lindl., I have seen elsewhere at 7000 ped. alt. Callitriche is in the pools at 7000-9000 ped. alt. Frequent. QUERNALES. Quercus lamellosa, Smith, is common in Darjeeling and up to 8000 feet. . Q. annulata ?, referred to by Dr. Hooker at p. 165, 1 did not collect. | Castonopsis tribuloides, Alph. DC., is common in Darjeeling at 7000-7500 ped. alt., but does not extend much further up on the ridge. Quercus Andersoni (nov. sp., Hook. f., as Dr. King tells me) has leaves so exceedingly like the Castanopsis, that the natives reckon it the same tree, and the greater part of the “ Chestnut.” supplied for years past from the Tonglo ridge for building-purposes to the station turns out to be from this un- described oak. This oak was noticed last year by Dr. King and 126 MR. C. B. CLARKE'8 BOTANIC NOTES Mr. Gamble of the Forest Department ; at the Calcutta Botanic Garden it was found among Dr. Anderson's collections, and sent by Dr. King to Dr. Hooker, who, Dr. King tells me, has named it Q. Andersoni. The scales form a large, thick, obovate cover to the acorn, nearly entirely hiding it; not only do the scales in the fruit become fused into one mass, but 2-3 acorns generally become (through their scales) completely fused into one mass. This oak abounds on Tonglo from 7500 ped. alt. to 9000 ped. alt. Juglans regia, L., was frequent at the Darjeeling level, but has been used up Pound the station for building-purposes, and I saw not one tree on the march to Tonglo and back. Betula, sp., is frequent in the station of Darjeeling, and again near Tonglo top (? same species), but now without flower or fruit. MENISPERMACES. I did not notice one example between Darjeeling and the top of Tongio. CUCURBITACE X. Thladiantha calcarata, i. e. Momordica calcarata, Colebr., is common in Darjeeling station. My march to Tonglo supplied me with two new genera besides Edgaria darjeelingensis, which I have just sent as a new genus to the Linnean Society. Edgaria darjeelingensis is abundant in Darjeeling station, and along the whole Tonglo ridge to 8000 ped. alt., filling the air with its fragrance. The male plants are far more numerous than the female. From 8000 to 9000 ped. alt. Warea, genus nov., is plertiful. And at the same level (but nearer Darjeeling) Ram- pinia, nov. genus, is abundant. It is remarkable that Edgaria, Warea, and Rampinia, now all in flower, agree in the following points: they are all large, social, rambling, dioicous Cucurbits with bifid tendrils and medium large yellow flowers. » in all three the male plants are numerous, the peduncles often two from each axil, the first peduncle bearing a solitary flower, the second a raceme ebracteate of several flowers. The female plants are com- paratively rare, with solitary flowers. The fruit in all three is the same size, shape, and nearly alike in ridges and marks, viz. trigonous with two ridges on each face, lanceolar, narrowed at both ends, 3-4 inches long, dehiseing by three valves from the top. It is this general resemblance conjunct with the dioicous FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO, | 127 flowers that has allowed these three very distinct genera (all to be got, too, in Darjeeling) to be overlooked. I now give complete characters for the two new genera, Warea and Rampinia. Outlines to illustrate structural peculiarities of the genus Warea. Fig. 2. Fig. 1. The male flower, of natural size. 2. A vertical section of the male flower. 3. Stamens, magnified and cut apart. WakFaA, gen. nov. Flores dioici. Flores g ebracteati, sepe e quaque axilla duo pe- duneuli oriuntur quorum alter uniflorus alter serius racemo- sus. Calycis tubus elongatus tubulosus apice subhemisphe- rice campanulatus, dentibus 5 lanceolato-subulatis. Corolla profunde 5-partita segmentis subovatis acutis. Stamina 3 su- periore parte tubo calycis inserta, filamentis brevibus liberis : anthere connate, una 1-locularis, ceter:z 2-loculares, loculis linearibus conduplieatis non transverse flexuosis, connectivo non producto. Ovarii rudimentum elongato-lanceolatum. Flores 9 solitarii. Calyx et corolla maris. Staminum rudimenta obsoleta. Ovarium anguste ovoideum, 3-placentiferum : stylus filiformis stigmatibus 3 late obovatis: ovula œ horizontalia. Fructus exsucens, subelongatus, basi attenuatus, 3-gonus, 3- 128 MR. C. B. CLARKE'S BOTANIC NOTES - locularis, 6-costatus, intus fibrosus ab apice fere ad basin 3- valvis. Semina in quoque loculo biseriata c. 16, horizontalia complanato-ellipsoidea levia, testa crassa, marginibus obtusis. Herbe scandentes. Cirrhi2-3-fidi. Flores flavi, d et 9 longius pedunculati majusculi. Fructus c. 4-pollicaris. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 4. Female flower of Warea, of the natural size. 5. A vertical section of the female flower. 6. The stigmas, seen from above. Fig. 7. Fruit, dehiscing. 8. A horizontal section of the capsule. Tt does not show the juiceless pulp in which the seeds are packed FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO. 129 Genus nulli alii proximum, forsan juxta Gymnopetalum locandum. Warea TONGLENSIS, C. B. Clarke. Caulis cum pedunculis fere glaber. Pedunculus 9 2-6-pollicaris. Ovarium ac fructus pilosa. Folia petio- lata ovata basi altius cordata, supra sparsim pilosa subtus albescentia fere glabra, quoad formam valde variabilia, modo ovata acuta, modo trifida, modo fere ad basin in 5 lacinias angustas divisa. RAMPINIA, nov. gen. Flores dioici. Flores g ebracteati, sepe e quaque axilla duo pe- dunculi oriuntur quorum alter uniflorus, alter serius racemosus. Calycis tubus elongatus cylindricus subinfundibuliformis, denti- bus 5 subulatis. Corolla profunde 5-partita segmentis anguste ovatis subacutis. Stamina3 tubo calycis fere inclusa, filamentis brevibus liberis: antherz in capitulum arcte connate, una 1- locularis, cæteræ 2-loculares loculis conduplicatis non transverse flexuosis. Ovarii rudimentum elongatum.—Flores 9 solitarii brevi-peduneulati. Calyx et corolla maris. Staminum rudi- menta 0. Outlines illustrating anatomical structure of the genus Rampinia. bale Fig. 10, Fig. 12. Fig. 11. || | Fig. 9. A vertical section of the male flower, of natural size. 10.. A vertical section of the female flower, of natural size. 11. Stamens, magnified and cut apart. 12. Stigmas, seen from above. "180 MR. C. B. CLARKE’S BOTANIC NOTES Ovarium fusiforme, apice attenuatum, 8-loculare: stylus elon- gatus 3-fidus, stigmatibus 3 bilobis: ovula in quoque loculo 4, pendula, biseriata. Fructus exsuccus, subelongatus, basi attenu- atus, 3-gonus, 3-loeularis, irregulariter sinuato-costatus, intus fibrosus, ab apice fere ad basin 3-valvis 19-spermus. Semina pendula anguste oblonga compressa, paullo rugosa, testa dura vix crassa, marginibus subacutis. Herbs scandentes. Cirrhi 2-3-fidi. Flores flavi majusculi. Fructus 3—4-pollicaris. RAMPINIA HERPETOSPERMOIDES. Caulis cum foliis capsulaque mol- liter pilosus. Folia petiolata cordata ovata acuminata serrata, subin- cisa aut angulatim 3-5-lobata. Fructus pedunculi incrassati. Corolla externe paullo pilosa. : I think it possible, nay probable, that this is the Himalayan species of Herpetospermum called H. pedunculosum. I have no hesitation in giving it a new generic name, the ovules, fruit, and seeds being altogether unlike those of Herpetospermum as described. I have ample material for Rampinia, including the fruit of every stage, and I have examined the flowers and fruits on the growing plants. Dr. King supposes with me, that Herpetospermum has been in some way constructed out of these three genera admixed, and suggests that it may have been described by joining a three-sided capsule of Edgaria (there are such, though the capsule is nearly always 6-seeded) to the male plant of Rampinia, and then adding the further blunder of supposing the seeds erect, and describing the hilum and pointed shoulder as a three-pointed summit to the seed. If this is the true explanation of Herpetospermum, the sooner that name is entirely obliterated the better. The three very remarkably allied genera Edgaria, Warea, and Rampinia are thus separated shortly :— EDGARIA, Anthers straight. Ovules in each cell two, pendulous, superim- posed. Capsule containing 6 seeds. WAREA. Anthers conduplicate. Ovules in each cell 12-16, in two rows, horizontal. Capsule containing about 48 seeds. FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO. 131 RAMPINIA. Anthers conduplicate. Ovules in each cell 4, in two rows, pen- dulous. Capsule containing 12 seeds. Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Fig. 13. A fruit of Rampinia, of natural size, just before dehiscence, and con- taining twelve seeds. 14. Four seeds, shown in situ, when one of the three values of the capsule is removed. 15. Horizontal section of the same fruit, the juiceless pulp in which the seeds are embedded not being show BEGONIACER. Begonia Josephi, Alph. DC., is abundant from 7500-9500 ped. alt. B. gemmipara, Hook. f. et. Th., is common from 8000-10,000 ped. alt. The gemm:z have much the same nature as other 182 MR. C. B. CLARKE’S BOTANIO NOTES gemme ; they become fusiform, with rootlets often, before they drop, and at once produce new plants. There are other Begonias even above 7000 ped. alt., on this Tonglo ridge, but not now in flower. VIOLACER. Dr. Hooker mentions violets on Tonglo; I noticed Viola from 8000-10,000 ped. alt., not in flower. CRASSULACER. I saw none. BRASSICACER. Only Nasturtium montanum, Wall., as a weed in the station at 7000-7500 ped. alt. CaPPARIDACES. None. STERCULIACER. None. MALVACE2. None. TILIACER. ELAOCARPUS LANCEJEFOLIUS, Rogb. A tree 50 feet at 7400 ped. alt. ; just past flowering. PorxGALACEX. POLYGALA ARILLATA, Ham. Scattered at 7000-8000 ped. alt. SAPINDACES. AcER CaMPBELLII, Hook. f. et Th. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Plentiful. A. cAUDATUM, Wallich. 8000-10,000 ped. alt. Frequent. A. HooKERI, Mig. 9000-10,000 ped. ait. DoBINEA VULGARIS, Ham., in Darjeeling at 7000 ped. alt. Not abundant; and I found a plant on Tonglo above 9000 ped. alt. TURPINIA POMIFERA, DC, 7000-8000 ped. alt. B Frequent; flowered three months ago. bee FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO. 133. TERNSTROMIACER. Eurya JAPONICA, Thóg. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. ACTINIDIA CALLOSA, Lindl. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. SAURAUJA NAPAULENSIS, DC. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. HYPERICACES. Hypericum PATULUM, Thbg. Abounds in the station and on cleared ground up to 8000 ped. alt. H. Hooxerianum, W. 4 A. 9000-10,000 ped. alt. Common in open spots. H. NAPAULENSE, Choisy, In the marshes cn Tonglo top at 10,000 ped. alt. There is no Hypericum seen in the dense forest which borders: the road nearly all the way from Darjeeling to Tonglo. MAGNOLIACE E. MicHELtIA EXCELSA, Bl, 7000-7500 feet. A large tree now in flower (Sept.). MacNoL1A CAMPBELLII, Hook. f. et Th. d 000 feet. Plentiful (flowers in spring). SCHIZANDRA PROPINQUA, Hook. f. et Th. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Frequent. ANONACEJE. None. DILLENIACER. None. RANUNCULACEX. CLEMATIS BUCHANANIANA, DC. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Common ; coming into flower. CLEMATIS, sp. (Perhaps montana, Ham.), not in flower. Near Tonglo Top. ANEMONE. I collected none, the season being September. There doubt- less is the genus on Tonglo, as Hooker states. Tuaticrrum CHELIDONII, DC. On Tonglo at 10,000 ped. alt. 184 MB. C. B. CLARKE’S BOTANIC NOTES Plentiful. This is the common Thalictrum with large blue flowers and compressed faleate fruit-carpels ; but it does not fit the deseription in the Kew Flora at all well: the stems are often 40-flowered instead of 2-8.flowered as stated: there are often 16 flowers on one branch even. Also the leaves are pubescent beneath, the anthers not mucronate. RANUNCULUS DIFFUSUS, DC. 9000-10,000 ped. alt. ACONITUM PALMATUM, Don. 10,000 ped. alt. In quantity. Dr. Hooker mentions Ranunculaces as conspicuously absent on Tonglo: this can hardly be said. PAPAYERACE E. Meconopsis ROBUSTA, Hook. f. et Th. On Tonglo at 10,000 ped. alt. The flowers are a very pale cold blue, thin in texture. The whole plant is softly pilose and also covered with seattered golden rough setz. FUMARIACER. DicenTRA THALICTRIFOLIA, Hk. f. et Th. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Very common. CoryYDALIS SIBIRICA, Pers, On Tonglo top at 10,000 ped. alt. C. CHÆROPHYLLA, DC. 9000-10,000 ped. alt. Abundant. These Fumariads are in great quantity on Tonglo; and I sup- pose that when Dr. Hooker says Fumariacee are conspicuously absent from Tonglo, this statement must be narrowed to the month of May. BERBERIDACE®. HOoLBŒLLIA LATIFOLIA, Wallich. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Common. BERBERIS ARISTATA, DC. Tonglo top at 10,000 ped. alt. VITAOCEX. VITIS TENUIFOLIA, W. & A. I collected at 9000 ped. alt. V. cAPRIOLATA, Don. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. These were the only two vines I collected ; there are others, now (Sept.) turned red, which decorate the trees. There is one FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO. 135 vine abundant throughout the Darjeeling station (and district at 5000-10,000 ped. alt.), and abundant all the way to Tonglo, but, I believe, quite undescribed. Though so common in the station, it never flowers till it has attained its full size; it is the largest vine I am acquainted with, and flowers at the top of the tall trees when its stem is a foot in circumference. I append an imperfect description, my good specimens not being at hand. Vitis, sp. Folia primordialia indivisa ovata valde acuminata: cetera tripartita; foliola petiolata 4-8-pollicaria late elliptica basi cordata apice obtusa vel subito breviter acuminata, margine continuo minute denticulato, supra glabrata subtus minute pilosa venis venulisque conspicue elevatis reticulatisque. — Foliola lateralia valde secunda fal- cata basi uno latere auriculato-cordata. Cirrhi bifidi. Cymæ magne composite ramis angulatis divaricatis. PITTOSPORES. PITTOSPORUM FLORIBUNDUM, W. & A. 7000-8000 ped. alt. ' Frequent. OLACACER. None. ERicACE X. ANDROMEDA OVALIFOLIA, Wallich. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Abundant; flowered a month ago, 2. e. end of July. PERNETTYA REPENS (Gualtheria nummularioides, Don). 7000-10,000 - ped. alt. Abundant ; now in flower. The Rhododendrons are now (Sept.) not inflower. On Tonglo from 9000 feet upwards, Rhododendron arboreum is the prevailing tree, or rather giant bush. I collected also at 9000 feet R. bar- batum, Wallich, and at Tonglo top R. Faleoneri, Hook. There * also grows here R. argenteum as mentioned by Hooker (which I have collected on this ridge on other occasions), and probably one or two species more. R. arboreum varies a good deal in the tinge of its flowers, and has been supposed to include two or more species. RurTACEX. BoENNINGHAUSENIA ALBIFLORA, Reich. 8000 ped. alt. Abundant. 136 MR. C. B. CLARKE’S BOTANIC NOTES ZANTHOXYLUM ALATUM, Roxb. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Frequent. SKIMMIA LaunEoLa, Hook. f. Tonglo top, in quantity Now in fruit (Sept.). MELIACE A. None. AÁNACARDIACE E. Ruvs. 7000-8000 ped. alt. A tree, a common species; but I have forgotten the name. Frequent. SARBIACEEX.. MELIOSMA (? pinnata, Planch.). 7000-8000 ped. alt. A fine tree; flowered in June. LiwaAcEX. ANISADENIA SAXATILIS, Wall. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Frequent. GERANTACER. GERANIUM POLYANTHES, Edgw. & Hook. f. Covers the open grass on Tonglo top. G. NEPALENSE, Sweet. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. IMPATIENS PUBERULA, DC. At 7500 ped. alt. I. arcuta, Hk. f.et Th. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Sepals often 4. Large inflated spur, dull pink-purple, no trace of yellow. "The leaves with very close sharp (not deep) serratures. Common. I. sPrRIFER, Hk. f. et Th. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Most abundant. My plant, thus referred, is quite different from I. arguta. It also has frequently four sepals. But the large inflated spur is yellowish with marked pink-purple striations. The leaves are crenate-serrate, with far more distant serratures than on I. arguta. T. spirifer in the wet woods is often little branched, 1-2 feet high, the flowers often solitary ; but the pe- duncle then carries a number of bracteole devoid of pedicels. Above, on the sunny open slopes of Tonglo (where the ground in September was covered with this plant), it was low, very much FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO. 137 branched, and densely covered with flowers, the peduncles often branched, with 3-6 flowers on each. IMPATIENS LONGIPES, Hk. f. et Th. 7000-8000 ped. alt. In wet beds of Hlatostema; frequent. I. RADtATA, Hook. f. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Frequent and abundant on the cleared spaces at 9000-10,000 feet. IMPATIENS, sp. On Tonglo at 9000 ped. alt. Peduncles 4-8, from the upper crowded axils, 6-10 inches long ; pedicels whorled at intervals along these branches. Bracts persistent. Flowers large, yellow, the wing-tips brown-orange. Spur not long, incurved. Plentiful. Leaves and inflorescence of T. radiata, but the flowers large and brown-orange instead of small and pink. The pods and seeds are also similar, but larger. I. srenantua, Hk. f. 7000-8000 ped. alt. In wet beds of Elatostema ; frequent. I. racemosa, DC. 7500 ped. alt. CARYOPHYLLE:X. STELLARIA CRISPATA, Wall. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Common. S. SIKKIMENSIS, Hk. f. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Abundant. S. LONGISSIMA, Wall. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Rare. POLYGONAOE E. Rheum was found by Dr. Hooker; I did not see it. RuMEX NEPALENSIS, Spreng. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Common. Does R. hamatus, Trevir., differ ? R. AcETOSA, L. 8000 ped. alt., advena. POLYGONUM FILICAULE, Wall. 9000-10,000 ped. alt. P. PERFoRATUM, Meisn. 9000-10,000 ped. alt. P. capitatum, Ham. | 8000-10,000 ped. alt. Common. LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XV. M 138 MR. C. B. CLARKE’S BOTANIC NOTES P. RuNcINATUM, Ham. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Abundant. P. CHINENSE, L. