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CERTAIN

MISCELLANY

TRACTS.

ri-i

Written by

THOMAS BROWUiK}

and DoQour of Phyfick,-

hx&oi N.P1R.WICW

jHu

LONDON,

Printed for Charles Mearne, and are to be fold

by Henry Bonwkk^ at the Red Lyon,

in St.?auh Church-Yard,

MDCLXXXIV.

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■btfii iTm*gririn iv-m m 't ■«- i tlatii

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.\Kij:.

.-TV'.:X1.

THE

PUBLISHER

' » •* i

•' •O.I > ■• «» o"

•T.O

The Reader,

THE Papers from which thefe TraUs were printed, were, a while fince, delivery to me by, thofe worthy perfons, the Lady and Son of the excellent Authour. He himfelf gave no charge concerning his ManufcriptSj either for the fuppr effing or the publiljiing of them. Yet, feeing he had procured Tranfcripts of them, and had kept thofe Copies by him, it feemeth pro- bable that He defigned them for publick ufe.

Thus much of his Intention being pre- fumed, and many who had tailed of the fruits of his former ftudies being covetous of more of the like kind ; Alfo thefe Trdis having been perufed and much approv'd of by fome Judicious and Learned men ; I

A ^ was

871 RO^

The Pi/blifoer to the Reader.

was not unwilling to be inftrumental in fitting them for the Prefs.

To this end, I feledled them out of ma- ny difordred Papers, and difpos'd them in- to fuch a method as They feem'd capable of; beginning firft vi'itlji Plants, going on to Ammds^ pi'oceedihg farther to things relatin^j'to jl/if?^; ^nd conclliding with mat- ters oizydrioHS^ndtuye:''

Concerning the Plants^ I did, on pur- '^oit, forbear to mnge them (as fome ^d- vifed) according to their Tribes and Fami- lies ; becaufe, by fo doing, I fhouldhave reprefepted that as a ftudied and formal work, which is but a Colledion diocca^o- palEJfaies, And, indeed, both this Tra^, and thofe which follow, were rather the diverftons than the Lahou/s ofhis Pen : and, becaufe He did, as it were, drop down his Thoughts of a fudden, in thofe little fpaces of vacancy which he fnatch'd from thofe very many occafions which gave him hourly interruption ; If there appears, here and there, any uncorrednefs in the ftyle, •a fmall degree of Caqdour fufficeth to ex- «:ufe it.

If there be any fuch errours In the words, Fm fure the Prefs has not made them fewer ; but I do not hold my ielf obligd to anfwer for That which I could not perfeftly go- ye^, Howevej, the matter is iiot of any

great

The Publijher to the Reader.

great moment : fuch errours will not mif- kad a Learned Reader; and He who is not fuch in fome competent degree, is not a fit Perufer of thefe LETTERS. Such thefe Trails are ; but, for the Perfons to whom they were written, I cannot well learn their Names from thofe few obfcure marks which the Authour has fet at the beginning ot them. And thefe Eflaies be- ing Letters, as many as take offence at fome few familiar things which the Au- thour hath mixed with them, find fault with decence. Men are not wont to fet down Oracles in every line they write to their Acquaintance.

There, ft ill, remain other brief Difcour- ks written by this moft Learned and inge- nious Authour. Thofe, alfo, may come forth, when fome of his Friends lliall have fyfficient leifure ; and at fuch due diftance from thefe Trails, that They may follow rather than ftifle them.

Amongft thefe Manufcripts there is one which gives a brief Account of all the Mo^ ftuments of the Cathedral of Norwich. It was written merely for private ufe : and the Relations of the Authour exped fuch Juftice from thofe into whofe hands fome imperfeft Copies of it are fallen ; thaf, without their Confent firft obtain'd, they fQ^bear the publiihing of It.

The

The Publijher to the Reader.

The truth is, matter equal to the skill of the Antiquary was not, there, aflbrded : had a fit Subjeft of that nature offer'd it feif. He would fcarce have been guilty of an overfight like to that oiAufonius, who, in the defcription of his native City of Burdeaux^ omitted the two famous Anti- quities of it, Palais de Tutete, and, Palais de Galien*

Concerning the Aut hour himfelf, I chufe to be filent, though I have had the happi- ncfs to have been, for fome years, known to him. There is on foot a defign of wri- ting his Life: and there are, already, fome Memorials coUeded by one of his ancient Friends. Till that work be perfeded, the Reader may content himfelf with thefe prefent Trails ; all which commending themfelves by their Learntjig^ Curiofity and Brevity^ if He be not pleafed with them, he feemeth to me to be diftemper'd with fuch a nicenefs of Imagination as no wife man is concern'd to humour.

Tho. Tenifon.

mm

The

The Contents of theft Trads.

T R A C T I.

OBfervations upon fever al Plants mention^ in Scripture, Page I , &c.

T R A C T n.

of Garlands^ and Coronarj or Garland-plant 5,Z^^&c,

T R A C T ffl.

of the Fifhes eaten by our Saviour with his Difciples after the RefurreBion from the dead, ^7.

TRACT IV.

An Anfwer to certain Queries relating to Tiflies, Birds, InfsEls. ' lo^,&c.

T R A C T V.

Of Hawks and Valconry , ancient and modern^

llIj&C.

TRACT VI.

of Qmbals, &C. i z i p &c.

T R A C T Vn.

of Rt^alic or Gradual Ferfes, &C. 1 2 5-, ^r„

TRACT Vin.

of Languages^ and particularly/ of the Saxon-Tongue,

1 2^, &c.

TRACT

The Contents of thefe Trads. T R A C T IX.

of Artificial Hills^ Mounts or Boroughs in many ^^rf J- of England: Tvhat they are^ and to icrhat end raifed^ and by tvhat Nations. 151, c^r.