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Abundant. Why is this plant not Coccoloba? Polygonum is specially defined as having a dry calyx in fruit, Coccoloba a baccate ealyx in fruit. P. MOLLE, Don; i. e. Coccoloba totnea, Ham. Abundant in Darjeeling station and up to 9000 ped. alt. The fruit of this is distinctly baecate, the sepals coalescing and becoming thick and succulent, so that the fruit is extensively eaten under the native name of Zotnye. Why is Hamilton wrong in calling this Coccoloba ? P. crispaTuM; i. e. Coccoloba crispata, Ham. — 9000-10,000 ped. alt. Abundant. A most beautiful plant, the large numerous flowers varying from white to rose, This is a true Polygonum, i. e. the sepals quite dry on the fruit. It is at once (when out of flower) recognized from all other Polygonums by the parallel veins of the leaves. I add a description :— P. cnisPATUM, Ham., sub Coccoloba. Erecta ramosa 4-6-pedalis ramis lanato-pilosis. Ochrez breves late scariosæ pilose margine subintegro. Folia petiolata elongato-lanceolata integra supra viridia sparsim pilosa, subtus argenteo-tomentosa venis (20-30 paribus) exacte parallelis utrinque insigniter ornata. Corymbi laxe subdicho- tomo-paniculati: flores laxi pro genere majusculi: bracteolæ rotun- date fere glabre. Stamina 7-8. Styli 3 ad basin liberi apice capi- tati. Aehznium ovatum acute triquetrum, sepalis siccis marcescenti- bus laxe circumdatum. Species eximia a P. chinensi (cui a cl. Meisner reducta est) longe remota. There are several other species of Polygonum that may be col- lected at 7000-8000 ped. alt. ; the above were all I got on Tonglo itself. The beautiful Himalayan Polygonums of the section Bis- torta (e. g. P. spherostachyum, Meisn., P. amplexicaule, Don, P. affine, Don, and their allies) do not come down quite so low as Tonglo top (10,000 feet.) FacoPvRuM, sp. foliis hastatis. 9000 ped. alt. FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO. 139 AMARANTACE. ACHYRANTHES (JAVANICA? Tand.). 7000-8000 ped. alt. Plentiful. A. SCANDENS, Hk. f. et Th. in MS. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Plentiful. A very large climber, ascending trees 60 feet high and completely covering them with its large white spikes. One of the most striking of Darjeeling plants, ealled sometimes the Hop-creeper by the English. PrPERACE£. PIPER (? PEDICELLA TUM, Ces., DC.). 7000-8000 ped. alt. CHAVICA SPHÆROSTACHYA, Mig. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Frequent. PrPEROMIA HeyneaAna, Mig. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Frequent. These are the only three Peppers which I collected ; but there are doubtless others that come above the 7300-feet level at which I started. THYMELACER. DAPHNE WALLICHII, Meisn. 7500 ped. alt. In bud. I believe I also saw D. papyracea, Wallich, at 9000 ped. alt. LAURACEZ. The Laurels are abundant along the Tonglo (and other similar ridges) at 7000-9000 ped. alt.; but now (Sept. 15) 1 saw none in flower. I collected leaves of the following only: - CINNAMOMUM OBTUSIFOLIUM, Nees. A single plant at 7000 ped. alt. TETRANTHERA ANGUSTIFOLIA, Wall. 7500 ped. alt. T. (?st1KKIMENSIS, Meisn.). 8000 ped. alt. TETRANTHERA, sp. 8000 ped. alt. DAPHNIDIUM ELONGATUM. Nees. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Lits#a (FOLI0SA, Nees?). 8000 ped. alt. ACTINODAPHNE, sp. 7000-8000 ped. alt. A tree SO feet high, with very long (and pilose), narrow, obovate leaves. The fruit is eaten by the natives. The flowers I have M 2 140 MR. C. B. CLARKE’S BOTANIC NOTES not seen; but Mr. Gamble tells me it is surely Actinodaphne (genus). LEGUMINOSÆ are conspicuously absent the whole way from Darjeeling to Tonglo top, the only plant seen being Parochetus communis, Ham., which comes up profusely wherever the small bamboo-jungle is cleared by burning. Trifolium repens, L., has spread round the station at 7000-9000 ped. alt. An Erythrina, a small upright tree with showy flowers, is planted all over the station; itis near E. arborescens, Roxb. There is one branch of a Desmodium with - pale pink flowers on the Station Mall at 7300 ped. alt., which may be indigenous, as the species (of which I have forgotten the name, perhaps D. confertum, DC.) is common at 6000 ped. alt. Mucuna macrocarpa, Wallich, just reaches the 7000-feet level. Piptanthus nepalensis, Don, is planted at Darjeeling ; and I have found it at 10,000—12,000 ped. alt. on the ridge immediately north of Tonglo ; but I did not see it on my present excursion. The sum is, that in the wet forest-jungles of Sikkim, at 7000- 10,000 ped. alt., one may walk for days without seeing one single Leguminose plant. Rosacex. PRUNUS. A Cherry is mentioned on Tonglo by Dr. Hooker ; but in Sep- tember I did not collect it. SPIRÆA CALLOSA, Thunb. 7500 ped. alt. NEILLIA THYRSIFLORA, Don. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. RUBUS ROSÆFOLIUS, Smith. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Common. R. BETULINUS, Don. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Frequent. R. PANICULATUS, Smith. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Common. R. PENTAGONUS, Wallich. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Abundant. Rusus. The “ yellow raspberry " of Dr. Hooker. Abundant. In fruit in June at 7000-8000 ped. alt. FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO. 141 Rusvus. The “ ground-raspberry " of Dr. Hooker. Abundant. In fruit in August at 7000-9000 ped. alt. Rusus,sp. Stem and petioles dark-coloured and glandulose-pubescent. Leaves completely tripartite. Leaflets ovate or elliptic acuminate, very sharply serrate, silver-sericeous beneath, with 15-25 pairs of parallel veins. Panicles compound, from the upper axils. Sepals to- mentose, and with bristly glands. This Rubus is common at 7000-9000 ped. alt. Rusvs, sp. Stem and peduncles adpressed, silver-silky. Leaves digi- tately quinquefid to the base. Leaflets narrow, lanceolate, very closely serrate, silver-sericeous beneath, with 40-50 pairs of very close parallel veins. Flowers in small short clusters, chiefly in the lower axils. Sepals adpressed, white, silky. Abundant at 8000 ped. alt. These two Rubi are not new, but have names which I have for- gotten. The following species was sent to me by Dr. King; and 1 afterwards collected it on many occasions. R. Macrocarpus, King, MS. Viridis laxe molliter pilosa. Stipule magne valde late alte fimbriate. Folia tripartita, foliolis latis ser- ratis subtus reticulato-venulosis. Pedunculi ex axillis superioribus orti 2-pollicares, l-flori. Sepala 1} unciam longa ovata caudata : margine integro at szpe segmentis lanceolatis subulatisque aucta, dorso setis deflexis munita. Petala magna alba rotunda. Carpella valde numerosa: in fructu interiora drupacea (omnino Rubi), exteriora (in fruetu maturo) herbacea viridia pilosa longe lanceolata supra inte- riora conice conniventia. Fructus quam cæterorum Ruborum duplo major. In Sikkim ad 8000-9000 ped. alt. Sat frequens. This Rubus, which is plentiful both on the Tonglo and Sinchul ridges, is remarkable by its very large fruits, which are green when ripe; buton then separating them, the interior carpels are seen to be succulent, though the outer are elongate lanceolate herbaceous. It might easily be made a new genus; but the habit is exactly that of Rubus. Dr. King had completely examined and described this remark- able species in MS. last year, but reserved publication ; and Mr. Kurz tells us that there has since appeared in some German periodical a description taken from a dried herbarium scrap. In this case not only does Dr. King lose his name, but botany suffers the loss that the species starts from a less perfect original dc- scription. 142 MR. C. B. CLARKE’S BOTANIC NOTES Fracaria vesca, L. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Common. AGRIMONIA EUPATORIUM, L. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Frequent. POTENTILLA NEPALENSIS, Hook. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Frequent. P. LEUCONOTA, Don. Abundant in Darjeeling station and up to 8000 ped. alt. (Don's name has been superseded by one of Wallich’s; but I forget which.) POTENTILLA, sp. Plant erect, l foot high, branched with yellow flowers. Root-leaves long, deeply pinnatifid, with 10-20 pairs of segments; stem-leaves ternate or pinnate, with 2-4 pairs of segments. Leaves green on both sides, but with many lax white hairs. Sepals 10, subquadrate, striate, deeply 3—5-toothed. Plentiful on Tonglo top at 10,000 feet, where Dr. Hooker mentions Potentilla as absent. Rosa SERICEA, Lindl. On Tonglo top at 10,000 ped. alt. Pvnvs (ARIA) LANATA ? Don. Tonglo, 9000—10,000 ped. alt. Frequent. This is the tree 30—40 feet high, with a large dense head, mentioned by Hooker. P. (SonBvs)? 1npica, Wallich. "Tonglo, 10,000 ped. alt. SAXIFRAGACE X. ASTILBE RIVULARIS, Don. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Very common. (Stamens five here, never ten, as described.) SAXIFRAGA. None. They are plentiful at higher levels; but Tonglo, 10,000 feet, is too low for a single species. The same applies to Parnassia. HYDRANGEA ROBUSTA, Hook. f. et Th. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. Flowers in August and September. H. vgsTITA, Wallich. 9000—10,000 ped. alt. A tree, generally with a definite trunk. Flowers in July and August. DICHROA FEBRIFUGA, Lons. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Abundant. FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO. 143 Rises (GLACIALE? Wall.). On Tonglo at 10,000 ped. alt. Epiphytie, as mentioned by Hooker; but I collected leaves only. RHAMNACER. I collected none. CELASTRACER. CELASTRUS STYLOSA, Wallich. 7000 ped. alt. STYRACEE. STYRAX SERRULATUM, Roab. 8000 ped. alt. SvMPLOCOS (RACEMOSA? Rozxb.). 7000-8000 ped. alt. Plentiful. SvMrPLocos, sp. 9000-10,000 ped. alt. ILICINEE. ILix 1Ns1GN1s, Hook. f. At Darjeeling, 7000-7500 ped. alt. Plentiful. I. (pipYRENA ? Wallich). 9000-10,000 ped. alt. I collected leaves only. APOCYNACEX. None collected. GENTIANACEEX. GENTIANA PEDICELLATA, Wallich. 8000 ped. alt. Common. Will flower by end of October. CRAWFURDIA LUTEO-VIRIDIS, C. B. Clarke. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Frequent. OPHELIA PANICULATA, Don. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. O. CHIRATA, Griseb. 8000-9000 ped. alt. Sparsely. . SWERTIA BIMACULATA, Hk. f. et Th. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Abundant. | 144 MR. C. B. CLARKE'S BOTANIC NOTES OLEACER. Dr. Hooker mentions Olea, which I know is on Tonglo; but I did not collect it. SOLANACEX. SOLANUM DECEMDENTATUM, Rozb. /000-8000 ped. alt. ASCLEPIADACER. I collected none. CoNVOLVULACER. I collected none. PRIMULACEX. LysIMACHIA DEBILIS, Wall. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Frequent. ; L. EvALvis, Wall. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. L. nAMosa, Wall. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. Dr. Hooker found on Tonglo in May an Anagallis (near A. te- nella) and a purple Primrose. MYRSINACEX. EMBELIA FLORIBUNDA, Wall. 7500 ped. alt. BoRAGINACEX. CYNOGLOSSUM FURCATUM, Wallich. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Common in open places. LaRIATE. PLECTRANTHUS STRIATUS, Bth. 9000-10,000 ped. alt. Plentiful. The whole plant has a black-red tinge. ErsHOLTZIA FLAVA, Bth. 8000 ped. alt. An intensely aromatic species. E. srRoBILIFERA, Bth. 9000—10,000 ped. alt. Abundant. ‘ PERILLA ociMOIDES, L. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Plentiful. CALAMINTHA UMBROSA, Bth. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Common. FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO. 145 MELISSA PARVIFLORA, Bth. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Frequent. PRUNELLA VULGARIS, L. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Common. SCUTELLARIA, sp. 7900 ped. alt. CRANIOTOME VERSICOLOR, Reich. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. CoLauHOUNIA, nov. sp. Darjeeling, at 7000 ped. alt. Plentiful. A pyramidal tree with simple, erect, conical trunk, attaining 30 feet height, was in fruit in June. NorocH2£TE HAMOSA, Bth. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Very common. VERBENACE.E, PREMNA INTERRUPTA, Wall. 7000-8000 ped. alt. CYRTANDRACE E. JEscHYNANTHUS BRACTEATA, Wallich, 8. PEEL11, Hk. f. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Plentiful. LysIONOTUS TERNIFOLIA, Wall. 7000-7500 ped. alt. Rather scarce at this its upper limit. DIDYMOCARPUS SUBALTERNANS, Wall. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. D. viLLosa, Wall. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Plentiful. CHIRITA URTICHFOLIA, Wall. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Abundant. C. MACROPHYLLA, Wail. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Plentiful. C. Kunzir ; i. e. Didymocarpus? Kurzii, C. B. Clarke. 9000 ped. alt. In quantity. I figured this species from the single specimen in the Caleutta Herbarium (in fruit as figured), and marked as collected at Kursiong. This is a mistake. Mr. Kurz made an excursion to Tonglo ; and, clearly, he got this specimen mixed with his Kursiong collections. I have now got complete specimens. 146 MR. C. B. CLARKE'S BOTANIC NCTES The corolla is large, very long, inflated from near the base; and I therefore think it must be put in Chirita (vide my remarks under C. primulacea, C. B. Clarke), The style at the top is shortly equally bifid, not unilateral, as heretofore insisted on for Chirita. The corolla is a beautiful yellow, with orange-brown spots in the throat, much resembling that of Dichrotrichum Griffithii in my figure, but longer. There are four stamens, as usual, in Chirita, and generally a prominent rudiment of the fifth. The stem is horizontal (slightly drooping) from trees or rocks; and the leaves (nearly always five in number) are all closely approximated at the very top of the stem, and lie nearly in the horizontal plane. The species is one of the most beautiful in this beautiful order. ACANTHACE. THUNBERGIA LUTEA, T. And. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Common. T. coccinea, Wall. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Abundant, STROBILANTHES PECTINA'TUS, T. And. 7500 ped. alt. S. WarLicun, Nees. | 8500—10,000 ped. alt. Frequent. S. pivaricatus, T. And. 7500 ped. alt. S. ATTENUATUS, Jacq. 9000-10,000 ped. alt. These four Strobilanthes Y collected in flower. There is also at this level (7500-8500 ped. alt.) a dense mass of one of the large spreading shrubby species that only flower altogether after re- maining several years without producing a single flower. SCROPHULARIACE E. ScROPHULARIA ELATIOR, Wall, 7500-8500 ped. alt. Frequent. S. URTICÆFOLIA, Wall. 9000 ped. alt. MIMULUS NEPALENSIS, Bth. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Plentiful. Mazus SURCULOSUS, Don. 7000-8000 ped. alt Common. M. DENTATUS, Wallich. Stolonibus nullis. Folia sinuata neqne ser- rata. Flores subsessiles. 8000 ped. alt. FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO. 147 LINDENBERGIA URTICHFOLIA, Lehm. 7000 ped, alt. PEDICULARIS GRACILIS, Wallich. 8000 ped. alt. UrRICULARIA ORBICULATA, Wall. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Plentiful. Lower lip of corolla always with five shallow lobes and nearly white. U. muLTICAULIS ? Oliver. 8000-9000 ped. alt. Plentiful. Lower lip of corolla 4-lobed, i. e. the middle lobe deeply divided; purplish, with a yellowish throat. Otherwise like the preceding species. CAMPANULACE.E, CopoNorsis INFLATA, Hk. f. et Th. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Frequent. CAMPANULA COLORATA, Wall. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common in open places. PERNCARPA CARNOSA, Hk. f. et Th. 8000 ped. alt., in wet forest. PIDDINGTONIA NUMMULARIA, Lam. From Darjeeling to 9000 ped. alt. Abundant. SPEIREMA MONTANUM, Hk. f. et Th. 8000 ped. alt. Frequent. LoBELIA WALLICHIANA, Hk. f. et Th. 8000 ped. alt. Frequent. VALERIANA, sp. /000-10,000 ped. alt. Abundant. COMPOSITAE. DIcHROCEPHALA LATIFOLIA, Bth. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. MyRIACTIS NEPALENSIS, Less. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Common. M. WALLICHII, Less. 8000-9000 ped. alt. Common. ANAPHALIS TRIPLINERVIS, Bth. 8000-10,000 ped. alt, Common. A. CINNAMOMEA, Bth. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Abundant. HS MR. C. B. CLARKE'S BOTANIC NOTES ANAPHALIS TENELLA, DC.=Anaphalidis contorte var. mihi. 7000- 10,000 ped. alt. Common. A. ADNATA, Wail. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. A. ARANEOSA, DC. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Common. GNAPHALIUM CONFUSUM, Wallich = Gnaphalii luteo-albi, L., var. mihi. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Common. CARPESIUM CERNUUM, L. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Common. C. ABROTANOIDES, L. 7500 ped. alt. I have never seen this plant so far east before. “BIDENS PILOSA, L. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. ARTEMISIA INDICA, Willd. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Abundant. SIEGESBECKIA ORIENTALIS, L. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Frequent. GYNURA ANGULOSA, DC. 7000-8500 ped. alt. Plentiful. Senecio WALLICHII, DC. S000 ped. alt. S. ALATUS, Wallich. 8000-10,000 ped. alt. Plentiful. Erect, sometimes 8 feet high. S. rETRANTHUS, Wallich. 8000-10,000 ped. alt. Plentiful. Weak, semiseandent. S. ACUMINATUS, Wall. On Tonglo summit, 10,079 ped. al. S. (CHRYSANTHEMOIDES? DC.). "Tonglo, 10,000 ped. alt. SAUSSUREA (APLOTAXIS) DELTOIDEA, Bth. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Common in open places. AINSLLEA PTEROPODA, DC. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Abundant. PRENANTHES, sp. | 8000-10,000 ped. alt. FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO. 149 ONAGRAOCER. EPILOBIUM RoSEUM, L. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Abundant. MELASTOMACES. OsBecKIA CRINITA, Bth. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Abundant. SARCOPYRAMIS LANCEOLATA, Wall. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Very common. VACCINIACES. VACCINIUM. Three or four species extend from Darjeeling to the top of Tonglo; but they are not now (Sept.) in flower, and I collected none. RUBIACER. GAL1UM (? HIRTIFLORUM, Wall.). 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. GALIUM, sp. (fructibus glabris). 7000-8000 ped. alt. Abundant. Rusia (CORDIFOLIA, L.?). {000-9000 ped. alt. Common. LASIANTHUS (MEPHITIDA), sp. 7000 ped. alt. OPHIORRHIZA (? RUGOSA, Wallich). 7000-8000 ped. alt. Abundant. OPHIORRHIZA, sp. Leaves and inflorescence, capsule, and corolla without nearly glabrous. Fruit, for the genus, large. Heads pink, short ; peduncle drooping in bud and in full flower, erect in fruit. Stipules short, ovate, acute. Turns red in drying. Height 6-12 inches. Weak, suberect, subsimple. 8500 ped. alt. Differing from all the ten or twelve Sikkim species known to me. HyMENopocon parasiticus, Wall. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Common. CARLEMANNIA CONGESTA, Hk. f. et Th. 7000-7500 ped. alt. Plentiful. PENTAPYXIS STIPULATA, Hk. f. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Plentiful. Now in fruit. 150 MR, C. B. CLARKE’S BOTANIC NOTES Dr. Hooker still retains this genus among Caprifoliaces in the ‘Genera Plantarum.’ I have always (that is, since I first saw the plant six years ago) supposed it Rubiaceous. The corolla is not more curved or one-sided than in many genera of Rubiaces, while the large stipules are very unlike Caprifoliacez. There is in truth no very definite line between the orders; but if Penta- pyxis be put in Rubiaces we shall have a convenient (and better than at present defined) line, founded on stipulate aud exstipulate. CAPRIFOLIACES., LONICERA GLABRATA, Wall. 7500-8000 ped. alt. Frequent. LEYCESTERIA FORMOSA, Wall. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. VIBURNUM ERUBESCENS, Wall. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Abundant. V. corraceum, Bl, 7000-7500 ped. alt. Frequent. SAMBUCUS JAVANICA, Reinw. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Very common. S. ADNATA, Wall. 9000-10,000 ped. alt. UMPBELLIFER E. HYDROCOTYLE (NEPALENSIS? Hook.). 7000-8000 ped. alt. Abundant. SANICULA EUROP mA, L. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Very common. PIMPINELLA, sp. Leaves ovate acuminate; some (both at base and summit of stem) undivided, others tripartite. 9000-10,000 ped. alt. Abundant. SELINUM TENUIFOLIUM, Wall. 7000-8000 ped. ait. Common. HERACLEUM OBTUSIFOLIUM, Wall. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. H. NEPALENSE, Don. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Abundant. PLEUROSPERMUM (IIv MENOL ANA), sp. 9000-10,000 ped. alt. FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO. 151 Perhaps Ligusticum dentatum, Wall.; but only in flower in September. Dr. Hooker mentions Umbellifere as conspicuously absent from the upper part of Tonglo. His visit was in May; and in September I found Umbelliferz very fairly represented in species and numerous in individuals. ARALIACER. ARALIA, sp. At 9000 ped. alt. Scandent, large. Leaves simply pin- nate; leaflets e. 7, serrate, glabrous. Umbels compound, umbellate. PENTAPANAX, sp.? A tree 40 feet. Panicles very large and com- pound; glabrous, as are the leaves. Leaves simply pinnate ; leaflets e. 7, entire. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Frequent. PENTAPANAX, sp.? Large, scandent, glabrous. Leaves simply pinnate, leaflets c. 7, sharply finely serrate. Panicles large, compound. 7500 ped. alt. PANAX PSEUDO-GINSENG, Wall. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Frequent. Panax? Tonglo top, 10,000 ped. alt. Species herbaceous, near the last ? HELWINGIA HIMALAICA, Hk. f. et Th. 8000 ped. alt. HEPTAPLEURUM TOMENTOSUM, Ham. | 8000-9000 ped. alt. Plentiful. More of a tree than most Araliads; often 50-60 feet high, with a clean trunk. HEPTAPLEURUM, sp. ? 8000-9000 ped. alt. Like the last, but the leaflets very narrow and dentate-serrate. Frequent. Brassarorsis, sp. Erect, with 1-3 erect branches, 15-20 feet high. /000-8000 ped. alt. Common. Besides the above, I collected leaves or imperfect specimens of eight other Araliads between Darjeeling and Tonglo top. They are well known to be characteristic of this level; but as I have neither Seemann's papers nor my own herbarium to compare them with, I think it more prudent to make no guesses from memory about them. 152 MR. C. B. CLARKE'S BOTANIC NOTES HAMAMELIDE FX. BUCKLANDIA POPULNEA, Bth. & Hk. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Frequent about Darjeeling. LonANTHACEJE. I collected none. Firnrczs. (Named as in Baker where not otherwise stated.) GLEICHÉNIA LONGISSIMA. 7000-8000 ped. alt. . Common. ALSOPHILA LATEBROSA. 7000 ped. alt. exactly, and not higher. DIACALPE ASPIDIOIDES. 8000-9000 ped. alt. Plentiful. SPHAROPTERIS BARBATA. 7500-8500 ped. alt. Common. Dicksonia scABRA. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Very common. HYMENOPHYLLUM EXSERTUM. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Abundant. H. potyantuos. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. H. Simonstanum. 8000-9000 ped. alt. Plentiful. DAVALLIA PTEROPUS, Bedd. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Frequent. D. Hookznt, Moore. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Perhaps D. pulchra, Baker. Frequent. D. PULCHRA, Don (Davallia cherophylla, Baker). 7000-8000 ped. alt. Very common. D. Noposa. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Abundant. CysToPTERIS SETOSA, Beddome. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Very common. LINDSAYA CULTRATA. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO. 153 PrERIS CREtICA. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Rare (i. e., so high). P. QUADRIAURITA. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Plentiful. P. AQUILINA. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. P. WALLICHIANA. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Abundant. LoMARIA PYCNOPHYLLA. 7500-9000 ped. alt. Abundant. Woopwarpia RADICANS. 7500-8500 ped. alt. Scare. ASPLENIUM TINGENS, Don. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Abundant. The typical A. ensiforme of Ceylon is broader, thinner in texture, and does not in drying stain the paper a madder-rose, which the Himalayan A. tingens does. A. NORMALE. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Frequent. A. RESEcTUM. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Not common. Above 7000 feet this fern is hardly seen except very small, delicate in texture, and hanging from wet rocks, the var. udum of W. S. Atkinson. A. HETEROCARPUM. 7000 ped. alt., and not higher. A. PLANICAULE. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Scarce. A. LACINIATUM. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Scarce. These last five ferns abound at somewhat lower levels. A. TENUIFOLIUM. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Frequent. A. MACROCARPUM. /000-10,000 ped. alt. Abundant. The most prevailing fern at 7000-8000 feet, with endless variety in form and cutting. The type, a, is bipinnate ; there is also var. f, once pinnate and the frond much narrower ; and also (which may be a species) y. Atkinsoni—frond linear, LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XY. N 154 MR C. B. CLARKE’S BOTANIC NOTES oblong, once pinnate, the involucres large and conspicuously fim- briate. This fimbriate-involucred plant never grows large. ASPLENIUM NIGRIPES. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Abundant; only less so than the last species. In its typical form this is a rigid, hard fern; but it varies by degrees into a high-level small fern with a succulent stipe. A. ANDERSONI. Stipe red, scalv; frond reddish when fresh, with a prominent gland at the base of each pinna. This varies: a. 2-pinnate, 3-pinnatifid, frond oblong ; 8.3-pinnate, frond broad oblong ; y. 4-5- pinnate, frond very large, primary pinne very broad ovate, sori nume- rous large. 9000-10,000 ped. alt. Abundant. Has been distributed by me under this name. Mr. Baker tells us that ali these forms are varieties of Filis- Femina for him ; by which I understand that the tolerably definite forms, as nigripes, are separated off in the ‘Species Filicum,' and all the rest left in an undigested massas F\- Femina; and I do not say that Lam able at present to suggest any other course as practicable. A. UMBROSUM, J. Smith? 7000-8000 ped. alt. (Nec A. umbrosum in Baker, which is Athyrium australe, Brack., true.) Very common. This fern has long had the name A. umbrosum, J. Smith, at Cal- cutta; nor do I know any better name for it; but it is totally different from the fern described in Baker, which is Athyrium australe, as sent us from Ceylon by Mr. Thwaites. The present fern has a tufted rootstock and very large fronds, with the aspect of the compound Diplaziums. The stipe is rough (“asperous”’), and the texture light green. The sori are white, small, and placed parallel to the rachis of the pinnule and close to it. The indusium never opens from the side (as in the true Diplaziums), but in the living plant (as well as in dried plants for the herbarium) breaks up at the back, as in true Allantodia. The sori, too, are never truly diplazioid, 2. e. back to back. A. soRZOGONENSE. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Abundant. A. PoLYPoDIOIDES. 7000-7500 ped. alt. Common. Rootstock always tufted, and often in old plants rising 1-13 foot from the ground, and called by English visitors a tree fern. There are two forms here—a with very shaggy r& FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO. 155 chides, 8 with glabrous rachides; but they pass into one ano- ther. On the other hand, the rachides are here never asperous ; and .D. asperum, Beddome (the Nilgherry plant), seems to me good. D. Griffithii (mihi) differs by the creeping rootstock sending up solitary fronds. ; ASPLENIUM, sp. (27,454). 7000 ped. alt. A creeping rooted species, sending up distant very large fronds of suc- culent texture, 3-pinnate, 4-pinnatifid, glabrous. Veins in the final (4th) pinnule pinnated; sori long. Margin of the tertiary pinnule sinuate-crenate, not incised. I do not propose to make a new species for this plant; but I have no idea to what described species to refer it. A. DILATATUM, Wall. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Common. ALLANTODIA BRUNONIANA. 7000 ped. alt., and not higher. ASPIDIUM AURICULATUM. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Frequent. ‘There are two forms of this, viz. B. ocellatum, little divided with large sori, and y. subbipinnatum with small sori. A. ACULEATUM. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Common. There are several forms of this :— a. Rachis upwards, with no ovate scales. Secondary pinne stalked. B. Semifertile. Upper third part of the frond barren, lower two thirds covered with sori. y. rufobarbatum. Densely shaggy with yellow-brown scales. A. ARISTATUM. 7000 ped. alt., and not higher. A. FGNICULACEUM. 8000-10,000 ped. alt. Frequent. A. cADUCUM. 7000 ped. alt., and nct higher. NEPHRODIUM HIRTIPES. 7000 ped. alt., and not higher. N. GRACILESCENS? £000 ped. alt. * N. PRoLIXUM. 7000 ped. alt. Abundant. The large Sikkim prolixum is often 6 feet high, and very different from the typical prolizum sent from Ceylon by Mr. Thwaites. N. APICIFLORUM, 8000-10,000 ped. alt. 156 MR. C. B. CLARKE’S BOTANIC NOTES Very plentiful. Gets smaller above 9000 feet, but does not alter its character or run into the next. NEPHRODIUM Nipus. 9000-10,000 ped. alt. Most abundant at 9000-11,000 ped. alt. throughout Sikkim. Distributed by me five years ago as Lastrea Nidus. I sent this fern to (among other persons) Mr. Baker, who thought it near L. patentissima, Wallich, and, like it, a variety of L. Filiz-Mas. Mr. Thwaites, on the contrary, thought the fern so very near L. apiciflora, that it might be made a variety of it; and in this view Capt. Henderson and W. S. Atkinson concur. I will therefore, describe it more particularly in comparison with L. apiciflora. Rootstock tufted, the fronds (6-12) rising in a perfect circle round it, as in Asplenium Nidus. Fronds 1-23 feet long, very narrow, lanceolate. Pinnz close, approximate, the lower ones deflexed, and the lower pinnz gradually reduced to the very base of the stipe. Rachis with very long linear dark-brown scales. Sori not in the least apicifloral. Pinnules truncated at top, with a very narrow scarious margin. My own opinion is that this fern is most nearly allied to L. apt- ciflora, and that it is as good a species as apiciflora itself. N. FiLIx-Mas. æ. Bipinnate, not tripinnate. Sori not large. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Rare. The common English form. B. MADERENSIS. Not dimorphous. Stipe grooved above. A mass of soft yellow scales at base of stipe. Sori very large. 7000-10,00U ped. alt. Abundant. A fern very different from Lastrea cochleata (except to the large sori); but unfortunately Wallich distributed some maderensis marked cochleata in his own hand; for I have seen it. y. ELONGATA. Frond broad, tripinnate. Lower pinnz not auricled. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Not common. This form comes too close to L. sparsa. N. PATENTISSIMUM, Wallich,- sub Lastrea (a var. of Filiz- Mas, for Baker). 7000-9000 ped. alt. Common. A magnificent fern, with narrow oblong fronds nearly 6 feet long; rachis densely scaly. So far as I can judge, it is better separated specifically from Z. Filiz-Mas than are L. sparsa and several other admitted species. N. fusiforme, W. S. Atkinson, is related to this exactly as my FROM DARJEELING TO TONGLO. 157 N. Nidus is to N. apiciflorum, but is not found on Tonglo; it comes in at about 11,000 feet. NEPHRODIUM FLAcCIDUM. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Frequent. N. sPLENDENS. 7500-8500 ped. alt. Plentiful. N. PULVINULIFERUM, Bedd. 7500-8500 ped. alt. Frequent. N. Boryanum. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. 8. MICROSTEGIOIDES. Ultimate segments close, subentire; often no wing to the rachis. Grows with the other, more lax, more finely cut form. OLEANDRA Wauuicuit. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Plentiful. PoLYPODIUM AURICULATUM. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Abundant. P. pistans. 7000 ped. alt. Frequent. P. supraLcaTum. 7500-9000 ped. alt. Scarce. P. suspieiratum. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Common. P. amaNuM. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Abundant. P. LAcHNoPUs. Rhizoma thick, with spreading long scales. Rachis of the frond on the upper face always puberulous. 7000 ped. alt. Rare (abundant at lower levels). P. MICRORHIZOMA, C. B. Clarke. Rhizoma thin, with no long spread- ing scales. Rachis of the frond on the upper face perfectly glabrous. /000 10,000 ped. alt. Abundant. P. suBAURICULATUM. /000-10,000 ped. alt. Abundant. P. LINEARE. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Abundant. 158 MR. C. B, CLARKE’S BOTANIC NOTES PoLYPODIUM LINEARE, var. 8. STENOPHYLLUM. Frond very narrow ; the sori large, appearing as knobs on the edge. 10,000 ped. alt. P. SUPERFICIALE. 8000 ped. alt. P. NoRMALE. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. P. GuirrFiTHIANUM, 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Very common. P. MEMBRANACEUM, /000 ped. alt. Frequent. P. rriripum. 7000 ped. alt. Frequent. P. MALACODON. Abundant above 9000 ped. alt. P. SrEwanTII, Bedd. Plentiful at 3000 ped. alt. I think, quite distinct from malacodon. The edge is obscurely serrate (not finely ciliate-serrate as in malacodon), the lowest pair of pinne ascend with a curve tapering (not spread subdeflexed, as in malacodon) ; at the base of the rachis on the under side is a grey fluff (never seen in malacodon); the rhizoma is stouter, with long, spreading, finely aristate scales. P. EBENIPES. 7000-10,000 ped. alt. Very common. B. OAKkEsrmr. Pinne very numerous, linear, oblong (not at all trian- gular). Rachis on upper side of frond very pilose, puberulous. In Darjeeling at 7500 ped. alt. P. JUGLANDIFOLIUM. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Abundant. P. Lenmanni. 7000-8500 ped. alt. Plentiful. P. HIMALAYENSE. 8000-9000 ped. alt. Plentiful. P. LEroRHIZON. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Scarce. GYMNOGRAMME AURITA, 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. G. opaca. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Frequent. FROM- DARJEELING TO TONGLO. 159 GYMNOGRAMME JAVAN1CA. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. The high-level form is generally bipinnate. There is also at this level a var. y. pilosa, with the surface of the frond beneath pilose. G. MICROPHYLLA. 8000-9000 ped. alt. on Tonglo. N.B. I did not collect this on the present excursion. VITTARIA LINEATA. /000-10,000 ped. alt. Common. ANGIOPTERIS EVECTA. 7000-8000 ped. alt. Common. The high-level form of this fern is the large one. BorRvcHiUM VIRGINIANUM. 7000-7500 ped. alt. Frequent. LYCOPODIUM cLAvATUM, L. 7000-9000 ped. alt. Very common. On a new Genus of Turneraces from Rodriguez. By Isaac BAYLEY Barróun, DSc ELS [Read March 2, 1876.] MATHURINA, gen. nov. Sepala 5, elliptico-oblonga, acuminata, costa prominente, glandula magna bilobata intus basi adnata. Petala 5, subhypogyna, obeuneata, acuta, nuda, basi sepalis leviter adnata, reclinata et corrugata. Stamina 5, subbypogyna, exserta, filamentis subu- latis calycis glandulis in fundo imo vix adherentibus. Anthere lineari-oblongz, introrse. Ovarium sessile, liberum, oblongum, glabrum ; ovula adscendentia; styli 3, filiformes, terminales, stigmatibus dilatatis subfimbriatis. Capsula oblonga, glabra, 3-valvis, oc-sperma. Semina obovoideo-cylindracea, lente curva, funiculo brevi, arillo longe piloso-sericeo basim seminis cir- cumdante, testa crustacea extus foveolata, albumine carnoso ; embryo axilis, rectus, cotyledonibus ovatis plano-convexis, radi- cula tereti. Arbor parva. Folia alterna, petiolata, lanceolata, sepe obovata, acuta crenato-serrata; petiolus 2-glandulosus ; stipule glandu- liformes, decidue. Flores magni, pedunculati, vulgo solitarii, axillares, nonnunquam in cymas trifloras dispositi, albi; pedun- culi. infra medium articulati, 2-bracteolati; bracteole, sub- foliaceæ, serrate v. crenate. LINN, JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XV. o 160 DR. BALFOUR ON A NEW GENUS OF MATHURINA PENDULIFLORA (species unica). Arbor parva usque ad 20 pedes alta, ramis erectis, foliorum cicatricibus magnis. Folia lanceolata v. obcuneata acuta, sed per adolescentiam linearia, petiolo brevi margine utroque versus medium glandula in- structo, lamina decurrente. Flores albidi. Glandule sepalorum intus suleatz:e pubescentes, apice emarginate. Ovarium glabrum, stylis meurvatis. This tree, a native of the island of Rodriguez, in the Indian Ocean, is known to the inhabitants as the Bois Gandine. It is small and handsome, never attaining any great height, with a very erect habit and the terminal branchlets thickly clothed with light-green foliage. The foliage is peculiarly heterophyllous— a character remarkable in most of the trees endemic in the island. The adult leaves are more or less obcuneate and elongated, with a rounded and acute apex, and the margins crenate; but on young plants, and on adventitious shoots of old trees, the leaves are linear and widely serrate ; and betwixt those extremes a series of transitional forms may be obtained. The tree flowers in December, very profusely, the flowers being of a greenish-white hue. The stem has a rough, light-coloured bark, and is usually thickly clad with lichens. The wood is light-coloured, and fine- grained; but as the tree does not grow to any size, it is not much used by the inhabitants. The tree grows almost always on the higher parts of the island; only in two localities have I found a specimen on the lower ground or near the sea. It belongs to the family Turneracez, the nearest affinity being with the mono- typie genus Erbülichia of Seemann, a native of Panama. In the family Turneraces, as constituted in Bentham and Hooker's * Genera Plantarum’ (vol. i. p. 806), three genera are described— Turnera, Erblichia, and Wormskioldia. Of these, Turnera, embracing about 70 species, is confined to America, save one Cape species; Erblichia, endemic on the Isthmus of Panama, is monotypic ; and Wormskioldia, including four species, is an African genus. Of these genera none are indigenous in the Mascarene islands. Turnera angustifolia, DC., is mentioned by Bojer (Hort. Maur. p. 152) as growing wild in many parts of Mauritius; and a species of the same genus is also found intro- duced in Bourbon. Hitherto no plant of this family has been described as indigenous in these islands; and this lends additional interest to the discovery of the plant now before us. TURNERACEX FROM RODRIGUEZ. 