TRACT X.

t^/Troas, rphat ^lace is meant hy that Name, Alfo

of the fituations of Sodom, Gomoitah, Zebo- ■

im, in the Bead Sea, 15-7, &c.

TRACT XI.

Of the Anffvers of the Oracle 0/ ApoUo at DclphoS

to Croefus King of Lydia. 1 67, &c.

TRACT Xn.

A Prophecy concerning the future fidte of fever at Nations ^ in a Letter written upon occafwn of an eld Prophecy fent to the Authour from a Friend^ with a requefi that he would conjider it. 181 ,C^r,

T R ACT XIIL

Mufeum Claufum, or, Bibliodieca Abfcondita :

containing fome remarkable Books , Antiquities^ Pic^ tures and Rarities of fever al kinds, fcarce or ne- ver feen by any man. now living, 1^3, ^r.

ERRATA.

p Age 13. 1,20, 21. ^oxCarobke and Ctfrrfcto/e, rradc, Carohitx^ *■ Carobala. p. 17. \. 18, 21. blot out the marks of the Parenthe(1s. p. ^6.1.5. fr>r P'-frj', r. It Vrairie. p. 40.!.$. for CenttJJlmjt^ r. Ceru tejimal. p. 6z. I. 4,5. for Chefue verde^ r. Ckefnevtrt, p. 77. blot out M. in the Margin, p. 99. 1. <,. f >r 10} Fiflies, r. 155. p. 121,!. ?, blot out riot, p. 160. the Greek of HuroJot. (hould have been fct on the Margh). p. 170. 1. 4. for httu a, r. had,

TRACT I.

(O

TRACT I.

OBSERVATIONS

Upon feveral

PLANTS

Menfion'd in

Scripture.

Sir,

Houeh many ordinary Heads run ^7;? intrd-

I fmootbly over the Scripture, yet

"*- I mull acknowledge, it is one of

the hardeft Books I have met with : and

therefore well defervech thole numerous

Comments, Expofitions and Annotations

B which

2 Obferv. Upon feveral Plants Tradl I.

which make up a good part of our Libra- ries.

However fo affefted I. am therewith, that I wifti there had been more of it : and a larger Volume of that Divine Piece which leaveth fuch welcome impre/Iions, and fomewhat more, in the Readers, than the words and fenfe after it. At leaft, who would not be glad that many things bare- ly hinted were at large delivered in it ? The particulars of the Difpute between the Doftours.and our Saviour could not but be welcome to them, who have every word in honour which proceeded from his mouth, or was otherwife delivered by him : and fo would be glad to be aflured, what he wrote with his Finger on the ground : But efpecially to have a particu- lar of that inftrufting Narration or Dif- courfe which he made unto the Difciples twke 24 27. after his refur'reftion, where 'tis faid : A^tJ leginning at Mofes, and ali the Prophets^ he expounded unto them in all the Scriptures the things concerning himfelf.

But to omit Theological obfcurities, you muft needs obferve that'moft Scien- ces do feem to have fomething more near- ly to confider in the expreffions of the Scripture.

Aftronomers find therein the Names but of few Stars, fcarce fo many as in Achilles

his

V

radt L mention d in Scripture. 3

his Buckler in Homer, and almoft the very fame. But in fome paflages of the Old Teftament they think they difcover the Zodiacal courfe of the Sun : and they, al- fo, conceive an Aftronomical fenfe in that elegant expreflion of S. James concerning the father of lights, with whom there is no Jam. 1. 11* ' variahlenefs, neither fhadow of turning : and therein an allowable allufion unto the tropical converfion of the Sun, whereby enfueth a variation of heat, light, and al- fo of fliadows from it. But whether the Stellce erraticce , or wandring Stars in S. Jude, may be referr'd to the celeftial Planets, or fome metereological wandring Stars, Ignes fatui, Stellce cadentes & er- raticce^ or had any allufion unto the Im- f odour Barchocheias, or StellceFilim, who afterward appeared, and wandred about , in the time of Adrianus, they leave unto conjefture.

Chirurgions may find their whole Art in that one pafiage, concerning the Rib which God took out of Adam , that is their hctt^jiinc, in opening the Flefli , e^a/- fsoi^ in taking out the Rib, and avu)^ r^fji- in clofing and healing the part a- gain.

Rhetoricians and Oratours take fingu- lar notice of very many excellent paflages, ftately metaphors, noble tropes and ele-*

B % gant

4 Obferv.upon fever al Plants Trad I.

gant expreffions, not to be found or paral- krd in any other Authour.

Mineralifts look earneflly into the twenty eighth of Joi, take fpecial notice of the early artifice in Brafs and Iron un- der Tuhal'Cain : And find alfo mention of » Vephxit Gold, Silver, Brafs, Tin, Lead, Iron ; be- 9cuiosflibio, fide Refining, Sodering, Drofs, Nitre, Salt- ?^!m^*!o pits, and in fome manner alio of * Anti- Ezek. 23.40. mony.

Gemmarie Naturalifts reade diligently the pretious Stones in the holy City of the Apocalypje: examine the Breaft-plate of ^- aron, and various Gemms upon it, and think .the fecond Row the nobler of the four ; they wonder to find the Art of In- gravery fo ancient upon pretious Stones and Signets; together with the ancient ufe of Ear-rings and Bracelets. And are pleafed to find Pearl, Coral, Amber and Cryftal in thofe facred Leaves, according to our Tranflation. And when they ot- ten meet with Flints and Marbles, cannot but take notice that there is no mention of the Magnet or Loadflone, which in fo many fimilitudes, comparifons, andallufi- ons, could hardly have been omitted in the Works of Solomon ; if it were true that he knew either the attraftive or diredive power thereof, as fome have believed.

Navi-

Tra6t L mention d in Scripture.