161 The characters which separate Mathurina from Turnera and Wormskioldia are so numerous and so evident that I need not dwell upon them ; but its relationship to Erblichia is so close that an indication of the characters on which its generic separation de- pends seems advisable. In habit and mode of leafing the plants are almost identical; but the stipules in ZErblichia are mar- cescent, whilst in Mathurina they are very early deciduous. In the sepals of Mathurina is found one of its most important generie characters: each sepal is clothed at the base on the inner aspect with a large bilobed emarginate gland, about one sixth of the length of the sepal; and from its apex there runs a prominent broad nerve to the extremity of the sepal. This structure is unrepresented in Erblichia. Coming now to the corolla, we find the petaline fringes of Erblichia absent in Mathurina; nor is there such a distinct claw to each petal. The stigmas of Erblichia are described in the ‘Genera Plantarum’ as dilated and entire ; but those of Mathurina are distinctly though minutely fimbriate, and in the dried specimen the fringe is folded inwards into the club-shaped dilated extremity of the style. Seemann (Bot. Her. 130, t. 27), in his description, says the stigmas of Erblichia are fimbriate. I cannot say from observation whether they are so or not. From the seeds we might expect to make an impor- tant diagnosis ; but whilst the slightly curved foveolate seeds of Mathurina, with an aril of membranous filaments extending up- wards around it from a ring encircling the hilum, are very cha- racteristic, the seeds of Erblichia are unfortunately very imper- fectly known: in fact we only know that they are straight; and in this particular they differ from those of Mathurina. Although, then, our knowledge of the genus Erblichia is not complete, I think the characters in which we can compare it with the Rodriguez plant, especially those in the floral envelopes, are, in this family, sufficient to warrant us in taking the Rodriguez plant as the type of a new genus ; at least it seems to me more rational to do so than to mutilate the description of an old genus to embrace a new species upon imperfect data. I have therefore constituted the Rodriguez plant a new genus Mathurina, adopt- ing for it that of the town, Port Mathurin, in Rodriguez. It is hardly within my province here to describe the relation- ships of the family Turneracee ; but a glance at them as affected by the discovery of Mathurina may be not uninteresting. Turnerace: are always regarded as very closely allied to Passi- o2 162 ON A NEW GENUS OF TURNERACEZ FROM RODRIGUEZ. floracez, their main distinction being the absence of the corona. Seemann, indeed, considering the petaline fringes in Erblichia the homologue of a corona, united the families; but this (as pointed out by Bentham and Hooker) is a mistake, and the fringes of Erblichia point rather in the direction of Pangis, a tribe of Bixinee ; and their habit, fugacious petals with no corona, suffi- ciently distinguishes Turneracez from Passifloracezs. — Mathurina does not in any way affect the relationship of the families; for I apprehend the glands on the sepals have no homology with the corona in Passiflorace:. With Bixinee a much closer affinity exists, as also indi- cated by Bentham and Hooker; and in fact Zrblichia and Mathurina so completely unite the families that I fail to find any point of absolute distinction. I am therefore in- clined to agree with Baillon (Hist. des Plantes, vol. iv. p. 293), who makes Turneracex a tribe of Bixines, or at least to re- legate the family to the vicinity of Bixinee rather than of Passi- floracee. Mathurina also establishes a very important connexion between Turneracee and Samydaces, the connexion bearing upon geographical distribution. Samydacee are a link between Passifloraceee and Bixinee—-from the former differing in the absence of a corona, and from the latter in the perigyny of the stamens. But the relationship with the latter is so close that they are frequently united as one family. With Samydacee, then, Mathurina eonnects Turneracez in many particulars; and specially would I notice that in the tribe Homaliee we find the type of those glands (calycine) which are so characteristic a feature in Mathurina ; and, further, one species of Homalium is Mauritian, and two genera, Calantica and Bivinia, in which the glands are well developed, are endemic in Madagascar. This close affinity of Mathurina with Mascarene types, and the relationships it establishes betwixt Turneracee and families in which such types are found, seem to me to render less surprising its occur- rence in these islands—a new genus of a family hitherto unknown in these islands, and with its nearest affinity a monotypic Central- American genus. MR. H. TRIMEN ON BOÉA COMMERSONII. 168 Note on Boéa Com érsonii, R. Br. By Henry Trimtn, M.B., F.L.S. [Read Feb. 3, 1875.] Tars plant, the type of the genus*, was discovered by Com- merson, and originally named by Lamarck t B. magellanica, under the idea that it was collected in Magellan Straits, where Com- merson spent some time when naturalist to Bougainville's voyage. It is figured from his specimens in Lamarck's * Illustrations ' f. R. Brown, in 18888, in his revision of Cyrtandracee, having obtained authentic specimens, found their locality to be “ isles Praslins;" and he accordingly altered the erroneous specifie name to that which is now used. The precise locality on one of the labels attached to the specimens (now in the British Museum) is “in rupibus sylvosis portum Praslini: coronantibus, Julio, 1766” (in Brown's hand, but no doubt copied from the original) Pras- lin being the name of one largest of the Seychelles, all subsequent writers on the plant have given it as a native of that group, where, however, no collector has since met withit. Brown placed three other species in the same genus, the Dorcoceras of Bunge from North China, and (doubtfully) two Indian plants ||. No ad- dition is made to this in De Candolle’s * Prodromus’ (1845) € ; but since then four or five more species have been described, natives of India, Celebes, and one from N.E. Australia. Quite lately Baron von Mueller, of Melbourne, was so good as to send me one of the three specimens of a Boéa collected on coral cliffs in the Duke-of- York's Island, a miniature Isle of Man, lying in St. George's Channel, between New Britain and New lreland. This was gathered by Mr. C. Walter, who, under the auspices of the young Baron von Huegel, visited the islet in the Wesleyan Mission-ship. Dr. von Mueller requested me to com- pare the specimen with Commerson's plant, with which he was inclined to put it, in spite of some discrepancies (which will be immediately alluded to) between it and the published description, to which alone he had access. There can be little hesitation in * Named by Commerson in honour of his brother-in-law, the Rev. Dr. Beau, of Toulon. * Dict. i. p. 401. 1 Tlust. i. p. 53, t. 15. § Pl. Javan. Rar. p. 120. | B.? Wallichii and B.? multiflora. The latter is not the same (as has been thought) as the Championia multiflora of C. B. Clarke, Cyrtand. Bengal. t. 68. * DC. Prod. ix. p. 271. 164 MR. H. TRIMEN ON BOÉA COMMERSONII. confirming his opinion, Mr. Walter's plant differing only in its smaller and thicker leaves, much more densely silvery hairy, and with the veins somewhat broader and more prominent beneath. It thus appeared that we had here a striking example of a plant found, as far as yet known, only on two small islands separated by one third of the cireumference of the globe, though lying in almost the same parallel of latitude (about 4? S.). A little examination, however, shows that we have been in error in considering the plant a native of the Seychelles, and that in all probability the spot where Commerson found it was in fact very near that in which it has been just collected. Bougainville's ship “La Boudeuse’ arrived at the island of New Ireland in July 1768, and, anchoring in St. George's Channel at Port Carteret (so named from the discoverer of the island in the previous year), stayed there in all eighteen days. On July 18th they visited a small bay close to the south-west corner of the island, and there observed the longitude, and witnessed an eclipse of the sun. This little bay, protected by a small islet (I. aux Marteaux, now Wallis I), was named by the expedition Port Praslin*, an appellation which it stil retains. There is every probability that this is the “ Portus Praslinie " of Com- merson, where his Boéa was discoveredt, and that now after the lapse of more than a century the little plant has been again found within a few miles of this spot f. In Brown's published definition of the genus the corolla is described as “ bilabiata, tubo calycem vix equante;” and this is repeated in the ‘Prodromus.’ Baron v. Mueller was on this account doubtful whether the plant from the Duke-of- York's Island could be certainly the same, as in it the corolla is divided nearly to the base into two lips, without any tube, the lower lip being quadrate cuneate, with three short blunt teeth, and not deeply three-lobed. Why Brown should have given the above character to the corolla in his published account is not obvious ; * * Voyage autour du Monde,’ (Paris, 1771) pp. 273-279 and pl. 14. t There is yet another Port Praslin, on the N.E. coast of Santa Isabella island, one of the Solomon archipelago, lying to the S.W. of the New Ireland group. This bay contains numerous wooded islets. t The years do not correspond ; but, in copying, “Julio 1768” may readily have become altered into * Julio 1766.” Indeed the latter cannot be correct, as the expedition did not start till the following year. ON LICHENS COLLECTED AT THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 165 for in his MS. description attached to the specimen it is thus characterized :—'* Corolle labium alterum latum suborbiculatum obseure trilobum, alterum 2-partitum deorsum flexum segmento quolibet ambitu subrotundo adeo ut corolla primo aspectu 3-petala videri possit," a description which agrees with Mr. Walter's plant as well as with Commerson's type, and which is, indeed, very well shown in the rough original figure in Lamarck's Dictionary. LIcHENES CAPENSES :—An Enumeration of the Lichens collected at the Cape of Good Hope by the Rev. A. E. Eaton during the Venn Expedition in 1874. By the Rev. Jamzs M. CrOMBIE, F.L.S. &c. [Read February 3, 1876.) ALTHOUGH various species of Cape Lichens were enumerated by Acharius and Thunberg, as also by Flotow, and more especially by Dr. Nylander in his Enum. Gen. and Synopsis, yet the first (and hitherto the only) separate list of such published is that of Massa- longo, who, in * Mem. dell’ I. R. Ist. Venet. di Se.’ &c., x. 1861, pp. 33-82, records and describes those collected by Dr. Wawra, Surgeon of the corvette * Carolina,’ in 1857-58. These amount in all to 48 species, with a fair proportion of varieties, of which 23 species are described as new,though some deductions must be made from this. In the Appendix, pp. 83-90, he also enumerates 19 other species, which had been met with by previous collectors, such as Ecklon, Breutel, Drége, Zeyher, &c., several of which, how- ever, are also to be deleted. The Cape Lichens thus recorded by Massolongo seem to have been collected in a different part or parts of the Colony from those which form the subject of the present memoir, so that little or no comparison can be instituted between them, only some 12 species being common to the two lists. The only locality examined by Mr. Eaton during the short stay of the Venus-Transit Expedition at the Cape, on its way to Kergue- len's Land, was Table Mountain, to which, however, he was able to make only a very few excursions. Unfortunately that to the summit was interrupted by mist; so that but few specimens were there gathered, though it would have been interesting to know what phyto-geographical types occur at that altitude'in this region. Inthe determination of the valuable collection of Lichens 166 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON LICHENS thus made I have been kindly assisted by Dr. Nylander, to whom I am indebted for the following diagnoses of the new species amongst them. Most of these I have recently briefly recorded in the ‘ Journal of Botany,’ v. pp. 18-21. Family BYSSACEI. SIROSIPHON ? Infertile, and otherwise with thallus probably not fully developed. Indeterminable. Family COLLEMACEI. CoLLEMA PULPOSUM, var. TENAX, Ach. On the bare ground, very sparingly. LEPTOGIUM TREMELLOIDES (1..), Ach. Amongst mosses on rocks ; fertile. L. (STEPHANOPHORON) PHYLLOCARPUM (Pers.) On the trunks of trees ; barren. Family LICHENACEI. Tribe CLADONIEL. CLADONIA FIMBRIATA, Hffm. On the ground, sparingly, but fertile. F. SUBCORNUTA, Nyl. On the ground with the type, but binds. C. FURCATA, Hffm. Amongst mosses on the ground ; small and infertile. CLADIA AGGREGATA (Sw.). On the ground; young and sterile. Tribe SIPHULEI. SIPHULA TABULARIS ( Thunb.). On the ground near the summit; very sparingly gathered. Tribe UsNEEI. UsNEA FLORIDA, Ach. On rocks; infertile. The specimens are more or less readily referable to the state called rubiginea (Mich.), whence U. rubiginea, Mass. Lich. Cap- p. 45, t. viii. f. 23-26, ut propria species ! U. LONGISSIMA, Ach. On trees: infertile, and not very typical fragmentary specimens. COLLECTED AT THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 167 Tribe RAMALINEI. RAMALINA YEMENSIS (Ach.). On the trunks of trees; fertile. R. cusPIDATA (Ach.). On rocks; apparently common and fertile. Tribe PARMELIEr. STICTA CROCATA (L.). On mossy roots of trees; barren. S. GILvA (Thunb.). On trunks of trees, sparingly ; fertile. S. QUERCIZANS (Ach.). On mossy rocks ; small and infertile. S. PULMONARIA, var. HYPOMELA, Del. On trunks of trees ; apparently common, but scarcely fertile. S. AURATA, Ach. Amongst mosses on rocks ; barren. PARMELIA PERFORATA, Ach, On trees ; infertile or scarcely fertile. On one specimen a single apothecium is present, but without spores, and no spermogones are visible. P. ATRICHOIDES, Nyl., sp. n. Subsimilis P. atriche, Nyl. Obs. L. Pyr. Or. p. 17, sed sporibus minoribus (longit. 0°008— 0-011 millim., erassit.:0*004-0:006 millim.). Spermatia subbifusiformia, longit. 0:005-0*006 millim., erassit. 00006 millim. On rocks; apparently not unfrequent. P. MOLYBDIZA, Nyl., sp. n. Affinis P. atrichoidi (etiam reactione CaCl + conveniens), sed thallo minore facile plumbeo tincto et magis adnato atque apotheciis lecanorinis. Spore longit. 0009-0011 millim., crassit. 0-006 millim. Spermatia bifusiformia, longit. 0'006- 0:007 millim., erassit. 0:0005 millim. On rocks; very sparingly gathered. P. suBæQuans, Nyl. Sat similis P. Borreri, et forsan solum varietas, differens apotheciis, receptaculo firmiore mec soredioso-dissoluto. Apothecia juniora margine receptaculari radiatim sphinctrino-striato. Spore longit. 0:014—0:015 millim., erassit. 0009-0011. Iodo gelatina hymenialis czerulescens,thecz przesertim tincte et deinde violascentes. On the trunks of trees, amongst mosses. P. CONSPERSA ( Ehrh.). Amongst mosses on rocks; sufficiently similar to the European lichen. A state also occurs having the thallus internally sub-rose-coloured. 168 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON LICHENS Var. hypoclysta, Nyl., with the receptacular margin sometimes subcre- nulated. On mossy rocks; sparingly gathered. PARMELIA CONSTRICTANS, Nyl. Sit P. consperse subspecies, minor, stenophylla, laciniis hinc inde constrictiusculis, h. e. attenuatis. On the ground towards the summit, apparently amongst detritus. Var. eradicata, Nyl. Satis insignis, minor, tenuior, laciniis ascendenti- bus, etiam subtus glabris (rhizinis rarissimis vel obsoletis). On the summit amongst mosses. P. suBconsPERSA, Nyl. in Flora, 1869, p. 293. On rocks ; sparingly gathered. P. ENDOMILTODES, Nyl.,sp. n. Subsimilis P. consperse minori, sed thallo medulla insigniter cinnabarina (K+, violascente). Apothecia spadicea margine receptaculari subcrenato. Spore longit. 0:008-0:010 millim., erassit. circiter 0-006 millim. — Spermatia subbifusiformia, longit. circiter 0006 millim., crassit. 0:0006—0:0007 millim. On rocks. P. coNSPERSULA, Nyl., sp. n. Quasi P. conspersa parva, thallo adnato, centro areolato-diffracto (vel subgranulato-areolato, nam areola sub- convexule). Apothecia lecanorina (latit. 1:5 millim. vel minora), margine thallino tenui integro. Spore longit. 0:007-0:008 millim., crassit. 0°006 millim. Spermatia subbifusiformia, longit. 0:005-0:006 millim., crassit. 0*0006-0:0007 millim. On rocks associated with other lichens, sparingly, and rarely fertile. P. ADHÆRENS, Nyl., sp. n. "Thallus stramineus, medio sordide lutes- cens, crustaceo-adnatus, areolato-diftractus, areolis convexiusculus (crassit. vel altit. circiter 0°5 millim.), ambitu effiguratus et subla- ciniato-divisus, divisionibus planiusculis, contiguis subcrenatis ; apo- thecia spadiceo-fusca lecanorina (latit. 0°5-0-7 millim.), margine thal- lino integro cincta. Spore ellipsoidez, longit. 0°009-0-011 millim., crassit. 