Navigatours confider the Ark, which was pitched without and within, and could endure the Ocean without Mail or Sails: They take fpecial notice of the twenty feventh of Ezekkl-, the mighty Traffick and great Navigation of Tjre, with particular mention of their Sails, their Mafts of Cedar, Oars of Oak, their skilfull Pilots, Mariners and Calkers ; as alfo of the long Voyages of the Fleets of Solomon ; of Jehofaphafs Ships broken at Ezion-Geher ; of the notable Voyage and Shipwreck of S. Faul, fo accurately deli- vered in the Atls,

Oneirocritical Diviners apprehend fome . hints of their knowledge, even from Divine Dreams,- while they take notice of the Dreams oijofeph, Pharaoh ^ Nehuchadnez' zar, and the Angels on Jacob's Ladder; and find, in Artemidorus and Achmetes, that Ladders fignifie Travels, and the Scales thereof Preferment; and that Oxen Lean and Fat naturally denote Scarcity or Plenty, and the fuccelles of Agricul* ture.

Phyfiognomifts will largely put in from very many paflages of Scripture. And when they find in Ariftotle, quthus frons quadrangula, commenfurata, fortes y referun- tur ad leones, cannot but take fpecial no- tice of that expreflion concerning the Ga-

B 3 dites;

Obferv, upon [ever al Plants Tradi: I.

dites; mighty men of war, fit for battel, whofe faces were as the faces of lyons.

Geometrical and Architeftonical Artifls look narrowly upon the defcription of the Ark, the fabrick of the Temple, and the holy City in the Apocalypfe.

But the Botanical Artift meets every where with Vegetables, and from the Figg Leaf in Genefts to the Star Wormwood in the Apocalypfe, are varioufly interfper- fed expre/Tions from Plants, elegantly ad- vantaging the fignificancy of the Text : Whereot many being delivered in a Lan^ guage proper unto Judcea and neighbour Countries are imperfedtly apprehended by the common Reader, and now doubt- fully made out, even by the Jewifh Ex- pofitour.

And even in thofe which are confeiled- ly known, the elegancy, is often loft in the apprehenfion of the Reader, unac- quainted with fuch Vegetables, or but nakedly knowing theirnatures : whereof holding a pertinent apprehenfion, you cannot pafs over fuch expreffions without fome doubt or want of fatisfaftion in your judgment. Hereof we fliall onely hint or difcourfe fome few which I could not but take notice of in the reading of holy Scrip- f:ure,

^lany

Tradt I. mention d in Scripture. 7

Many Plants are mention d in Scripture which are not diftinftly known in our Countries, or under fuch Names in the Original, as they are fain to be rendred by analogy, or by the name of Vegetables of good affinity unto them, and (b main- tain the textual fenfe, though in fome va* riation from identity.

1. That Plant which afforded a fliade^^.^^^y- unto * Jonah, mention d by the name of ^^(lio/l. Kikaion, and ftill retained at lead margi-*Jona4.tf. rially in fome Tranflations, to avoid ob- ^ ^^"'^^' fcurity Jerome rendred Hedera or Ivy ; which notwithftanding (except in its fcan-

dent nature) agreed not fully with the o- ther, that is, to grovo up in a nighty or be confumed with a Worm ; Ivy being of no fwift growth, little fubjedt unto Worms, and a fcarce Plant about Bahylon.

2. That Hyflbpe is taken for that Plant ^#/** which cleanfed the Leper, being a well fcented, and very abfterfive Simple, may well be admitted ; fo we be not too con- fident, that it is ftriftly the fame with our common Hyflbpe : The Hyflbpe of thofe parts differing from that of ours ; as BeU lonius hath obferved in the Hyflbpe which grows in Judaa, and the Hyflbpe of the Wall mentioned in the Works oi Solomon^

no kind of our Hyflbpe ; and may tole- B 4 rably

S Obferv.upon fever al Vlants Tra6t I.

rably be taken for fome kind of minor Gapillary, which bell makes out the An- tithefis with the Cedar. Nor when we meet with Lihanotu, is it to be conceived our common Rofemary, which is rather the firft kind thereof among feveral others, ufed by the Ancients.

jiemhck. 3. That it muft be taken for Hemlock,

AmQ5'a°2!*' ^vhich is twice fo rendred in our Tranfla- tion, will hardly be made out, other wife than in the intended fenfe, and implying fome Plant, wherein bitternefs or a poi- fonous quality is confiderable.

Paliurus. , ^. Wh^tTremelim rtV)Artt\\ Sf^ina, and the Vulgar Tranflation Paliurus , and o- thers make fome kind oiRhamnus, is allow- able in the fenfe ; and we contend not a- bout the fpecies, fince they are known Thorns in thofe Countries , and in our Fields or Gardens arnong us : and fo com- mon in Judi^a, that men conclude the ithorny Crown of our Saviour was made cither of Faliurm or Rhamnus,

B^ubus. 5". Whether the Bufli which burnt and

confumed not, were properly a Ruhus or Bramble, was fomewhat doubtful! from the Original and fome Tranflations , had not the Evangelift, and S. Paul exprefs'd thefameby the Greek word BxTo^, which from the defcription of Diofcorides, Her- Iparifts accept for fiuhs; although the

Tra6t I. mention d in Scripture. p

fame word Bxto; exprefleth not onely the Ruius or kinds of Bramble, but other Thorn-bufnes, and the Hipp-briar is alfo named Kwoa^^Tv;, or the Dog-briar or Bramble.

6. That Myrka is rendred , Heath , Myrica* founds inftrudHvely enough to our ears, ^*"^ '* '^ who behold that Plant fo common in bar- ren Plains among us : But you cannot but

take notice that Erica, or our Heath is not the fame Plant with Myrka or Tam- marice , defcribed by Theophraflus and Dkfcorides, and which Bellonius declareth to grow fo plentifully in the Defarts of Jud^a and Arabia,

7. That the /SoTfj; tti; Kvit^h, hotrus Cyprefs.

Cjpri, or Clufters ot Cyprefs, Ihould have ^^^^* "• *4» any reference to the Cyprefs Tree, accor- • ding to the original Copher, or Clufters of the noble Vine oi Cyprus y which might be planted into Jud£a, may feem to others allowable in fome latitude. But there feeming fome noble. Odour to be implied in this place, you may probably conceive that the expreflion drives at the Kvir^z^ of DiofcorideSy fome oriental kind of i/g«- jhum or Alcharma, which Diofccr ides and Tliny mention under the name of Kw^o^ and Cyprus, and to grow about ^gypt and Afcalon, producing a fweet and odo- rate buih of Flowers, and out of which

was

lo Obferv. upon feveral Plants Tradll. was made the famous Oleum Cyprinum, But why it lliould be rendred Camr phyre your judgment cannot but doubt, who know that our Camphyre was un- known unto the Ancients, and no ingre- dient into any compofition of great z\nti- quity : that learned men long conceived it a bituminous and folTile Body, and our lateft experience difcovereth it to be the refinous fubftance of a Tree, in Borneo and China; and that the Camphyre that we ufe is a neat preparation of the fame. Shittah 8. When 'tis faid in Ifaiah ^i. I wiU

fr^df '^'k /^^^^ ^^ ^^^ wildernefs the Cedar, the Shit- tah Tree, and the Myrtle and the OilTree, I wiflfet in the Defart, the Firre Tree, and the Pine, and the Box Tree : Though fome doubt may be made of the Shittah Tree, yet all thefe Trees here mentioned being fuch as are ever green, you will more emphatically apprehend the merci- fuU meaning of God in this mention of no fading, but always verdant Trees in dry and defart places. Grapes t>j 9. And they cut down a Branch with one

£^^°^'. . clufier of Grapes, and they bare it between

Num. 13.23. -^ J J Z 11-^7 1 -n

two upon a Staff, and they brought Fome-

granates and Figgs, This clufter of Grapes

brought upon a Staff by the Spies, was an

^oLn^f^df incredible fight, in '^Philo Jud(^us, feem'd

Phiio. Rotable in the eyes qf the Ifraelites, but

more

Tradl I. mention d in Scripture. 1 1

more wonderfull in our own, who look oneiy upon Northern Vines. But herein you are like to confider, that the Clufter was thus carefully carried to reprefent it entire, without bruifing or breaking ; that this was not one Bunch but an extraordi- nary Clufter, made up of many depen- ding upon one grofs ftalk. And however, might be paralleled with the Eaftern Clu- fters of Margiana and Caramania^ if we allow but half the exprefTions of Tliny and Straloy whereof one would lade a Curry or fmall Cart ; and may be made out by the clufters of the Grapes of Rhodes pre- fented unto Duke "^ Radzivily each con- '*- Radzivii taining three parts of an Ell in compafs/j^^^** '^^^' and the Grapes as big as Prunes.

lo. Some things may be doubted iningred.of the fpecies of the holy Ointment and Per- ^yp^' fume. With Amber, Musk and Civet we S^V, &c. meet not in the Scripture, nor any Odours ^^^- 5^* from Animals ; except we take the Ony- ^^' '^' cha of that Perfume for the Covercle of a Shell-filh called Vnguis OJoratus, or Blatta Byzantinay which Diofcorides a/Brmeth to be taken from a Shell-fifli of the Indian Lakes, which feeding upon the Aromati- cal Plants is gathered when the Lakes are drie. But whether that which we now call Blatta Byzantina, or Vnguis Odoratus, be the fame with th^t odorate one of An- tiquity,

1 2 Obferv. upon fever a I Plants Trad: I.

tiquity, great doubt may be made ; fince Diojcorides faith it fmelled like Cajloreum^ and that which we now have is of an un- grateful! odour.

No little doubt may be alfo made of Galbanumprefcribed in the fame Pertum'e, if we take it for Galbanum which is of common ufe among us, approaching the evil fcent ot Jjfa FiettJa ; and not rather for Galbanum of good odour, as the ad- joining words declare , and the original Chelhena will bear ; which implies a tat or refmous fubftance, that which is common- ly known among us being properly a gum- mous body and diflbluble alfo in Water.

The holy Ointment of Stafte or pure Myrrh, diftilling from the Plant without expreflion or firing, of Cinnamon, Caffia and Calamus, containeth left queftionable fpecies, if the Cinnamon of the Ancients were the fame with ours, or managed af- ter the fame manner. For thereof Diofco- rides made his noble Unguent. And Cin- namon was fo highly valued by Princes, that Cleopatra carried it unto her Sepulchre with her Jewels ; which was alfo kept in wooden Boxes among the rarities of Kings : and was of fuch a lading nature, that at his compofing of Treacle tor the Emperour SeveruSy Galen made, ufe of fome which had been laid up by Adrtanm.

II. That

Tradt L mention d in Scripture. 1 3

II, That the Prodigal Son defired toHui\seatem eat of Husks given unto Swine, will hard- ^J. ^^f ^^^ ly pafs in your apprehenfion for the Huskis ukc 15.15. of Peafe, Beans, ox fuch edulious Pulfes ; as well underdanding that the textual word Ki^jhnov or Ceration^ properly in- tendeth the Fruit of the Sili^ua Tree fo common in Syria, and fed upon by Men and Beads ; called alfo by fome the Fruit of the Locuft Tree, and Panis Santli Jo- hannis, as conceiving it to have been part of the Diet of the Bapt/fiinthQ Defart. The Tree and Fruit is not onely common in Syria and the Eaftern parts, but alfo well known in Apuglia, and the Kingdom of Maples, growing along the Fia Appia, from Fundi unto Mola-, the hard Cods or Husks making a rattling noife in windy weather, by beating againfl: one another : called by the Italians Carohhe or Carohhole , and by the French Carouses, With the fweet Pulp hereof fome conceive that the Indians preferve Ginger, Mirabo- lans and Nutmegs. Of the iame (as Pli- ny delivers) the Ancients made one kind of Wine, ftrongly expreifTing the Juice thereof; aod fo they might after give the exprefled and lefs ufefull part ofthe Cods, and remaining Pulp unto their Swine: which being no guftlefsor unfatisfying Of- fal, might be well defired by the Prodigal in his hunger. 12. No