0005-0007 millim.; paraphyses non distincte. lodo gelatina hymenialis czerulescens, dein sordide lutescens. Species prope P. Mougeotii disponenda. Lacinie thalli margine summo nigricante. Medulla K +, flavens. Spermatia tenuiter fusiformia, longit. circiter 0007 millim., crassit. vix 0°0005 millim. excedentia. At first sight this species is sufficiently similar to Squamaria sazicola* diffracta, Ach., but is a true Parmelia (as is at once evi- dent from the spermogones). On rocks (quartzose) ; sparingly gathered and very rarely fertile. P. sqUAMARIATA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus olivaceus vel castaneo-oliva- ceus, adpressus, adnatus, indistincte radioso-divisus (ambitu dilutior), nitidiusculus, crenato-incisus, laciniis ibi distinctioribus sed contiguis et subconfluentibus (K medulla e flavo cinnabarine tincta) ; apothecia COLLECTED AT THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 169 spadicea minuta lecanoriua (bene evoluta non visa). Spore ellipsoide:, longit. 0°008-0°011 millim., crassit. 0°0035-0°0040 millim. Spermatia acute fusiformia, longit. 0°005-0°007 millim., crassit. 0:0006—0-0007 millim. In thalli divisionibus rime (fissure) frequenter obveniunt transverse vel oblique. Variat thallus cinerascens et centro leviter fuliginosus (subfurfurellus),—f. cinerascens. This species belongs to the section of P. adherens. It presents somewhat the appearance of Squamaria saxicola, f. Garovaglii (Krb.); but the colour is different, as also the analytical characters. The spermogones show that it is a Parmelia, having arthro- sterigmata with somewhat long thin articulations as in the Par- meliei. With reference to the specific name, Nylander observes, * Nomen squamariata est formatum ut sulphuratum, sulphuraria.” On rocks; very sparingly gathered. PARMELIA MOLLIUSCULA, Ach. On rocks; fertile. A state with more elongated and narrower laciniz also occurs, but with the apothecia not rightly developed. In the fertile specimens the spores are about 0:008 millim. long, 0-005 millim. thick. The spermatia are bifusiform, 0:006—-0:007 long, 0:0007 millim. thick. P. PRoLIXULA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus olivaceus vel olivaceo-fuscescens, stellato-laciniatus (laciniis latit. circiter 0°5 millim., confertis), ad- presso-adnatus (K+, medulla e flavo rubricose tincta) ; apothecia spa- diceo-fusca (latit. 1 millim. vel minora), sublecanorina, margine re- ceptaculari subintegro. Spore oblongæ, longit. 0°009-0°015 millim., crassit. 0:0035-0:0045 millim.; paraphyses non discrete ; epithecium fuscescens. Iodo gelatina hymenialis czrulescens, dein subincolor et theez sordide violascentes. Spermatia aciculari-fusiformia (vix vel obsolete observanda medio subtenuiora), longit. 0°005--006 millim., crassit. 00006 millim. This species approaches P. Dregeana, Hmp., Nyl. Syn. p. 398, from which, however, it at once differs (as also from P. stygiodes, Nyl.) in the oblong form of the spores. On rocks ; very sparingly gathered. P. FULIGINOSA (Fr.). On rocks; very sparingly gathered, there being only slight though suffi- ciently distinct traces visible in a single specimen, associated with other lichens. P. LICHINOIDEA, Nyl., sp. Thallus subsimilis ut in P. /anata, sed de- planatulus, laciniis depressis (latit. circiter 0:3 millim.); medulla K non tincta. Apothecia et spermogonia non visa. On the summit; amongst mosses on the ground. 170 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON LICHENS PARMELIA HOTTENTOTTA, Ach. On trunks of trees, very sparingly, and infertile. Tribe PELTIGEREI. PELTIGERA CANINA (L.). Amongst mosses on trees; barren and not rightly developed. The few imperfect fragments gathered seem referable to this rather than to any other species of the genus, but can scarcely be rightly determined. Tribe Puysctret. PHYSCIA FLAVICANS (Sw.). On the branches of trees ; infertile. One specimen approaches in colour to f. crocea, Ach. F. mrnor. Thallus small or almost minute, branches short, attenuated ; apothecia small, chiefly convex; spores 0°011-0°015 millim. long, 0:006—0-009 millim. thick. On twigs; very sparingly gathered. P. CHRYSOPHTHALMA (DL.). Ou branches ; apparently not uncommon, and fertile. To this belongs entirely Zornabenia africana, Mass. Lich. Cap. p. 84. P. FLAMMEA (L. fil.). On twigs ; fertile. The specimens, however, are from Little Namaqua Land; though it is also met with at the Cape. P. PARIETINA (L.). On branches and twigs ; apparently common and fertile. F. AUREOLA (AcA.). On the bark of trees; probably common, though scarcely entirely typical. P. LEUCOMELA * ANGUSTIFOLIA, Mey. et Flot. Amongst mosses on the ground ; sterile. P. arrixa, Nyl., sp.n. Subsimilis P. obscure, f. lithotee, sed tenuior, magis adpressa et substrato agglutinato. Thallus castaneo-fuscus, centro subgranulato-inzqualis areolato-diffractus, ambitu laciniato- radians laciniolis incisis contiguis (latit. 0:2-0:3 millim.); apothecia et spermogonia non visa. On rocks; very sparingly gathered. P. setosa (Ach.). This does not occur typical, but only f. deminuta, with minute thallus and apothecia. On rocks; very sparingly, and only a single apothecium visible. COLLECTED AT THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 171 Puvscra suBPICTA, Nyl. Comparabilis videtur cum P. picta vel egialita (Ach.), sed minor, thallo glauco-albido opaco lzviore, lobulis ambitu planis brevioribus. Apothecia non visa. Tribe GYROPHOREI. UMBILICARIA PUSTULATA, Hffm. On rocks towards the summit; apparently not uncommon. The specimens gathered are very small, though fertile, and may perhaps be regarded as constituting a distinct form—f. minor, ** thallus and apothecia very small." U. RUBIGINOSA, Pers. On rocks near the summit ; fertile and apparently common. . Tribe LECANOREI. PANNARIA RUBIGINOSA ('Thunb.). On the trunks of trees; fertile, also saxicole and sterile. P. LEUCOSTICTA, var. ISIDIOPSIS, Nyl. Totus fere thallus isidio sub- ezsio tectus. Spore longit. 0-012—018 millim., crassit. 0°008-0-011 millim. On the bark of trees (as it would appear); only a single fragment seen. LECANORA MURORUM (Hffn.). On rocks; apparently common anil fertile. The specimens scarcely differ from the European lichen, except that the thallus is subgranu- lated in the centre—a condition, however, which we have observed on maritime rocks in Scotland. The spores are 0°010-0°014 millim. long, 0:005-0:007 millim. thick. L. CINNABARINA, Ach. On rocks (quartzose); apparently common, but rarely fertile. To this belongs Callopisma capense, Mass. Lich. Cap. p. 59, t. iit. f. 12-20. With reference to this species Nylander says in litt., * Observatur thallum seepe esse fere placodioideum et in typo Swartziano ex India occidentali minime esse vere nigro limitatum ; nigredo ab Achario respecta est fortuita, nee characteri Lichenis adscribenda. Comparetur Z. holochracea, Nyl, affinis, sed tota ochracea, obveniens in India orientali, Mt. Khassya (Dr. Hooker) et in Himalaya boreali-oecidentali ( Kurz.)." L. CINNABARINA, var. PERMINIATA, Nyi. - Differens lichene toto in- tensive cinnabarino-tincto. Spore longit. 0008-0-01 l millim., crassit. 0:005-0:006 millim. On rocks ; apparently common, but, like the type, rarely fertile: a very beautiful plant. 172 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON LICHENS LECANORA CINNABARIZA, Nyl. Vix nisi subspecies L. cinnabarine, differens thallo tenuissimo rimoso, ambitu non effigurato (vel inter par- ticulas prominentes substrati disserpens) ; apothecia innata depressa. Spore longit. 0009-0:013 millim., crassit. 0°005-0-007 millim. On rocks ; very sparingly gathered. L. AURANTIACA * ERYTHRELLA, Ach. Thallus luteo-vitelline or sub- pallescent. Spores 0°015-0-017 millim. long., 0:008—0:009 millim. thick. On stones, associated with other lichens ; sparingly. L. SUBUNICOLOR, Nyl., sp. n. Affinis L. fulgescenti, Nyl. Lich. St. Paul, p. 6, sed thallo tenuiore, minus læto, vitellino-aurantiaco, lævi, rimuloso ; apotheciis aurantiacis biatoroideis (in L. fulgescente lecano- rinis). Spore longit. 0:009—0-014 millim., crassit. 0-005-0-008 millim. On rocks ; very sparingly gathered. L. pyropaciua, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus vitellino-aurantiacus opacus, minute granulosus, dispersus ; apothecia croceo-aurautiaca (latit. eir- citer 05 millim.) margine thallino non prominulo. Spore longit. 0:011-0:013 millim., crass. 0:007-0:008 millim. In external appearance this is almost similar to some small state of L. schistidii (Anzi); but the spores are different. From L. py- racea it at once differs in the granular thallus and the apothecia not being biatoroid. On rocks ; very sparingly seen. L. PYRACEA, f. PICTA (Tayl), Nyl. Apothecia distinctly margined ; spores 0:011-0:016 millim. long, 0:006-0:008 millim. thick. On rocks, associated with other lichens. L. pramicans, Nyl., sp. n. Subsimilis L. ferruginee (Huds.), sed apothecia laetius tincta, cinnabarino-coccinea (biatorina). Spore longit. 0-009-0:015 millim., crassit. 0:006-0:008 millim.; paraphyses gracilentæ, Colore apotheciorum maxime insignis. Thallus sordide albidus, inæ- qualis, rugulosus. Apothecia plana, marginata (latit. 1 millim. vel minora), margine demum flexuoso ; partes coloratæ ex acido chryso- phanico reagentes. On the bark of trees; only a single small specimen seen. L. CONFRAGOSULA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus cinereus tenuis areolato-squa- mulosus vel areolato-diffractus (K—), hypothallo nigro instratus ; apothecia nigra minuta (juniora margine thallino subalbicante tenui subcrenulato cincta, dein evanescente), plana (latit. 04 millim. vel minora); spore Snae, fusce l-septatæ, longit. 0°015-0-020 millim., erassit. 0-008-0°011 millim. ; epithecium fuscum ; paraphyses distinct mediocres; hypothecium incolor. Todo gelatina hymenialis czrules- cens, dein vinose rubens. COLLECTED AT THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 173 This species is referred to the section of L. sophodes, or almost to that of L. atrocinerella, Nyl. On rocks (sandstone) ; rare. LECANORA GLAUCO-LIVESCENS, Nyl., sp.n. Thallus glaucescens tenuis rimosus, hypothallo nigricante limitatus; apothecia lurido-fusca vel livido-fusca, plana (latit. 0°5-0°6 millim.), subzeorina vel margine thallino tenui evanescente cincta; spore 8næ, incolores, ellipsoidex, l-septatze, longit. 0-009—0*01 1 millim., crassit. 0*004—0*005 millim.; pa- raphyses graciles, sursum clava fuscescente. lodo gelatina hymenialis vinose rubens. Spermogonia arthrosterigmatibus munita; spermatia oblonga, longit. 00035 millim., erassit. 00005 vix superantia. This species belongs to the section of L. disparata. On rocks ; only sparingly gathered. L. ELÆoPHÆA, Nyl.,sp.n. "Thallus olivaceus, depresso-granulatus vel potius granulato-rugosus, tenuis, determinatus (hypothallo nigricante indistincto aut magis visibili limitatus); apothecia fusca, convexula (latit. 05-07 millim.), margine thallino tenui integro cincta aut magis convexa margine hoc excluso ; sporz 8nae incolores ellipsoidez aut fusiformi-ellipsoidez, uniseptatze, longit. 0:012-0:016 millim., crassit. 0:004—0*006 millim. ; epithecium fuscum ; paraphyses gracilescentes. Todo gelatina hymenialis vinose rubescens. Spermogonia arthrosterig- matibus munita longiusculis sat breviter articulatis (articulis crassit. 0:002-000:3 millim.); spermatia ellipsoidea vel oblongo-ellipsoidea, longit. 0°0015-0°0025 millim., crassit. vix 0°0010 millim. This, like the preceding, as shown by the character of the sper- mogones, belongs to the section of L. disparata, although it might otherwise be readily supposed to be of the section of L. erysibe. On rocks ; rare. L.GALACTINIZA, Nyl.,sp. Thallus albidus tenuis subareolato-rimosus ; areole ambitu interdum subcrenate; apothecia fusca parva (latit. 0:3-0'5 millim.), margine thallino integro vix prominulo cincta ; spore ellipsoidez, longit. 0:010-0:013 millim., erassit. 0:006-0:007 millim. ; paraphyses gracilescentes non bene discretz et supra granuloso-in- spersz; epithecium fuscescens. lodo gelatina hymenialis cerulescens, dein thecz violascentes. L. galactinella, Nyl. (in Obs. Lich. Pyr. Or., p. 53, erroneously written as “ L. galactina "), differs from L. galactina, Ach., espe- cially in the brown smaller apothecia; but L. galactiniza, which is subsimilar, is at the same time distinguished by the reaction of the thallus, K+, yellow; wherefore it may belong to the section of L. subfusca. On rocks (quartzose) ; apparently rare. 174 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON LICHENS LECANORA DIFFUSILIS, Nyl.,sp.n. Thallus albus vel albidus, inaequalis (erassit. circiter 0°5 millim.), rimosus (K +, yellow) ; apothecia nigra lecideina innata immarginata (latit. 1 millim. vel minora), intus con- coloria, saepe 2-4 confluentia et inde difformia; spore ellipsoidex, longit. 0:009—0-010 millim., crassit. 0006 millim.; lamina tenuis apo- thecii tota sordide violascens. Spermogonia non visa. This species seems to belong to the section of L. atra. L. atro- violacea, Flot. in Lechl. Pl. Maclov. 60, closely approaches. L. ATRORIMATA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus albus rugulosus rimoso-diffrac- tus (crassit. circiter 0'5 millim.), rimis et ambitu nigris (K+, yellow); apothecia nigra innata plana lecideoidea immarginata (latit. circiter 1 millim.), intus obscura; spore 8nae incolores ellipsoidez simplices, longit. 0:012—0:015 millim., erassit. 0:006—0-008 millim. ; lamina tenuis apothecii violascens. Spermogonia non visa. Allied to the preceding species, but at once differing in the nigro-rimate thallus and larger spores. In L. atroviolacea, Flot., the rime of the thallus are not black. On rocks; only two fragments gathered. L. PSAROMELA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus cinereus opacus tenuis sublævi- gatus areolato-diffractus expansus; apothecia nigra (vel obscure fusco- nigra), plana (latit. 08-16 millim.), margine thallino integro cincta ; spore oblongæ vel fusiformi-oblonge, longit. 0:010-0-015 millim., crassit. 0:003-0-004 millim.; paraphyses non discretze ; epithecium fus- cescens. lodo gelatina hymenialis czrulescens (dein thecæ violacee tinct). Spermatia fusiformi-bacillaria, longit. 0:007-0-011 millim., crassit. 0:001 millim. This species is most closely allied to L. psarophana, Nyl. Obs. Lich. Pyr. Or. p. 10, but differs especially in the plainer and darker (almost black) apothecia, and in the spores being usually longer, On rocks ; very rare. L. xaNTHOPHANA, Nyl. Add. Lich. And. Boliv. p. 379. On rocks ; very sparingly gathered. ; L. sMARAGDULA (Whinb.). On stones; associated with other lichens, and only one or two squa- mules seen in the specimen. Tribe PERTUSARIEI. PERTUSARIA AMARA (Ach.), Nyi. On rocks ; only a single fragment present. P. WAWREANOIDES, Nyl., sp. n. Sat similis P. Wawreane, Mass. COLLECTED AT THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 175 Lich. Cap. p. 78, t. viii. fig. 1-18 (excl. spermogoniis, que sane aliena), sed thecæ bispore (spore longit. 0*060-0:070 millim., crassit. 0°038- 0:048 millim.). Iodo gelatina hymenialis ezrulescens, dein thecz vinose rubentes. Thallus Kt, flavens, dein cinnabarino-rubens. Apothecia incoloria. Spermatia bacilliformia vel bacillari-fusiformia, longit. 0°006-0-008 millim., crassit. 00008 millim. On rocks; probably not uncommon. PERTUSARIA SUBDEALBATA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus albidus, conferte areolato-rimosus (crassit. circiter 0*5 millim. vel tenuior); apothecia nigrieantia (in protuberantiis thalli convexis subdifformibus innata, singulum in quavis protuberantia), stratum sectione nigricans tenue (latit. 1 millim. vel minoris, crassit. vix 02 millim. in sicco statu) exhi- bentia; spore 2ne, longit. 0-046-0:056 millim., crassit. 0018-0:022 millim. odo gelatina hymenialis czrulescens, deinde thecæ vinose rubescentes. Spermatia recta, longit. 0005 millim., crassit. 0-0005— 0:0006 millim. From P. Wawreanoides, to which it approaches, it is distin- guished by the different character of the apothecia and the thalline protuberances, as also by the smaller spores. The reaction of the thallus is the same in both, viz. Ki, from yellow becoming saffron-ferruginous. On rocks; apparently rare. P. vEPALLIDA, Nyl., sp.n. Thallus pallido-albidus, tenuis, levigatus, areolato-rimosus ; apothecia nigricantia, innata, plana, sublecanorina, difformia, subpruinosa, minuta (latit. vulgo 02-03 millim.), margine thallino parum vel vix prominulo (1-3 in quavis areola thallina fer- tili); spore 8nae, longit. 0-027-0-037 millim., crassit. 0:016-0:021 millim, odo gelatina hymenialis czrulescens, thece presertim tinctæ. Spermatia recta, longit. 0:016-0:018 millim., crassit. 00005 millim. This species is allied to P. rubescens (Tayl.); but this latter has the thallus somewhat thicker, rugose, the spores larger, &c. On rocks; very sparingly gathered. P. LEIOPLACA, f. ocrospora, Nyl. On the bark of trees, associated with other lichens; very sparingly gathered, but probably common. 7 Tribe TAELOTREMEI. URC&OLARIA DEUTERIA, Nyl. Lich. St. Paul, p. 6. On the ground; probably common. U. SUBCUPREA, Nyl.,sp.n. "Thallus lurido-fuscescens vel subcupreus, LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XV. P 176 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON LICHENS opacus, tenuis, areolato-rimosus, superficie passim obsolete albido- reticulatus; apothecia nigricantia innata, demum supra pertusa (non actinostoma) ; spore incolores (vel vetustate infuscatz), murali-divisze, ellipsoidez, longit. 0018-0:022 millim., crassit. 0:009—0-010 millim. ; perithecium cum hypothecio infuscatum. Iodo gelatina hymenialis non tincta. Spermogonia sterigmatibus longiusculis ramosis generis et spermatiis tenuiter fusiformi-oblongis (bacillaribus), longit. fere 0:004 millim., crassit. vix 0:0001 millim. This species is very easily distinguished by the colour of the thallus and the thelotremoid apothecia. The thallus affords no reaction, either with K, CaCl, or with I. U. stictica, Krb., ap- . proaches less to it than U. deuteria. On rocks; very sparingly gathered. Tribe LECIDIEL. LECIDEA CHLOROPH&ATA, Nyl., sp.n. Thallus cinereo-viresceus, tenuiter granulosus, sat tenuis, indeterminatus ; apothecia fusca vel rufescenti-fusca (lat. 0*5-0-9 millim.), juniora plana marginata, demum convexa et sæpe plura minora aggregata vel botryoideo-conglomerata, intus albida ; sporee aciculares rectz vel rectiuscule, tenues, indistincte 3—5-septatze, longit. 0:060—0:075 millim., crassit. 