14 Ohferv.iifon fever al Plants Trad:.! Cucum- 12. No marvel it is that the Ifraelites

^•i&gm* ^^^^"§ ^^^^^ '^"S ^" ^ ^^^' watred Coun- try, and been acquainted with the noble Water of Ni/^, Ihould complain for Wa- ter in the dry and barren Wildernefs. More remarkable it feems that they fliould extoU and linger after the Cucumbers and Leeks, Onions and Garlick in ^gypt : wherein notwithftanding lies a pertinent expreffion of the Diet of that Country in ancient times, even as high as the building of the Pyramids, when Herodotus delive- reth, that fo many Talents were fpent in Onions and Garlick, for the Food of La- bourers and Artificers ; and is alfo anfwe- rable unto their prefent plentifull Diet in Cucumbers, and the great varieties there- of, as teftified by Profper Alpinus, who fpent many years in ^gypt. Forbidden 1 3 . What Fruit that was which our firfl Qtn'2 Parents tafted in Paradife, from the dif- ^en.2.17, p^^^^ of learned men feems yet indetermi- nable. More clear it is that they cover 'd their nakednefs or fecret parts with Figg Leaves ; which when I reade, I cannot but call to mind the feveral confiderations which Antiquity had of the Figg Tree, in reference unto thofe parts, particularly how Figg Leaves by fundry Authours are defcribed to have fome refemblance unto the Genitals, and fo were aptly formed

for

Tradt I. mention d in Scripture. 1 5

for fuch conteftion of thofe parts ; how alfo in that famous Statua of Praxiteles, concerning Alexander and Bitcephalus, the Secret Parts are veifd with Figg Leaves ; how this Tree was facred unto Priapus^ and how the Difeafes of the Secret Parts have derived their Name from Figgs.

14. That the good Samaritan coming BrfZ/im. from Jericho ufed any of the Judean Bal-?'t-.^ ,,

r 1 I 1 n-1 11 Luke la 54,

lam upon the wounded Traveller, is not to be made out, and we are unwilling to difparage his charitable Surgery in pou- ring Oil into a green Wound ; and there- fore when 'tis faid he ufed Oil and Wine, may rather conceive that he made an Oi- nel(tum or medicine of Oil and Wine bea- ten up and mixed together, which was no improper Medicine , and is an Art now lately ftudied by fome fo to incorporate Wine and Oil. that they may laftingly hold together , which fome pretend to have, and call it Oleum Samaritamm, or Samaritans Oil.

1 5". When Daniel would not pollute ^uife of himfelf with the Diet of the Babylonians, ^^JJJ^I'j^^ he probably declined Pagan commenfati- on, or to eat of Meats torbidden to the Jews, though common at their Tables, or fo much as to tafte of their Gentile Immo- ktions, and Sacrifices abominable unto his Palate.

But

1 6 Obferv. upon feveral Plants Tfacftl.

But when 'tis fa id that he made choice of the Diet of Pulfe and Water, M'hether he {trid:ly confined unto a leguminous Food, according to the Vulgar Tranflati- on, fome doubt may be railed, Irom the original word Zeragnm, which fignifies Seminalia, and is fo fet down in the Mar- gin of Arias Mont anus \ and the Greek woxdi SpermatUy generally expreffing Seeds^ may fignifie any edulious or cerealious Grains befides tasr^ix or leguminous Seeds.

Yet if he ftriftly made choice of a legu- minous Food, and Water inftead of his por- tion from the King's Table, he handfomely declined the Diet which might have been put upon him, and particularly that which was called thtPotihaJisoitht King, which zsJthenaus informeth implied the Bread of the King, made of Barky, and Wheat, and the Wine of Cyprus, which he drank in an oval Cup. And therefore diftincStly from that he chofe plain Fare of Water, and the grofs Diet of Pulfe, and that per- haps not made into Bread, but parched, and tempered with Water.

Now that herein (befide the fpecial be- nediftion of God) he made choice of no improper Diet to keep himfelf fair and plump and fo to excufe the Eunuch his keeper, Phyficians will not deny, who

acknow*

Tradl I. mention d in Scripture. 1 7

acknowledge a very nutritive and impin- guating faculty in Pulfes, in leguminous Food, and in feveral forts of Grains and Corns, is not like to be doubted by fuch ' who confider that this was probably a ' great part of the Food of our Forefathers before the Floud, the Diet alfo of Jacoh.* and that the Romans ( called therefore Pultifagt) fed much on Pulfe for fix hun- dred years ; that they had no Bakers for that time : and their Piftours were fuch as, before the ufe of Mills, beat out and cleanfed their Corn. As alfo that the Ath- letick Diet was of Pulfe, Alphiton, Maza^ Barley and Water ; whereby they were ad- vantaged fometimes to an exquifite flateof health, and fuch as was not without dan* ger. And therefore (though Daniel were no .Eunuch, and of a more fatning and thriving temper, -as fome have phancied, yet) was he by this kind of Diet, fuffici- ently maintained in a fair and carnous ftate of Body, and accordingly his Pifture not improperly drawn, that is, not mea- gre and lean, like Jeremy^, but plump and iair, anfwerable to the moft authentick draught of the Vatican, and the late Ger- man Luther s Bible.

The Cynicks in Athenceus make itera- ted Courfes of Lentils, and prefer that Diet before the luxury of Seleucus. The C prefent

i8 Obferv. upon feveral Plants TradlL

prefentyEgyptians, who are obferved by Alpinus to be the fatteft Nation, and Men to* have Breafts Uke Women, owe much, * as he conceiveth, unto the Water of Nile, and their Diet of Rice, Peafe, Lentils and white Cicers. The Pulfe-eating Cynicks and Stoicks, are all very long livers in La- ertius. And Daniel muft not be accounted of {tw years, who, being carried away Captive in the Reign of Joachim, by King Nebuchadnezzar, lived, by Scripture ac- count, unto the firft year of Cyrus. ,

Jacobs Roi/. i^. And Jacob took Rods cf green Pop-- en. 30. 31. ^^^^ ^^j of the Hazel and the Chefnut Tree, and pilled white ftreaks in them, and made the white appear which was in the Rods,&cc, Men multiply the Philofopliy of Jacob, who, befide the benedidion of God, and the powerfull effed:s of imagination, .rai- fed in the Goats and Sheep from pilled and j)arty-coloured objed:s, conceive that he chofe out thefe particular Plants above any other, becaufe he underftood they had a particular virtue unto the intended

■ ^ „ effefts, accordins; unto the conception of

Froblem,2oo. Georgtus Venetus.

Whereto you will hardly aflent, at lead till you be better fatisfied and aflii- red concerning the true fpecies of the Plants intended in the Text, or find a dearer confent and uniformity in the

Tranf-

Trad:!, mention d i7i Scripture. ip

Tranflatioi|j For what we render Poplar, Hazel andthefnut, the Greek tranflateth Vtrgam flyracinam, nucinam^ platanina'm^ which fome alfo render a Pomegranate: and fo obferving this variety of interpre- tations concerning common and known PHhts among us, you may more reafona- bly doubt, with what propriety or affu- rance others lefs known be fometimes ren* dred unto us. ,

17. Whether in the Sermon of thQ.L[i^esofiy Mount, the Lilies of the Field did^'j|f*^^ 2». point at the proper Lilies, or whether thofe Flowers grew wild in the placd where our Saviour preached, fome doubt may be made: becaufe K^^lvov the word in that place is accounted ot the fame figni- fication with Aok^iov, and that in Homer is taken for all manner of fpecious Flowers : fo received by Euftachius, Hefychius, and the Scholiaft upon Apoilonius Rhodius, Kcx- f^Ay 7a av^ A&i^ict Mytflzi. And K^ivop •is alfo received in the fame latitude, not -Signifying onely Lilies, but applied unto Daffodils, Hyacinths, If is's, and the Flow- ers of Colocynthis,

Under the like latitude of acception, are many exprefTions in the Canticles to be received. And when it is faid he fe-e- 'deth among the Lilies, therein may be al- fo implied other fpecious Flowers, not ex- C % eluding

20 Obferv.uponfeveral Plants Tract I.

eluding the proper Lilies. But in that ex- preffion, the Lilies drop forth Myrrhe, nei- ther proper Lilies nor proper Myrrhe can be apprehended, the one not proceeding from the other, but may be received in a Meta- phorical fenfe : and in fome latitude may be alfo made out from the rofcid and^o- ney drops obfervable in the Flowers of Martagon, and inverted flowred Lilies, and, 'tis like, is the (landing fweet Dew on the white eyes of the Crown Imperial, * now common among us.

And the proper Lily may be intended in that exprefTion of i A'/f^gs 7. that the brazen Sea was of the thicknefs of a hand breadth, and the brim hke a Lily. For the figure of that Flower being round at the, bottom, and fomewhat repandous, or inverted at the top, doth handfomely il- luftrate the comparifon. Cant 2. But that the Lily of the Valley, men-

tiond in the Canticles, I am the Rofe of Sharon, and the Lily of the Valleys, is that Vegetable which palleth under the fame name with us, that is Lilium conva/Iium, or the May Lily, you will more hardly believe, who know with what infatisfac- tion the mofl: learned Botanifts, reduce that Pbnt unto any defcribed by the Ancients ; that Anguillara will have it to be the Oe- nanthe oi Athenam, Cord us the Pothos of

Theo-

Tracft I. merit ion (I in Scripture. 2 1

Theophrajtus ; and Lohelius that the Greeks had not defcribed it; who find not fi-xLeaves in the Flower agreeably to all Lilies, but onely fix finall divifions in the Flower, who find it alfo to have a fingle, and no bulbous Root, nor Leaves fliooting about the bottom, nor the Stalk round, but an- gular. And that the learned Bauhinus hath not placed it in the Cladis of Lilies, but nervitolious Plants.

1 8. Doth he not caft ahroad the Fitches, Fitches, and fcatter the Cummin Seed, and caft /^i„ifa,28.2<. the principal Wheat , and the appointed Barley, and the Rye in their place : Here- in though the fenfe may hold under the . names a/figned, yet is it not fo eafie to de- termine the particular Seeds and Grains, where the obfcure original caufeth fuch differing Tranflations. For in the Vulgar we meet with Milium and Gith, which our Tranflation declineth; placing Fitches for Gith, and Rye for Milium or Millet, which notwithftanding is retained by the Dutch.

That it might be Melanthium, NigeSa, or Gith, may be allowably apprehended, from the frequent ufe of the Seed thereof among the Jews and other Nations, as al- fo from the Tranflation of Tremellius ; and the Original implying a black Seed, which is lefs than Cummin, as, out of C 3 Alen

2 2 Ob few . upon fever al Plants Tradt I.

Ahen 'Ezra, Buxtorfim hath expounded it. But whereas Milium or KePi^^o^ of tlie Septuagint is by ours rendred Rye, there is Uttle fimilitude or affinity between thofe Grains ; For Milium is more agreeable un- . to Spelt a or Efpaut, as the Dutch and others fill] render it.