0-0015-0°0025 mil- lim. ; paraphyses graciles: epithecium dilute subcezrulescens, hypo- thecium supra rufescens et ceteroquin incolor. lodo gelatina hyme- nialis vinose rubens. The thallus is minutely cellulose. With reference to the spe- cific name, Nylander observes, * Acceptum est in lingua Latina nomen adjectivum Jeucopheatus, quamobrem etiam chloropheatus regulariter admitti possit. On rocks; sparingly gathered. L. SUBALBICANS, Nyl., sp.n. Thallus albidus, subopacus, tenuis, minute areolato-diffractus, subrugulosus (K +, flavescens) ; apothecia fusces- centia planiuscula, demum convexa (latit. 0°5 millim. vel minora), margine (ssepius pallescente vel albido) vix prominulo ; spore 8nae, ellipsoidez, longit. 0°009-0°011 millim., crassit. 0°005-0-006 millim. ; paraphyses gracilescentes non bene discrete ; epithecium subsmarag- descens; hypothecium incolor. lodo gelatina hymenialis cerulescens. Spermatia arcuata (rite evoluta forsan non visa, sed videntur longit. 0:012-0-016 millim., crassit. 00005 millim.). This species approaches, as it seems, to L. albicans, Nyl., from India; but this latter has the thallus continuous, only rimose, the apothecia pale reddish, &e. Though lecanorine in appearance, the apothecia are entirely biatorine. On rocks; apparently not uncommon, though rarely fertile. COLLECTED AT THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 177 LECIDEA LEUCOXANTHA, Spr. Apothecia biatorina K+(chrysopha- nice reagentia). Forsan melius Lecanora; nam spermogonia habent arthrosterigmata breviarticulata, spermatiis bacilliformibus (longit. 0:003 millim., crassit. 0:0005 millim.). On the bark of trees; only a single fragment gathered. L. BUMAMMA, Nyl., sp.n. Thallus albidus, bullato-vesiculosus, bullis subplicatis, aggregatus (altit. cum basi 6-8 millim.), basi fusco -siipi- tatus; apothecia nigra plana innata immarginata (latit. 1 millim. vel minora), sæpe in depressionibus thalli oblonga, intus obscura ; spore non visæ. Thallus K+(flavens). E stirpe est hee species L. vesicularis, jam bullis thallinis magnis (latit. 3-5 millim.) insignis. On the ground; very sparingly gathered. L. PARASEMA, var. ELEOCHROMA, Ach. On the bark of trees, usually associated with other lichens. L. GRANULOSULA, Nyl., sp. n. Quasi L. enteroleuca (Ach.), Nyl., precipue differens thallo flavido minute granuloso vel subleproso. Apothecia convexula non marginata (latit. 04-05 millim.), intus tota albida; sporz ellipsoidez, longit. 0009-0011 millim., crassit. 0006 millim.; epithecium czerulescenti-nigricans ; paraphyses gracilescen- tes; hypothecium incolor. Iodo gelatina hymenialis czerulescens, dein vinose fulvescens. On rocks, associated with various other lichens. L. MEIOSPORA, Nyl. Obs. Lich. Pyr. Or. p. 38. Spores 0:011-0:014 millim. long, 0:007—0-008 millim. thick. On rocks (schistose) ; sparingly seen. L. TERRENA, Nyl. "Thallus albidus, tenuis, snbgranulatus ; apothecia mediocria (lat. 0'7-1:4 millim,), epithecio czsio-pruinoso; spor longit. 0:011-0:014 millim., crassit. 0:006—0:007 millim. On the ground amongst quartz detritus, sparingly. L. oBUMBRATA, Nyl., sp. n, Thallus umbrino-fuscus subopacus, sat tenuis (crassit. 0°5 millim. vel tenuior), areolato-rimosus, determinatus (medulla K e flavo subcinnabarino-tincta) ; apothecia nigra, plana vel convexiuscula (latit. 1 millim. vel minora), immarginata, intus cine- rascentia; spore Snae, oblonge, simplices, longit. circiter 0°01] millim., crassit. 0°004 millim. (rite evolutze vix vise); paraphyses mediocres; epithecium fuscum ; hypothecium subincolor. This species probably belongs to the section of L. tenebrosa, though in consequence of the spermogones being unknown this is uncertain. On rocks, very sparingly associated, with other lichens. r2 178 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON LICHENS LECIDEA CHALYBEIA, Borr. On rocks; probably common. L. CHLOROPOLIZA, Nyl. On rocks ; only sparingly seen. L.coNTINGENS, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus cinerascenti-albidus tenuis (crassit. circiter 02 millim.), lzevigatus, rimoso-areolatus, areolis con- tiguis, rimis nigris angustis, nigro-limitatus (K+, flavescens, dein fer- rugineo-rubescens, etiam prasertimque medulla ita tum tincta, at I—); apothecia nigra, superficialia, plana, marginata (latit. circiter 0*5 millim.), intus concoloria; spore 8nae, fuscæ, ellipsoideze, 1-septate, longit. 0°010-0°013 millim., crassit. 0:004-0:007 millim.; epithecium obscuriuscule exrulescens; paraphyses mediocres ; hypothecium fus- cum. Iodo gelatina hymenialis ezrulescens. Spermatia bacillaria, longit. 0:005-0*006 millim., crassit. fere 0:001 millim., sterigmatibus subsimplicibus vel parum prolifero-articulatis, sat tenuibus. The characters of the spermogones indicate that this species belongs to the section of .L. superans, Nyl.; but there is no thalline reaction with CaCl. On rocks; very sparingly gathered. L. HALONIA, Ach. On rocks; apparently not uncommon, usually associated with other lichens. L. SPURIA (Schzr.). On rocks; pretty frequent, but always associated with other lichens. With regard to the systematie place of this species, Nylander observes in litt., * Forsan satius consideranda ut Lecanora; nam spermogonia vix differunt a spermogoniis stirpis L. sophodis. Est verisimiliter Buellia antarctica, Mass. Lich. Cap. p. 68, t. iv. fig. 18-32." L. 1NCURIOSA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus albidus, sat tenuis, granulatus vel granulato-subareolatus, inzqualis (K+, flavens); apothecia nigra, demum convexa immarginata (latit. 0*6-0*8 millim.), intus concoloria (strato hymeniali obscure in sectione cinerascente); spore Snae, fusce, l-septatz, longit. 0°022-0°025 millim., crassit. 0008-0:011 millim. ; paraphyses subgracilescentes; epithecium et hypothecium fusca. lode gelatina hymenialis czrulescens, dein subincolor et thecæ vinose subrubescentes. Spermatia oblongo-cylindrica, longit. 0:003-0:004 millim., crassit. vix 0°001 millim, attingentia, sterigmatibus vulgo ex articulis saltem 2-3 constantibus parum tumidulis. A species but little striking in appearance, belonging to the section of L. spuria. COLLECTED AT THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 179 On stones, generally on the underside; sparingly gathered, though what seems to be the barren thallus is more frequent. LECIDEA DiSTRATA, Nyl., sp. n. "Thallus albus vel albidus, tenuis, plano-areolatus vel areolato-diffractus (rimis nigris), K+(flavens), I—, hypothallo nigro subsparse instratus ; apothecia nigra, innata, plana, submarginata (latit. 0°2-0°4 millim.), juniora margine thallino obso- leto cincta ; spore 8nae, fusce, 1-septatz, longit. 0:014-0:019 millim., crassit. 0007-0009 millim.; epithecium fuscum ; paraphyses medio- cres (non semper bene discrete) ; hypothecium incolor. Iodo gelatina hymenialis intensive et persistenter czrulescens. Forsan in stirpe L. spurie locum habet; pertinet ad species illas que ambigunt inter Lecideas et Lecanoras. Conferenda est Lecanora confragosula. On rocks (quartzose); very sparingly gathered. L. MINUTULA (Hepp.). On rocks ; generally associated with other lichens, apparently common. L. suBTRISTIS, Nyl., sp.n. Thallus fuscus, tenuissimus, levigatus, ri- mulosus; apothecia nigra, plana, marginata (latit. 05-07 millim.), intus albida; spore 8nae, fuscze, biloculares, longit. 0*016—0:020 mil- lim., crassit. 0009—-0:011 millim.; paraphyses mediocres, clava fusca ; hypothecium incolor. Iodo gelatina hymenialis bene czrulescens. In eonsequence of the spermogones not being visible, it is not certain whether this species be in reality a Lecidea belonging to L. coniops or rather a Lecanora of the section of L. coniopta. On rocks (quartzose); very sparingly gathered. L. MYRIOCARPA, f. MARCIDULA, Nyl. Thallo pallido evanescente, sporis longit. 0:010-0:011 millim., crassit. 0004-0-006 millim., para- physibus non bene discretis. Perhaps a distinct species—though, as the spermogones are not present, this is not certain. On rocks, associated with otber lichens. L. cEocRAPHICA (L.). On rocks (quartzose) near the summit, very sparingly gathered. Tribe GaAPHIDEI. OPEGRAPHA PARVULA, Nyl., sp. n, "Thallus cinerascens, obsoletus ; apothecia nigra, minuta, rotundata vel oblongo-rotundata (latit. circiter 02 millim.), epithecio impresso ; sporæ 8nae, incolores, fusiformes, 3-septate, longit. 0-022—0-027 millim., crassit. 0°003 millim.; para- physes mediocres; epithecium luteo-fuscescens; hypothecium cum perithecio nigrum. Iodo gelatina hymenialis vinose rubens (prece- dente czrulescentia). 180 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON LICHENS This species is easily known from the characters given. The gonidia are subchroolepoid. On stones, on the underside; only a single small specimen seen. Tribe PYRENOCARPETI. NORMANDINA PULCHELLA (Borr.). Amongst small mosses, associated with Pannaria rubiginosa (saxicole) ; very sparingly gathered and sterile. ENDOCARPON HEPATICUM, Ach., Nyl. On the bare ground; apparently not uncommon. . It will be seen from the above Enumeration that the present col- lection (made, as already observed, during a few days’ excursions to the same locality) is larger, both in the total of species and varieties and also in the number of novelties gathered, than that of Dr. Wawra as recorded by Massalongo. At the same time the speci- meus Collected both by Dr. Wawra and Mr. Eaton can evidently be regarded only as the firstfruits of the rich and rare Lichen harvest of the Cape that remains to be reaped by some resident botanist. Licenses Terre KERGUELENI :—an Enumeration of the Lichens collected in Kerguelen Land by the Rev. A. E. Exron during the pa. NG Expedition in 1874-75. By the Rev. James M. Cromete, F.L.S. &e. [Read February 3, 1876.) Tue first record which we find of the Lichen-flora of this remote island is that given by Dr. J. D. Hooker and Dr. Thomas Taylor, in the * London Journal of Botany,’ vol. iii. (1844) pp. 634-658, amongst the other Antarctic Lichens collected by the former gen- tleman during the voyage of H.M. Discovery-ships ‘ Erebus’ and ‘Terror’ (1839-43). The Kerguelen lichens thus enumerated amount to seventeen species, of which, however, at least one half must be excluded, as being hasty and erroneous determinations, resulting chiefly from the absence of microscopical analysis. This list was subsequently revised by the Rey. Churchill Babington for Dr. Hooker’s ‘ Flora Antarctica, vol. ii, (1847) pp. 519-542, where, with emendations and additions, it is increased to twenty- seven species and varieties. A considerable proportion of these, however, as in the former case and for the same reason, must be deleted. Unfortunately, I have not at present been able to find COLLECTED IN KERGUELEN LAND. 181 in Herb. Kew. any specimens of several of Dr. Taylor’s critical species. These may probably be found in his herbarium, which I understand is now in Boston, U. S.; and perhaps on further search one or two may still turn up at,Kew. The present valuable and comparatively large collection was made by Mr. Eaton at intervals from December 1874 to February 1875, at the three stations in the island which were visited by the Expedition. These were Royal Sound and Observatory Bay on the S.E., and Swain's Bay on the S.W., all three, as it would appear, possessing very much the same lichen-flora. Though several of the species bear at first sight a general resemblance to some of our northern lichens, yet on ana- lysis they are found to be quite distinct, and for the most part are quite peculiar to this island. Most of the novelties amongst them have been briefly recorded by me in * Journ. Bot.' for November 1875 and January 1876 ; and I here give their fuller diagnosis, with whieh Dr. Nylander, who most kindly assisted me in their determination, has favoured me. Family COLLEMACEI. Tribe LicHINEI. LICHINA ANTARCTICA, Cromb., sp. n. Quasi L. confinis minor (altit. 2 millim. vel minor), apotheciis et spermogoniis in elavulis subglobosis confertis fastigiatis inclusis. Spore ellipsoidez, longit. 0:014—0-016 millim., crassit. 0:007-0:009 millim. Spermatia oblonga, longit. 0-003 millim, crassit. vix 0:001 millim. On maritime rocks. Swain’s Bay. Very sparingly. Tribe CoLLEMEI. AMPHIDIUM MOLYDOPLACUM *, Nyl., sp.n. Thallus cinereo-plumbeus adnatus astroideo-diflissus, centro pallidior areolato-diffractus, laciniis (latit. circiter 1 millim.) ambitum versus latioribus radians. Apothecia rufa vel fusco-rufa, lecanorina (latit. 0°5—0°7 millim.) vel lecanoroidea, margine pallido-albido subintegro cincta. Spore 8nz ellipsoideze vel suboblongz, irregulariter 3-septate, longit. 0016-0021 millim., crassit. 0°007-0°009 millim.; paraphyses mediocres. lodo gelatina hymenialis ezerulescens, dein vinose rubens. Facies nonnihil thalli coccocarpioidea (formis incisis adnatis accedens). Thallus crassitiei circiter 0°3 millim. Comparandum est etiam cum Pannaria eleina (Whlnb.). On stones. Swain’s Bay. Sparingly gathered. * This was erroneously printed as zolybdopheum in ‘Journ. Bot.’ 182 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON LICHENS Family LICHENACEI. Tribe STEREOCAULEI. STEREOCAULON CYMOSUM, Cromb. "Thallus podetiis firmis subpolli- caribus et usque ad dimidiam altitudinem subsimplicibus (vel parum ramosis) nudis, deinde dense dendroideo-ramosis in cymam conferte granuloso-tectam vel granulis subleprosis. Apothecia et spermogonia non visa. On the ground. Observatory Bay. Very sparingly gathered. This seems a sufficiently distinct species, though unfortunately the few fragments seen are infertile. Tribe Cuapontret. CLADONIA FIMBRIATA, Hffm. On the ground, amongst mosses &c. Apparently common. C. FIMBRIATA, f, COSTATA, Flk. “ Apotheciis pallidis." Along with the type. Observatory Bay. Apparently rare. CLADONIA ACUMINATA (Ach), Norrl. On the ground. Apparently common at all the stations, but sparingly fertile. Tribe USNEEI. NEUROPOGON MELAXANTHUS (Ach). On rocks. Not uncommon at all the stations, and very variable, though (as well observed in Hook. Fl. Antarct.) the so-called varieties of the older authors are mere “ states depending on age (and nature of habitat) rather than marked races." N. m., f. SOREDIIFER. "Thallus more or less, sometimes densely so- rediiferous. On rocks, along with the type. Swain’s Bay and Royal Sound. Infertile. N. m., var. CILIATA, Nyl. Lich. New Zeal. p. 245. On rocks. Observatory Bay. Perhaps not uncommon, and equally variable with the type. The specimens seen are usually but of small size. COLLECTED IN KERGUELEN LAND. 183 NEUROPOGON TAYLORI (Hook. fil.). On rocks. All the stations. Said by Dr. Hooker (Flor. Antarct. ii. p. 521) to be “very abundant on rocks from 100 to 1200 feet of elevation—by far the most handsome vegetable production of Kerguelen’s Land.” From all states of the preceding, from which it is easily recog- nized, it appears to be sufficiently distinct. Tribe PARMELIEI. PanMELIA STYGIODES, Nyl., sp.n. Quasi P. stygia minor, magis contracta, thallo castaneo-fuscescente subopaco, apotheciis margine thallino integro. Thallus K + (medulla flavescente). Sporz ellip- soidez minute, longit. 0:007-0-008 millim., erassit. 0°0045 millim. Spermatia subfusiformia acicularia (vix medio interdum obsolete tenuiora), longit. 0°005-0-006 millim., crassit. 00008 millim. On rocks. Swain's Bay. Very sparingly ; and only in one or two apothecia are the spores visible. Tribe PELTIGEREI, PELTIGERA RUFESCENS, f. SPURIA (DC.). Amongst mosses on the ground. Swain's Bay. Sparingly gathered. P. PoLYDACTYLA, f. HYMENINA (AcÀ.). Amongst mosses. Along with the preceding, and equally sparingly seen. Tribe LECANOREI. PANNARIA PLACODIOPSIS, Nyl., sp.n. Thallus sordide lutescens, placodioideo-divisus, radiis contiguis turgidulis, ambitu subcrenatis ; apothecia rufa (latit. 1 millim. vel minora), margine thallino turgidulo subintegro vel suberenato cincta. Spore ellipsoidez simplices, longit. 0:012-0:018 millim., crassit. 0010—0:011 millim.; paraphyses crassi- uscule. Iodo gelatina hymenialis leviter czrulescens, deinde vinose rubescens (thecis przesertim tinctis). On roeks. Observatory Bay. Sparingly gathered. P. OBSCURIOR, Nyl.,sp.n. Est quasi P. brunnea obscurior, apotheciis nigricantibus et gelatina hymeniali iodo vinose rubescente. On the ground, amongst decayed mosses. Observatory Bay. Only a single specimen seen, associated with Psoroma hirsutu- lum (muscicole). 184 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON LICHENS PsOROMA HIRSUTULUM, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus inter apothecia parum evolutus; apothecia rufo-fuscescentia concava (latit. 1-2 millim.), receptaculo thallino toto dense albido-hirsuto vel vellereo, conferta. Spore longit. 0:016-0-02] millim., crassit. U'009-0°014 millim. On mosses and decayed stems. Observatory Bay. Very sparingly gathered. To this approaches Parmelia paleacea, Hook. fil. Fl. Antaret. p. 934, t. 197. f. 3, which, however, is less hirsute. PLACOPSIS GELIDA (L.). On rocks. Observatory Bay. Sparingly. PL. GELIDA, f. LATERITIA, Nyl. “Thallo toto ferrose ochraceo- tincta." On rocks. Swain’s Bay. Apparently abundant. LECANORA (PLACODIUM) ELEGANS, Ach. On rocks. Swain’s Bay and Royal Sound. Probably not uncommon. L. (PL.) ELEGANS, f. LUCENS, Nyl. Minor, thallo subvitellino. Spore longit. 0°011 millim., crassit. 0-005 millim. On stems. Observatory Bay. Sparingly, and associated with other lichens. L. SUBUNICOLOR, Nyl. Minus evoluta, thallo macro. Spore longit. 0*009-0-015 millim., crassit. 0*004—0:007 millim. On rocks. Royal Sound. Very sparingly, only two or three apothecia being visible. The present specimen may therefore be slightly different from the Cape-of-Good-H ope plant. L. viTELLINELLA, Nyl. Quasi L. aurantiaca * erythrella, Ach., vel potius L. vitellinula, Nyl. Minuta, sporis minoribus turgidulis, longit. 0°007-0-009 millim., crassit. 0:005—0:007 millim. On rocks. Swain’s Bay. Very sparingly seen. L. DIPHYELLA, Nyl., sp.n. "Thallus macula pallido-cinerea indicatus. Apothecia nigra lecideina marginata parvula (latit. 0°2-0°3 millim.), intus obscura. Spore 8n:e, incolores, placodiomorphze, longit. 0°012- 0:017 millim., crassit. 0008-0*010 millim.; paraphyses mediocres; epithecium cum perithecio et bypothecio nigricantibus. lodo gelatina hymenialis intensive cwrulescens (thecz preesertim tinctz). : Species peculiaris que videtur affinis L. diphyi, Nyl., sed notis datis apotheciis minoribus, hypothecio nigro, sporis crassioribus &c. differt. COLLECTED IN KERGUELEN.LAND. 185 Thalamium nonnihil lutescens. Hypothecium et perithecium K reac- tionem purpurascenti-dissolventem ostendunt. Spermogonia non visa. On rocks. Royal Sound. Perhaps not uncommon. LECANORA MACROPHTHALMA (Tayl.). Etiam forma apotheciis ni- gricantibus. Spore longit. 