That we meet fo often with Cummin Seed in many parts of Scripture in refe- rence unto Judcea , a Seed fo abominable at prefent unto our Palates and Noftrils, will not feem ftrange unto any who con- fider the frequent ufe thereof among the Ancients, not onely in medical but diete- tical ufe and pradlice: For their Diflies were filled therewith, and the noblefl fe- llival preparations in Aficius were not without it : And even in the Tolenta, and* parched Corn, the old Diet of the Romans, (as Tliny recorder h) unto every Meafure they mixed.a fmall proportion of Lin-feed and Cummin^feed.

And fo Cummin is juftly fet down a- mong things of vulgar and common ufe, when it is faid in Matthew 23. v. 23. Tou pay Tithe of Mint, Annife and Cummin : but how to make out the tranflation of Annife we are ftill to feek, there being no word in that Text which properly fignifi- eth Annife : the Original being ^km^v^ which the Latins call Anethum , and is properly englifliecj Dill. Th^t

Tradl L mention d in Scripture. 23

That among many expreffions, allufions and illuftrations made in Scripture from Corns, there is no mention made of Oats, ' fo ufefuU a Grain among us, will not feem very (Iran ge unto you, tiJl you can clearly difcover that it was a Grain of ordinary life in thofe parts ; who may alfo find that Theophrajlusy who is large about other Grains, delivers very little of it. That Diofcorides is alfo very fliort therein. And Galen delivers that it was of fome ufe in Afia minor, efpecially in Myfiay and that ratlier for Beafts than Men : And Pliny affirmeth that the Pulticula thereof was moft in ufe among the Germans. Yet that the Jews were not without all ufe of this Grain feems confirmable from the Rabbinical account,who reckon fiveGrains liable unto their Offerings, whereof the Cake prefented might be made ; that is. Wheat, Oats, Rye, and two forts of Barley.

19. Why the Difciples being hungry E^no/ corn, pluck'd the Ears of Corn, it feems ftrange '^^"^ "• '• to us, who obferve that men half ftarved betake not themfelves to fuch fuppJy ; except we confider the ancient Diet of Alphtton and Polenta , the Meal of dried and parched (^oxk\, or that which was ^£iimXv(5ic„ or Meal of crude and unparched , Corn, wherewith they being well acquain-

C 4 ted.

Z^ Obferv. ripon fever a I Plants Tra6l I.

ted, might liope forfome fatisfadion from the Corn yet m the Husk ; that is, from • the nourilhing pulp or mealy part with- in it. • Stubble of 20. The inhumane oppreflion of the EkoXs, 7, -Egyptian Task-mafters, who, not con- fee, tent with the common tale of Brick, took a!fo from the Children of Ifrael their al- lowance of Straw , and forced them to gather Stubble where they could find it, will be more nearly apprehended, if we confider how hard it was to acquire any quantity of Stubble in ^gypt, w here the 6ralk ot Corn was fo fliort, that to acquire an ordinary meafure, it required more than ordinary labour; as is difcoverable » Li*. 18. from that account, which * Pliny hath mt> Uift, happily left unto us. In the Corn gather 'd in ^gypt the Straw is never a Cubit long ; becaufe the Seed lieth very fhallow, and harii no other nourilhment than from the Mudd and Slime left by the River ; For under it is nothing but Sand and Gravel

So that the exprelTion of Scripture is more Emphatical than is commonly ap- prehended> when 'tis fai3, 7'i^e people were fcattered abroad through all the Land of ^gypt to gather Stubble inflead of Straw, For the Stubble being very fliort, the ac- quift was difficult ; a few Fields afforded it not , and they were fain to wander

far

Tradll. mention d in Scripture. 25

tar to obtain a fufficient quantity of it.

21. It is faid in the SoMg of Solomon, that Flowers of the Vines with the tender Grape give a good^^^^^*^^'^^^ fmell.. That the Flowers of the Vine fhould be Emphatically noted to give a pleafant fmell, feems hard unto our Northern Noftrils, which difcover not fuch Odours, and fmell them not in full Vineyards; whereas in hot Regions, and more fpread and digefted Flowers, a fweet iavour may be allowed, denotable from feveral hu- mane expreflions, and the pra£l:ice of the Ancients, in putting the dried Flo^wers of the Vine into new Wine to give it a pure and flofculous race or fpirit, which Wine was therefore called Ohivbivovy allowing unto every Cadus two pounds of dried Flowers.

And, therefore, the Vine flowering but in the Spring, it cannot but feerii an im- pertinent objection of the Jews, that the Apoftles were fu/l of new Wine at Pente- cofi when it was not to be found. Where- fore we may 'rather conceive that the word '^TMuKAj in that place implied not '^Aftt 1.15. new Wine or Mufi, but fome generous llrong and fweet Wine, wherein more efpecially lay the power of inebriation.

But if it be to be taken for fome kind oiMufl, it might be fome kind oVk^yXiV" m^, or long-laftingiWi(/?, which might be

had

26 Obferv. upon feveral Plants Tracfll.

had at any time of the year, and which, as Pliny deUvereth, they made by hin- dring, and keeping the Muj} trom fermen- tation or working, and fo it kept foft and fweet for no fmall time after. The olive 12. When the Dove, fent out of the Gcf 8.II. A^'^' return'd with a green Olive Leaf, according tothe Original : how the Leaf, after ten Months, and under water, fhould ftill maintain a verdure or greennefs, need not much amufe the Reader, if we confi- der that the Olive Tree is 'A&i^j;?^ov, or continually green ; that the Leaves are of a bitter tafte, and of a faft and lafting fub- ftance. Since we alfo find frelh and green Leaves among the Olives which we re- ceive from remote Countries; and fince the Plants at the bottom of the Sea, and on the fides of Rocks, maintain a deep and frefti verdure.