0:021-0:023 millim., crassit. 0°011-0°015 millim. Est e stirpe Lecanore cineree. Maxime notabilis thallo CaCl 4- (erythrinoso). On rocks. At all the stations. Apparently abundant. L. ATROCAZSIA, Nyl., sp.n. "Thallus albidus aut albido-cesius, tenuis, zquabilis, subrugulosus vel rugosus, hypothallo nigro limitatus. Apothecia atra, in receptaculis demum nonnihil protuberantibus recepta, margine thallino non prominulo, plana (latit. 0:8-1:5 millim.), subopaca, intus concoloria. Spore 8n: incolores ellipsoidez, longit. 0:010-0:012 millim., crassit. 0°006-0°007 millim., totum apothecium in lamina tenui visum obscure violascens. Affinis L. atre, sed certe distincta species, differens jam thallo alio et spermatiis curvulis (apice supero curvatis) brevioribus (longit. 0:009— 0:011 millim., crassit. vix 0:001 millim.). Thallus K+ (virescenti- flavens. On rocks. At all the stations. Frequent. L. BRoccHA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus albidus tenuissimus (K +flavens) ; apothecia fusca mediocria (latit. 1-2 millim.), margine thallino crenato-dentato subplicato et involvescente recepta ; sporæ ellipsoideæ simplices, longit. 0°015-0°017 millim., crassit. 0:006-0°007 millim. ; paraphyses mediocres vel subcrassiuscule ; epithecium fuscum. Iodo gelatina hymenialis czrulescens, dein incolor thecis violaceo-tinctis. Spermatia bacillaria recta longit. 0°007-0°008 millim., crassit. 0*0007 millim. On decayed mosses, and on dead stems. Royal Sound. Apparently not uncommon. The apothecia in appearance are as in Psoroma, though their anatomic structure is not as in that genus. As shown by the spermogones, it belongs to the section of L. atra. The apothecia are rarely the host of a parasitic Fungillus, viz. Patellaria antipodella, Nyl., sp. n. L. UMBRINA (Ach.), Nyl. Spermatia 0:016-0:022 millim. long, 0°0005- 0:0006 millim. thick. On stems. Observatory Bay. Associated with L. elegans, f. lucens, &c. 186 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON LICHENS LECANORA SUSLUTESCENS, Nyl. Omnino videtur similis L. lute- scenti, DC., sed saxicola et sporis non evolutis visis. "Thallus sul- phureus subleprosus CaCl croceo-reagens. On rocks. Swain’s Bay. Only two small fragments seen. Tribe PERTUSARIEI. PERTUSARIA PERRIMOSA, Nyl. Lich. N. Zeal. p. 253. Thallus albido- cinerascens tenuis rimoso-diffractus vel rimoso-areolatus, nigro-limi- tatus; apothecia in verrucis thalli convexis (szepius rimosis) innata, nonnulla hymenia in quavis tali verruca thallina. Spore 4-8nz, longit. 0:055-0:105 millim., crassit. 003-007 millim. Thallus K e flavo mox cinnabarino-ferruginescens. Spermatia subrecta vel vulgo leviter arcuata, longit. 0:016-0:023 millim., crassit. 0*005- 0:006 millim. On rocks. Swain’s Bay. Apparently not uncommon, though often barren. P. PERRIMOSA, f. SUBFERRUGINOSA, Cromb. Thallus more or less ferruginous. On rocks. Royal Sound. Sparingly gathered. P. ciNERARIA, Nyl., sp.n. Thallus cinereus tenuis rugulosus areolato- rimulosus determinatus (K—). Apothecia nigricantia in protuberantiis parum elevatis rotundato-difformibus (latit. 05-07 millim.) impressa punctiformia (1-4 in quavis protuberantia thallina). Spore 8næ ellipsoideze, longit. 0:035—0:052 millim., crassit. 0.016-0°024 millim. lodo gelatina hymenialis intensive cærulescens (thecz presertim ita tincte). A P. chiodectinoide, Bagl., Anzi, affini differt thallo levi depresso tenui &e. Tn lamina tenui apothecii conspicitur epithecium (fuscescens) K dilute subviolaseens et thalamium flavescenti-tinctum (forsan ex elementis stromaticis ita reagens). In P. chiodectinoide thallus intus K flavens. Spermogonia non visa. On rocks. Swain's Bay. Only a single specimen gathered. Tribe Lecrpet. LECIDEA VARIATULA, Nyl., sp.n. Thallus albidus, tenuiter subgra- nulosus, dispersus. Apothecia fusca (vel juniora pallescentia) aut demum nigricantia, plana vel concaviuscula, marginata (latit. 0°3-0°5 millim.), intus albicantia. Sporze 8nze incolores ellipsoidez simplices. longit. 0011-0015 millim., erassit. 0006-0-007 millim., paraphyses graciles discret zequales (apice non crassiores), hypothecium incolo:. Iodo gelatina hymenialis non tincta, sed thecæ sole czrulescentes (dein violaceo-infuscatz). COLLECTED IN KERGUELEN LAND. 187 On decaying stems. Observatory Bay. Very sparingly gathered, and only a few apothecia visible on the specimen. This is a sufficiently distinct species, belonging to the section of Lecidea mutabilis. LECIDEA ASSIMILATA, Nyl. On the ground.. Royal Sound. Apparently not uncommon. L. ASSENTIENS, Nyl., sp.n. "Thallus albidus tenuis rugulosus rimulo- sus (K flavens) ; apothecia nigra plana marginata (latit. 1 millim. vel minora), sepe nonnihil difformia; spore 8næ incolores ellipsoidez, longit. 0°009-0°012 millim., crassit. 0:005-0*006 millim., epithecium nigricans, paraphyses fere mediocres, hypothecium cum perithecio nigrum. lodo gelatina hymenialis cerulescens, dein thecz violaceo- fulvescentes. Est arcte affinis L. vorticose, Flk., differt autem thallo, epithecio ni- gricante, thalamio incolori (non exrulescente). Epithecium sepe ochraceo-suffusum. On rocks. Royal Sound and Observatory Bay. Very sparingly. L. INTERSITA, Nyl., sp.n. "Thallus albidus vel cinerascens, tenuis, ri- mulosus (K+, flavens), hypothallo plumbeo-obscurato instratus; apo- thecia nigra marginata (latit. 1 millim. vel minora), intus concoloria strato hymeniali albo; sporæ 8næ incolores ellipsoideæ, longit. 0:012— 0015 millim., crassit. 0:006-0-008 millim., epithecium cærulescenti- infuscatum, paraphyses mediocres, hypothecium cum perithecio nigrum. lodo gelatina hymenialis cærulescens, dein subincolor et theez vinose rubescentes. Spermatia arcuata, longit. 0014-0016 millim., crassit. 0:0005 millim. Facie L. contigue vel meiospore, sed revera affinis L. assentienti., On rocks. Observatory Bay. Very sparingly gathered. L. PrHu&osTOMa, Nyl., sp.n. Thallus cinerascens tenuis rugulosus rimulosus; apothecia rufa plana prominula nigro-marginata (latit. 0°5-0°7 millim.), sæpe conferta et pressione mutua anguloso-difformia. Spore 8næ incolores ellipsoidez, longit. 0°011-0-012 millim., crassit. 0:006-0-008 millim., epithecium luteo-fuscescens,.hypothecium cum perithecio nigrum. Iodo gelatina hymenialis czrulescens, dein lutescens. Thallus K flavescens, epithecium K roseo-violascenti-dissolutum. Species est peculiaris et facile dignota in stirpe Lecidee paraseme. Spermatia arcuata, longit. 0°015-0°018 millim., crassit. 00005 millim. On rocks. Royal Sound. Rather sparingly gathered. 188 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON LICHENS Lecipea AMYLACEA, Ach., Nyl. The specimens seen are sufficiently similar to the European plant, differing only in the epithecium being brownish, while in the European plant it is subcerulescent. On rocks. Swain’s Bay. Probably not uncommon. L. SUBASSENTIENS, Nyl., sp.n. "Thallus albidus tenuis, subrugulosus vel levis, rimosus (K flavens); apothecia nigra plana marginata (latit. 0:5-07 millim.), intus obscure ezrulescentia; sporz Snz ellipsoidez, longit. 0:010—0:012 millim., crassit. 0:006-0-007 millim., epithecium cerulescens, paraphyses gracilescentes, hypothecium incolor, perithe- cium nigrum. Iodo gelatina hymenialis ezrulescens, thecæ deinde subviolacee rubescentes. Affinis Lecidee diasemoidi, Nyl., sed differens sporis nonnihil minoribus et spermatiis longioribus. Facie externa satis convenit cum L. assen- tiente. Thalamium supra cerulescens. On rocks. Royal Sound. Very sparingly gathered. L. perusta, Nyl., sp.n. Thallus hypothallo nigro tenui zquabili con- tinuo constans, in quo sparse areole fusco-rufescentes vel fusco- cuprez, rotundato-angulosz, minute, aggregate, impresse, concavi- usculz et circumscisse ; apothecia nigra demum prominula convexi- uscula, marginata aut submarginata (latit. circiter 1 millim.), intus tota obscura; sporze Snæ incolores ellipsoidex, demum nigrescentes, longit. 0024—0-036 millim., erassit. 0011-0018 millim., pariete di- stincto, paraphyses gracilescentes, epithecium fuscescens, hypothecium incolor. Iodo gelatina hymenialis intensive cærulescens (etiam thecæ sic tincta). Species videtur stirpis omnino propriz, facie quodammodo accedens ad L. fumosam. On rocks. At all the stations, though very sparingly and rarely in its best- developed state. L. AsBoLoDEs, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus fuligineus subopacus tenuis con- tinuus determinatus. Apothecia nigra plana marginata (latit. 0:5 -0*6 millim.); spore Snz subglobose vel breviter ellipsoidex, longit. 0:008-0*010 millim., crassit. 0007 millim., paraphyses graciles, thala- mium cum hypothecio (in lamina tenui) lutescens, epithecium luteo- fuscescens, perithecium nigrum. [odo gelatina hymenialis czeru- lescens, dein subincolor et thecæ (presertim apice) violaceo-tinctz. Facies externa fere Lecidee leiotee, Nyl. in Flora, 1867, p. 328, que vero differt apotheciis vix marginatis, paraphysibus crassioribus &c. Variat thallus obsolete rimulosus. On rocks. Royal Sound. Apparently not uncommon. COLLECTED IN KERGUELEN LAND. 189 LECIDEA LvcoMMA, Nyl., sp. n. "Thallus cinereus vel cinereo-cyane- scens, tenuis, lzvis, rimulosus, nigro-variegatus; apothecia nigra suble- norina (innata in receptaculo thallino lecanoroideo nigricante), plana (latit. 1 millim. vel minora), subcircumscissa, intus subconcoloria strato superiore subcesio ; spore 8næ incolores ellipsoidez, longit. 0:011— 0:015 millim., crassit. 0:006—0-007 millim., epithecium obscure cæru- lescenti-nigricans, paraphyses mediocres, hypothecium nigrum. Jodo gelatina hymenialis et cum thecis persistenter czerulescens. Thallus K supra et intus flavens deindeque cinnabarino-rubens, I—. Species est peculiaris, faciei Lichenis e stirpe Lecanore gibbose vel fere Thelotrematis aperti. Margo lecanoroideus (etiam szpius hic circumscissus, h. e. fissura cinctus) obliquus, intus tenuescens et ibi subalbicans obsoleteque radiatim aliquoties fissulus. Analysis apo- thecii affinitatem maximam prodit cum stirpe Lecidee contigue. On rocks. At all the stations. Apparently not unfrequent. L. suBcoNTINUA, Nyl., sp.n. Thallus plumbeus (vel in f. ferrea ochraceus) lzvigatus rimosus (crassit. circiter 0°5 millim.) ; apothecia nigra innata plana marginata (latit. 1 millim. vel minora), intus con- coloria strato supero albido; sporz 8n: ellipsoidez, longit. 0:010— 0:016 millim., crassit. 0:006-0:008 millim., epithecium luteo- fuscescens, paraphyses gracilescentes, hypothecium cum perithecio nigrum. Iodo gelatina hymenialis cerulescens, cxrulescentia sub- persistente. Spermatia longa rectiuscula vel rarius leviter arcuata, longit. 0°015-0°020 millim., erassit. 0°0005-0°0006 millim. Species bene distincta in stirpe Lecidee contigue vel in L. paraseme, nam inter ambas ambigit. On rocks. Swain’s Bay and Royal Sound. Very sparingly gathered. L. EATOoNI, Cromb. Thallus albus vel czsio-albus, tenuis, continuus, opacus (K 4-flavens, I—), hypothallo nigro (sepe maculose) instratus ; apothecia nigra innata plana immarginata (latit. circiter | millim.), intus concoloria ; spore 8næ oblongo-ellipsoidez, longit. 0°009-0-011 millim., crassit. 0:004—0*005 millim., epithecium czerulescenti-nigricans, paraphyses breves crassz, hypotheeium fuscum. Iodo gelatina hyme- nialis czerulescens. On rocks. Observatory Bay and Swain's Bay. Very sparingly. This species, which is sufficiently distinguished by the above characters, belongs to the section of L. contigua. L.susPLANa, Nyl., sp.n. Thallus albus tenuis inzqualis areolato- diffractus ; apothecia nigra plana marginata, demum sublobatula et convexiuscula margine evanescente, sat parva (latit. 0°5-0°9 millim.), intus albida; spore Snæ incolores, ellipsoidex, longit. 0009-0013 190 REV. J. M. CROMBIE ON LICHENS millim., crassit. 0°004—-0°006 millim., epithecium et perithecium czeru- lescenti-nigricantia, paraphyses mediocres, hypothecium incolor. Iodo gelatina hymenialis intensive et persistenter ccerulescens. Affinis L. plane Lehm., a qua differt thallo albo, sporis majoribus et spermatiis brevioribus (hee longit. 0:007-0:008 millim., crassit. 0:0007-0:0008 millim.). Thallus K -, I-. On rocks. Observatory Bay. Very sparingly gathered. LECIDEA SINCERULA, Nyl. Est L. Dicksonii Ach., thallo typico cinereo (nec ferro tineto). Spore longit. 0:009-0:012 millim., crassit. 0:006—0-007 millim. Iodo gelatina hymenialis cærulescens, dein vi- nose rubescens. On rocks. Royal Sound. Sparingly. L. SINCERULA, f. DICKSONII (Ach.). On rocks. Swain's Bay. Associated with other lichens, and but sparingly seen. L. TRISTIUSCULA, Nyl., sp.n. Thallus fusco-cinerascens tenuis rugu- losus determinatus, passim subrimulosus; apothecia nigra opaca superficialia plana marginata subrugulosa (latit. circiter 0*5 millim.), margine subcrenulato-ruguloso; spore 8n: fusce ellipsoidez 1-sep- tate (juniores placodinz), longit. 0-018-0:024 millim., crassit. 0-010— 0:011 millim., epithecium luteo-fuscescens, paraphyses gracilescentes, hypothecium incolor, perithecium nigrum. Iodo gelatina hymenialis cerulescens, deinde subvinose rubescens vel subfulvescens. Species est e stirpe Lecidee spurie et forsam L. subtristis, Nyl., sit maxime affinis. Spermogonia arthrosterigmatibus pauciarticulatis et spermatiis brevibus tenellis. On rocks. Swain’s Bay. Associated with Pertusaria cineraria. Very sparingly seen. L. MYRIOCARPA (DC.) Nyl. A state with the thallus thin or evanescent. On rocks. Swain’s Bay. Very sparingly gathered. L. MyRIOcARPA, f. ERUMPENS. Thallus very thin. Apothecia erumpent. On dead stems. Observatory Bay. Associated with Lecanora elegans, f. lucens, and L. wmbrina. Only a single specimen seen. : L. suBPLICATA, Nyl., sp.n. Thallus obsoletus; apothecia nigra plana elevato-marginata, margine tumidulo demum aliquoties sub- lobato-crenato, inde subangulosa et demum subgyrosa; spore fusce l-septatz, longit. 0016-0019 millim., crassit. 0008-0010 millim., - COLLECTED IN KERGUELEN LAND. 191 seepe curvulz, epithecium luteo-fuscescens, paraphyses gracilescentes, hypothecium cum perithecio nigrum. Iodo gelatina hymenialis cæru- lescens, deinde vinose rubescens. Facies externa fere Sarcogynes simplicis (Dav.), sed revera stirpis Lecidee coniopis. Spermatia arcuata, longit. 0°015-0-022 millim., crassit. 0:0005 millim.. Variant apothecia magis gyroso-corrugata et aggregata. On rocks. Royal Sound and Swain's Bay. Probably not uncommon. L. CEREBRINELLA, Nyl. Similis L. cerebrine (Ram.), sed minor; apotheciis minoribus (latit. circiter 0°5 millim.) et sporis minoribus (longit. 0:009-0-011 millim., crassit. 0:006—0:007 millim.). Iodo gelatina hymenialis leviter czrulescens, dein vinose fulvescens. Apothecia valde plicato-corrugata. Thallus albus tenuis rugulosus, K+ (flavens), evanescens quidem adest, at minime proprius. Verus thallus L. cerebrinelle videtur obscure cinerascens tenuissimus continuus obsoletus. On rocks. L. ckeocRAPHICA (L.). The specimens are entirely similar to the European plant. Spores 0:024-0'031 millim., erassit. 0:012-0-014 millim. On rocks. At all the stations. Very sparingly gathered. This is the only crustaceous species from Kerguelen in which the medulla gives a bluish reaction with I. Tribe PynENOCARPETI. VERRUCARIA TESSELLATULA, Nyl.,sp.n. Thallus cinereo-fuscescens zquabilis areolato-diffractus, sat tenuis (crassit. circiter 0°3 millim.) ; apothecia innata, pyrenio incolori, solum supra (ostiolo parum pro- minulo) nigra; spore 8næ ellipsoidez, longit. 0:010—0:015 millim., crassit. 0:007-0:008 millim. Affinis Verrucarie virenti, Nyl., et V. Nove Anglie, Tuck., sed mox distans thallo lzvigato (fere ut in V. polysticta, Borr., et areolis etiam magis discretis), sporis brevioribus &c. — Gonidia, diametro transverso 0:016-0-022 millim., sepius 2 vel plura syngonidio (crassiusculo) juncta, interdum subseriata (chroolepoidea). On rocks. Swain’s Bay and Royal Sound. Very sparingly gathered; and the specimen from the latter station atypical in consequence of having been submersed in water. V. oBrFUSCATA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus umbrino-nigricans continuus tenuissimus vel subevanescens; apothecia pyrenio dimidiato-nigro mastoideo-prominulo (latit. basi fere 073 millim.), epithecio vix im- LINN. JOURN.—BOTANY, VOL. XV. Q 192 ON LICHENS COLLECTED IN KERGUELEN LAND. presso; spore 8nz incolores oblongo-ellipsoidez, longit. 0°020-0-032 . millim., crassit. 0-010-0:014 millim. Todo gelatina hymenialis vinose rubescens. Comparanda est cum V. obnigrescente, Nyl. in Flora,1875, p. 362, differens autem thallo alio et sporis nonnihil longioribus. On rocks. Royal Sound. Very sparingly gathered. VERRUCARIA #THIOBOLA, Ach. Spores 0:016-0-02] millim. long 0:007-0-010 millim. thick ; and scarcely in any respect differing from the European plant. On rocks. Royal Sound. Sparingly seen. V. PRAEVALESCENS, Nyl., sp.n. "Thallus subochraceo-albidus opacus tenuis rimulosus ; apothecia pyrenio dimidiato-nigro subhemisphzerico- prominulo majusculo (latit. 0:6-0:7 millim.), epithecio impressulo ; sporze Snæ incolores ellipsoidez 3-septatze, longit. 0:035-0-038 millim., crassit. 0:014—0:018 millim. Est hiec in stirpe V. pyrenophore omnino distincta species. On rocks. Observatory Bay. Very sparingly ; associated with Lecidia intersita. V. KERGUELENA, Nyl., sp. n. Thallus fusco-cinerascens vel pallido- einerascens, tenuissimus, obsoletus ; apothecia pyrenio nigro dimidiato mediocri (latit. basi 0*5 millim. vel nonnihil minora), subhemispherice prominulo, epithecio punctiformi-impresso. Spore 8næ ineolores ellipsoidez murali-divise, longit. 0*016-0:025 millim., erassit. 0:007— 0:010 millim., paraphyses graciles sat confertee. Iodo gelatina hyme- nialis non tincta (protoplasma thecarum solum vinose fulvescens). In stirpe V. thelostomoidis est species insignis. Ou rocks. Royal Sound. Very sparingly. V. INSUETA, Nyl.,sp.n. Thallus albidus (aut varians albido-ochraceus) tenuis rimuloso-diffractus subrugosus (K—); apothecia pyrenio in- tegre nigro, dimidia parte supera denudata subrugulosa convexa (latit. 0'25 millim. vel minore), epithecio parum impresso; spore 8næ inco- lore: oblonge 3-septate, longit. 0:014-0:017 millim., crassit. 0°003- 0:004 millim., paraphyses graciles. lodo gelatina hymenialis vinose rubens. Est species peculiaris ad stirpem propriam Verrucariarum pertinens, que accedit ad stirpem V. chlorotice, at thecis clavatis, paraphysibus bre- vioribus, gelatina hymeniali iodo violaceo-rubescente, differentias sis- tens conspicuas. On rocks. Swain's Bay. - Very sparingly seen, associated with Pertusaria cineraria. MR. W. MITTEN ON KERGUELEN MUSCI AND HEPATICX. 193 The additions thus made by Mr. Eaton to our knowledge of the lichen-flora of Kerguelen are thus not only very considerable in number, but also most interesting on account of the new types amongst them. Probably other species may have been collected by the botanists accompanying the American and German expe- ditions, which were stationed respectively at Molly Point and Betsy Cove, lying north and east of Observatory Bay. When the collections thus made have been recorded, I bope to be able to supplement the present memoir by a fuller catalogue of Kerguelen Lichens, containing also a revision of the species of Dr. Hooker’s ‘Flora Antarctica, so far as the Kew Herbarium is available for this purpose. ; A List of the Musei and Hepatice collected in Kerguelen’s Island by the Rev. A. E. Eaton, A.M. By WILLIAM MITTEN, A.L.S. [Read March 2, 1876.] As nearly all the specimens were obtained from four localities, to avoid repetition, it will suffice to indieate the oecurrence of the species in each by a single letter, thus :—R., Royal Sound, visited on the 20th October 1874; S., Swain's Bay, 16th January 1875 ; V., Vulcan Cove, 6th January 1875; and C., Hill N.W. of Mt. Crozier, 6th January 1875. Mvsoci. CvNoNToDIUM conicum, Mont. (Aschistodon.) V., C., without fruit. C. Hooxzn1i, C. Müller, Syn. i. 450. (Leptotrichum.) R., with old fruit and young sete. ANISOTHECIUM VAGINATUM, Hook. Musc. Exot. t. 141. (Dicranum.) S., small and barren. BLiNDIA cuRviSETA, Mitt. Musc. Aust.- Amer. 56. R., with young and partly ripe capsules; fine specimens. DicRANUM KERGUELENSE, C. Müller, Syn. i. 370. R., in large tufts without fruit. | Q2 194 MR. W. MITTEN ON MUSCI AND HEPATIC DicRANUM (IsocARPUS) ToRTIFOLIUM, Hook. f. et Wils. (Weisia.) V., near a waterfall, in tufts, with mature and old fruit. CERATODON PURPUREUS, Brid. R., barren. GRIMMIA (SCHISTIDIUM) APOCARPA, L. R., Cat Island. A very small specimen with two or three capsules appears to be this species ; in S., patches of crowded short stems with narrow, diaphanous, pointed leaves, probably a young state of another species, but all barren. G. (DRvPTODON) CcHLOROCARPA, Mitt. C., barren. G. (RHACOMITRIUM) LANUGINOSA, Dill. V., hoary specimens without fruit. ORTHOTRICHUM CRASSIFOLIA, Hook. f. et Wils. R., fertile. O. RUPESTRE, Schleich. R., with fruit nearly and quite mature. STREPTOPOGON AUSTRALIS, Mitt. J. Linn. Soc, xv. R., a single stem only. TorTULA (SvNTRICHIA) FUEGIANA, Mitt. J. Linn. Soc. 1859. R., abundantly fertile, and with ripe capsules. ENTosTHODON Laxvs, Hook. f. et Wils. (Physcomitrium.) R., S., with nearly mature fruit. BanTRAMIA (PHILONOTIS) AUSTRALIS, Mitt. in Hook. Fl. New Zea- land, 448. S., a few barren stems. B. (P.) appressa, Hook. f. et Wils. R., fruit, young. B. (BREUTELIA) PENDULA, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 21. R., C., fruit plentiful, unripe. B. (EUBARTRAMIA) PATENS, Brid. R., C., fruit passing maturity. COLLECTED IN KERGUELEN’S ISLAND. 195 BARTRAMIA (EUBARTRAMIA) ROBUSTA, Hook, f. et Wils. R., with ripe fruit. Bryum (WEBERA) NUTANS, Schreb. C., V., a tall drawn-up state, barren. B. (W.) ALBICANS, Wahlenb. V., barren. B. (W.) crupum, Hedw. S., with fruit just mature. B. (W.) ELoNcATUM, Dicks. S., fruit ripe. B. (ECCREMOTHECIUM) PENDULUM, Hornsch. R., Cat Island, some specimens tall with perfect fruit. B. (E.) Eatont, sp. n. Synoica, caulis humilis gracilis subsimplex rubro-fuscus, folia inferiora remota omnia erecto-patentia anguste el- liptico-lanceolata, nervo in acumen tenue læve excurrente, margine limbo tenui e seriebus cellularum elongatarum 4-5 composito, anguste refiexo, integerrima, cellulis angustis limitibus teneris areolata, pedun- culus elongatus, theca pendula sporangio ovato collo brevi contracto, operculo convexo mamillato, peristomio parvo dentibus teneris proces- sibus angustis ciliis in unum conflatis interpositis subæquilongis lævi- bus in membrana ad tertiam dentium longitudinis exserta impositis annulo latissimo circumdatis. S., with perfect fruit. Stems half an inch high; leaves green, unaltered in direction, wet or dry ; seta an inch long, red, changing to brown. In the form of its capsule, this resembles B. inclinatum, B. & S., but differs from all its near allies by its narrow, pungent, pointed leaves. MIELICHHOFERIA CAMPYLOCARPA, Hook. et Arn. (Wiesia.) PLAGIOTHECIUM ANTARCTICUM, Mitt. J. Linn. Soc. xv. R., with mature and old fruit. ACROCLADIUM POLITUM, Hook. f. et Wils. (Hypnum.) R., a slender barren state. STEREODON CUPRESSIFORMIS, I. R., barren. 196 MB. W. MITTEN ON MUSOI AND HEPATICZE AMBLYSTEGIUM DECUSSATUM, Hook. f. et Wils. (Hypnum.) R., V., all barren. A. FLUITANS, L. S., a large barren state. A. UNCINATUM, Hedw. R., V., all barren. Hypnum (BRACHYTHECIUM) PARADOXUM, Hook. f. et Wils. Fi. Antarct. ii. t. 155. f. 2. R., S., with mature fruit. H. (B.) saLEBROSUM, Hoffm. R., a silky elongated state ; S., a shorter form on boggy ground. PsiLoPILUM TRICHODON, Hook. f. et Wils. C., with nearly ripe fruit. PoGoNATUM ALPINUM, L. S., with fruit not mature. ANDREA ACUMINATA, Mitt. R., not fertile. HEPATICE. PLAGIOCHILA HETERODONTA, Hook. f. et Tayl. R., without fruit. JUNGERMANNIA CYLINDRIFORMIS, sp. n. Exilis, caulis procumbens ascendens subsimplex vix radicans, folia subalterna antice incurva oblongo-ovalia obtusa apice sinu parvo obtuso obtuse bidentata, dentibus szepe conniventer incurvis, involucralia minora acute biden- tata perianthio elongato cylindraceo obtuso apice plicato appressa. R., creeping amongst Cynontodiwm Hookeri. This minute species nearly resembles J. inflata in colour, foli- age, and perianth. LEIOSCYPHUS TURGESCENS, Hook. f. et Tayl. (Jungermaunia.) R., with the preceding, barren. L. PALLENS, Mitt. J. Linn. Soc. xv. R., barren, with the last. LorHocoLEA Nov.£-ZELANDLEx. Nees. R., a few stems with perianths. COLLECTED IN KERGUELEN’S ISLAND. 197 LoPHOCOLEA PALLIDE VIRENS, Hook. f. et Tayl. V., barren. LEMBIDIUM VENTROSUM, Mitt. J. Linn. Soc. xv. C., with abbreviated stems in dense brownish green tufts; peri- anths, with the large capsule included, very large in proportion to the stems and leaves. TYLIMANTHUS VIRIDIS, sp. n. Humilis, caulis erectus ascendensve apice decurvus subsimplex, folia distiche expansa oblongo-quadrata, apice oblique sinu irregulari lato subtruncato bilobata, lobis obtusis apicem versus subdentatis, cellulis parvis rotundatis limitibus pellu- cidis. R., in loose tufts with Entosthodon laxus. Stems green, half an inch high, (with the leaves) scarcely two lines wide. Leaves green, frequently convex from the recurva- tion of the margins. MARSUPIDIUM EXCISUM, Mitt. J. Linn. Soc. xv. R., barren. BALANTIOPSIS INCRASSATA, sp. n. Caulis gracilis ascendens curvatus, folia distiche expansa biloba, carina complicationis apice recurva, lobo dorsali erecto-patente apice incurvo loboque ventrali duplo majore planiusculo ovato apice sinu parvo obtuso acute bidentato, marginibus denticulatis, cellulis parvis rotundis limitibus crassiusculis areolata. C. A very small species, but distinct in its dense but scarious- looking areolation. FossoMBRONIA AUSTRALIS, Mitt. J. Linn. Soc. xv. Perianth turbi- nate; margin angled and flexuose; spores roundish, with hyaline smooth limb. R., V., with young capsules. SYMPHOGYNA PODOPHYLLA, Mont. et Nees. R., V., without fruit. ANEURA MULTIFIDA, Dumort. V., S., barren. MARCHANTIA POLYMORPHA, L. R., S., barren. 198 PROF. G; DICKIE ON ALGE Notes on Algo found af Kerguelen Land, by the Rev. A. E. Eaton. By G. Drckrg, A.M., M.D., F.L.S., Professor of Botany in the University of Aberdeen. [Read March 2, 1876.] FucaAcEX. D'UnviLLEA UTILIS, Bory. : Geogr. dist. Tierra del Fuego; Falklands; also in the open ocean be- tween lat. 45? and 55? S., reaching the 65th degree of S. latitude in the meridian of New Zealand. D’U. Harvevt, H. f. Geog. dist. Cape Horn; Falklands. SPOROCHNACEE. DesmMaresTI1A Rossin, H. f. & Harv. Geog. dist. Cape Horn; Falklands. D. CHORDALIS, H. f. & Harv. Geog. dist. Kerguelen only. D. MEDIA, Grev. This is doubtless a form of D. aculeata well known in Northern temperate and arctic seas. D. viniDis, Grev. On Macrocystis, Observatory Bay. Geog. dist. Cape Horn; Falklands; shores of W. Europe; American coasts from New York northwards ; Unalaschka. LAMINARIACE X. MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA, Ag. Geog. dist. Antarctic seas from 40° to 64? S. lat. ; Chili; New Zealand; Indian Ocean ; California. DicTYOTACES. ASPEROCOCCUS SINUOSUS, Roth. Royal Sound between tide-marks, only two small specimens. Geog. dist. Widely distributed from the latitude of Spain to the Falk- lands; shores of Japan; Florida ; California. CHORDARIACE E. ApENOcYsTIS Lessontl, H. f. & Harv. Between tide-marks in Observatory Bay. Geog. dist. Cape Horn; Falklands; Auckland and Campbell Islands : Cockburn Island. FOUND AT KERGUELEN LAND. 199 ELACHISTA FLACCIDA, Aresch. On Rhodymenia palmata, Observatory Bay. Geog. dist. Atlantic coasts of France and Britain. EcTocARPACEX. EcTocARPUS GEMINATUS, H. f. $ Harv. On shells of. Mytilus, Observatory Bay, with trichosporangia only, but these abundant. Geog. dist. Cape Horn; Falklands. SPHACELARIA CORYMBOSA, n. Sp. Fronde estuposa; filis exspitosis; ramis inferne paucis, dichotomis, superne subpinnatim decompositis, ramis alternis corymbosis. The specimens are two to three inches long, cæspitose, but without fruiv. S. AFFINIS, n. sp. Filis dense czespitosis, erectis, parce dichotomis, articulis diametro sub- zequalibus, vel paulo longioribus ; trichosporangiis solitariis, obovatis, breviter pedicellatis. Swain's Bay. The specimens are about half an inch in height, with the habit of the British S. radicans. RHODOMELACE. RHODOMELA HOOKERIANA, J. 4g. Swain’s Bay. Geog. dist. Falklands and Cape Horn. POLYSIPHONIA ABSCISSA, H. f. &. Harv. On roots of Macrocystis and on tubes of Annelids, Observatory Bay. There are two forms of this species, one smaller and more rigid than the other; the P. microcarpa of the Antarctic Flora re- presents one form. Geog. dist. Cape Horn; New Zealand; Tasmania. Dasya BERKELEYI, Mont. Swain’s Bay. Mr. Eaton’s specimens belong to the variety 3. Davisii, having a habit and colour different from the typical plant. There are ex- amples in different stages; but all have the ramuli heterosi- phonous. Swain’s Bay. Geog. dist. Aucklands ; Falklands ; Cape Horn; . Chiloe. 200 PROF. G. DICKIE ON ALGE LAURENCIACE E. PTILONIA MAGELLANICA, Mont. Swain's Bay. Geog. dist. Cape Horn and Falklands. CORALLINACEX. MgLoBESIA ANTARCTICA, H. f. & Harv. On Ballia &c., Swain's Bay. M. LICHENOIDES, Ell. et Sol. A single example, very luxuriant, having a surface of about 3 inches square, incrusting two sponges (Microciona atrosanguinea, Bk., and Halichondria incrustans, Jtn.), both British. It agrees in habit, texture, and character of keramidia with the species. Geog. dist. Britain; France; Mediterranean ; Norfolk Island. M. KERGUELENA, n. sp. Partim adnata, subconcava, circumscriptione orbiculari, margine parce undulata, keramidiis numerosis, conspicuis, subconcentrice distributis. The description is taken from a specimen nearly entire and about two inches in diameter; there are fragments of others less regular in outline, probably owing to inequality of the surface of attachment. All are dull yellow with shades of pale red, and in texture hard and inflexible. SPH EROCOCCOIDES. Devesseria LYALLII, H. f. & Harv. Observatory Bay and Swain’s Bay. Geog. dist. Falkland Islands. D. Davisu, H. f. & Harv. Swain's Bay. Geog. dist. Cape Horn; Falklands. D. avERcIFOLIA, Bory. Swain's Bay. Geog. dist. Cape Horn and Falklands. D. cRASSINERVIA, Mont. Swain's Bay. Geog. dist. Auckland and Campbell Islands; Cape Horn; Falklands. NITOPHYLLUM FUSCO-RUBRUM, H. f. & Harv. Swain's Bay ; abundant. Geog. dist, Kerguelen only. FOUND AT KERGUELEN LAND. 201 NITOPHYLLUM LivipuM, H. f. 4 Harv. Swain’s Bay, a solitary example. Geog. dist. Falkland Islands. N. LAciNIATUM, H. f. & Harv. Swain's Bay. Geog. dist. Cape Horn and Falklands. GELIDIACES. CHZTANGIUM VARIOLOSUM, Mont. Observatory Bay, between tide-marks. Geog. dist. Aucklands; Falklands ; Cape Horn. RHODYMENIACEZ. PLocAMivuM HOOKERI, Harv, Swain’s Bay. Geog. dist. Kerguelen only. RHODOPHYLLIS CAPENSIS, Ktz. On Annelid-tubes, Swain’s Bay. The few specimens collected by Mr. Eaton are dwarf and very narrow ; they all have the structure of the genus, and, I think, must be referred to the above species. RHODYMENIA PALMATA, L. Very luxuriant specimens, Swain’s Bay and Observatory Bay. Geog. dist. Greenland to Newfoundland ; coasts of Scandinavia, Britain and France; Unalaschka; Brazil; Falklands and Cape Horn. CRYPTONEMIACEE. PHYLLOPHORA CUNEIFOLIA, H. f. & Harv. Swain's Bay. Professor Agardh considers it probably a form of P. Brodiei. Geog. dist. Falkland Islands. AHNFELTIA PLICATA, Huds. Rocks at low-water mark, Observatory Bay. Geog. dist. Temperate and colder seas in the northern hemisphere ; Falklands. CALOPHYLLIS VARIEGATA, Bory. Swain’s Bay. Mr. Eaton’s collection comprises different forms of this variable species. Geog. dist. Peru; Chili; California; New Guinea; Cape Horn; Falk- Jand and Auckland Islands, 202 PROF. G. DICKIE ON ALG CALOPHYLLIS TENERA, J. Ag. Swain’s Bay. Geog. dist. South Shetland. KALLYMENIA DENTATA, Suhr., var a. Swain's Bay. Geog. dist. Cape of Good Hope. GIGARTINA RADULA, Esp. Swain’s and Observatory Bays. The collection includes various forms of this species. Geog. dist. Cape of Good Hope; New Zealand; Auckland and Camp- bell Islands; California. EPYMENIA VARIOLOSA, H. f. & Harv. Swain's Bay. Geog. dist. Kerguelen only. HALYMENIA LATISSIMA, H. f. & Harv. Rocks at low-water mark, Observatory Bay. Geog. dist. Auckland and Campbell Islands. CERAMIACEEX. CERAMIUM RUBRUM, 4g. Swain's Bay. Geog. dist. General in colder seas of both hemispheres. PriLoTa EATONI, n. sp. Swain's Bay. Rachi filiformi, pinnis oppositis, inzqualibus, una majore alterna minore; pinnellis inferioribus subulatis, subsimplici serie articulorum constantibus, ultimis pectinatis ; sphzerosporis apice pinnullarum sub- solitariis ; favellis terminalibus, involucri ramis pectinatis. This species resembles P. Harveyi in the character of the invo- lucre, but differs in general habit, and in colour, which is dull purple, as well as in the structure of the larger and smaller pin- nules. Geogr. dist. Kerguelen only. BALLIA CALLITRICHA, Ag. Observatory Bay, on roots of Macrocystis. Geog. dist. Falklands ; New Zealand ; Aucklands ; Australia ; Tasmania. CALLITHAMNION SIMILE, H. f. & Harv. On Mytilus, Annelid-tubes, and roots of Macrocystis. Geog. dist. Kerguelen only. FOUND AT KERGUELEN LAND. 203 CALLITHAMNION Rorutt, Lyngb. Tide-pools, on Mytilus, Observatory Bay. I can see no essential difference between Mr. Eaton's specimens and the plant from the northern hemisphere; it agrees in habit, and arrangement of tetraspores; the articulations are a little longer than in British examples. Geog. dist. Atlantic shores from Greenland to Africa; N.E. shores of United States. SIPHONACEX. CopIUM ADHARENS, Ag. Swain’s Bay. Geog. dist. Coasts of Europe ; Australia ; Cape of Good Hope ; Ceylon; Mauritius; Friendly Islands ; Loo-Choo Islands. Bryopsts PLUMOSA, Grev. Observatory Bay, a few specimens, very small. ULvACEX. ULVA LaATISSIMA, L. Observatory Bay. Geog. dist. Very widely distributed in both hemispheres. PORPHYRA LACINIATA, Ag. Observatory Bay. Geog dist. Temperate and colder seas of both hemispheres. ENTEROMORPHA COMPRESSA, Link. Geog. dist. Cosmopolitan. PRASIOLA SAUTERI, Menegh. West of Swain’s Bay on wet rocks in a stream at 400 feet above the sea. Geog. dist. European Alps to 9300 feet ; Spitzbergen; streams of W. Greenland. CoNFERVACER. CLADOPHORA ARCTA, Ktz. On Mytilus, at low-water mark, Observatory Bay and Royal Sound. Geog. dist. German and N. Atlantic Oceans; Cape Horn and Falklands. C. SIMPLICIUSCULA, H. f. & Harv. One very small specimen which, 1 think, may be referred to this species, on Annelid-tubes, Observatory Bay. Geog. dist. Cape Horn and Falkland Islands. C. FLEXUOSA, Griff. Observatory Bay. Geog. dist. Shores of Europe; Massachusetts Bay. 204 PROF. G. DICKIE ON ALGEH FOUND AT KERGUELEN LAND. In conclusion, excluding Prasiola Sauteri, which is a freshwater species, the Marine Alge collected by Mr. Eaton are 52 in num- ber; adding to these other 13 mentioned in the Antarctic Flora, the marine Alge of Kerguelen are 65; they are included under the following families :— Fucacee, 2. Sphsrococcoidez, 7. Sporochnaces, 4. Gelidiacesz, 1. Laminariacee, 2. Rhodymeniaces, 4. Dictyotaces, 2. Cryptonemiacese, 8. Chordariacee, 3. Ceramiace:, 6. Ectocarpacee, 3. Siphonacee, 3. Rhodomelacese, 4. Ulvaces, 5. Laurenciaces, 1. Confervacese, 7. Corallinacee, 3. Of these, 16 belong to the olive, 34 to the red, and 15 to the green series. Nine, so far as is known, are peculiar to the island, viz. Des- marestia chordalis, Sphacelaria corymbosa, S. affinis, Melobesia ker- guelena, Nitophyllum fusco-rubrum, Plocamium Hookeri, Epymenia variolosa, Ptilota Eatoni, Callithamnion simile. Twenty-one, or nearly one third, are also found on various parts of the shores of Europe. Postscript. In the Bulletin of the United-States National Museum there is a summary of the Alge collected during the Transit Expedition to Kerguelen : the species were examined by Professor Farlow, and are 22 in number. Of these, three are not in Mr. Eaton's very complete collection ; I quote from Professor Farlow's notes. * SPHACELARIA FUNICULARIS, Mont.? * Quite a number of speeimens too small for accurate determi- nation probably belong to this species. * RHoDOMELA GAIMARDI, Mont. “A single specimen of this was collected by Dr. Kidder. This species is new to Kerguelen, the nearest recorded station being the Auckland Islands. “ CALLITHAMNION Priora, H. & H. “ New to Kerguelen, previously recorded at Crozet Islands.” The Marine Algæ of this island are therefore, so far as known, about 70 species. — P. F. REINSCH ON FRESHWATER ALGÆ. 205 Species ac Genera nova Algarum aque dulcis que sunt inventa in Speciminibus in Expeditione Vener. transit. hieme 1874-75 in Insula Kerguelensi a clar. EATON collectis. Auctore PAULO FREDERICO REINSOH. (Communicated by Dr. Hooxzz, C.B., Pres. R.S., F.L.S.) [Read April 20, 1876.) AB Herbario Regio inquirendi causa mihi tradita specimina erant: ampullule vitrez tres cum algis aque dulcis in spiritu vini asser- vatis, undecim specimina in charta siccata. Ampullula major con- tinebat maximam partem omnium specierum observatarum ; erant enim species 81, ad genera 45