How the Tree fliould ftand fo long in the Deluge under Water, may partly be allowed from the uncertain determination of the Flows and Current's of that time, and the qualification of the faltnefs of the Sea, by the admixture of frelh Water, when the whole watery Element was to- gether. IhJilaHifl. A^^ ^^ "^^y ^^ fignally illuftrated from lib. 4, ' the like examples in * Jheophraftus and twiJjf^ia.^^% in words to this efFeft: Even thQ

tap* ultimo^ vCa

Tradtl. mention d in Scripture. 27

Sea affbrdeth Shrubs and Trees; In the red Sea whole Woods do Hve, namely of Bays and Olives bearing Fruit. The Soul- diers oi Alexander, who failed into India^ made report, that the Tides were fo high in fome Iflands, that they overflowed, «nd covered the Woods, as high as Plane and Poplar Trees. The lower fort wholly, the greater all but the tops, whereto the Mariners faftned their Veflels at high Wa- ters, and at the root in the Ebb ; That the Leaves of thefe Sea Trees while under water looked green, but taken outpre- fently dried wqth the heat of the Sun. The like is delivered by Theophraflus, that fome Oaks do grow and bear Acrons un- der the Sea.

23. The Kingdom of Hearven is like to a Grain a^ grain of Mujlard-feed, which a Man took f^^^^^^il^^ and f owed in his Field, which indeed is the 13, 31, 32. leaji of all Seeds ; hut when 'tis grown is the great eji among Herhs, and hecometh a Tree, fo that the Birds of the Air come and lodge in the Branches thereof

Luke 13. 19. It is like a grain of Mu- flard'feed, which a Man took and cafi it into his Gar den, and it waxed a great Tree, and the Fowls of the Air lodged in the Branches thereof

This expre/Tion by a grain of Muftard- feed, vv^ill not feem fo ftrange unto you,

v/bp

2 8 Obferv. upon feveral Plants Tradll.

who well confider it. That it is fimply the leaft of Seeds, you cannot apprehend, if you have beheld the Seeds of Rapuncu- lu6, Marjorane, Tobacco, and the fmalleft Seed of Lunaria,

But you may well under ftand it to be the fmalleft Seed among Herbs which pro- duce f^ big a Plant, or the leaft of her- bal Plants, which arife unto fuch a pro- portion, implied in the expreffion; the fmalleft of Seeds j and become th the great eft of Herbs.

And you may alfo grant that it is the fmalleft of Seeds of Plants apt to ^i/^ei- ^Gtv, arbor efcere^ frutkefcere, or to grow unto a ligneous fubftance, and from an herby and oleraceous Vegetable , to be- come a kind of Tree, and to be accoun- ted among the Dendrolachana, or Arboro^ leracea ; as upon ftrong Seed, Culture and good Ground, is obfervable in fome Cab- bages, Mallows, and many more, and therefore exprefled by yvilcti to ^v^^qv^ and yviloLi d<; to Siv^^ov, it becometh a Tree, or arborefcit, as Beza rendreth it.

Nor if warily confidered doth the ex- preflion contain fuch difficulty. For the Parable may not ground it felf upon gene^ rals, or imply any or every grain of Mu- ftard, but point at fuch a grain as from its fertile fpirit, and other concurrent ad- vantages,

Tradt I. meyitiond in Scripture. 2^

vantages, hath the fuccefs to become ar- boreous, flioot intofuch a magnitude, and acquire the like tallnefs. And unto fuch a Grain the Kingdom of Heaven is like- ned which from fuch flender beginnings ihall find fuch increafe and grandeur.

The expreffion alfo that it might grow into fuch dimenfions that Birds might lodge in the Branches thereof, may be li- terally conceived ; if we allovv the luxuri- ancy of Plants in Judaa, above our Nor- thern Regions ; If we accept of but half the Story taken notice of by Tremellilis, from the Jerufalem Talmud, of a Muftard Tree that was to be climbed like a Figg Tree ; and of another, under whofe fhade a Potter daily wrought: and it may fome- what abate our doubts, if we take in the advertifement of ^Herodotus concerning lefler Plants oi Milium and Sefamum in the Babylonian Soil: Milium ac Sefamum in proceritatem inftar arhorum crefcere y etfi mihi compertum, tamen memorare fuperfe- deo, pro he fciens eis qui nunquam Balyloni- am regionem adierunt perquam incredihile vifum iri. We may likewife confider that the word }(cii1ct7)CY\vco(nti doth not neceflarily fignifie making a Nejl, but rather fitting, roofling, covering and refting in the Boughs, according as the fame word is^^p^j^ ufed by the Septuagint in other places "^ aspf. i.i4.'i2,

the

30 Ohferv, upon [ever al Plants TradlL

the Vulgar rendreth it in this, inhahtant, as our Tranflation, lodgeth, and the Rhe- miili, rejleth in the Blanches. the Rod of 24. And it came to pafs that on the mor- Numb! 17.8. ^^^ Mofes went into the Tabernacle of wit- nefs^ and behold the Rod of Aaron for the Houfe of Levi was budded ^ and brought forth Buds y and bloomed Bloffomes , and yielded Almonds, In the contention of the Tribes and decifion of priority and primogeniture of Aaron, declared by the Rod, which in a night budded, flowred and brought forth Almonds, you cannot but apprehend a propriety in the Miracle from that fpecies of Tree which leadeth in the Vernal germination of the year, •unto all the Clafles of Trees ; and fo ap- prehend how properly in a night and ihort fpace of time the Miracle arofe, and forae- what anfwerable unto its nature the Flow- ers and Fruit appeared in this precocious * Shacher Tree, and whofe original Name ^ implies {'jj^r fcfti- f^^h fpeedy efflorefcence, as in its proper BUS fuit or nature flowering in February , and Ihewing ir.aturuit. j^^ ^XvilX. in March,

This confideration of that Tree maketh the expreflion in Jeremy more Emphatical, ler. I. II. when 'tis faid. What feefl thou^ and he faid, A Rod of an Almond Tree. Then faid the Lord unto me, Thou haft well fe en, for I will haflen the Word to perform it,

I will

Trad: I. vientiond in Scripure. § i

I will be quick and forward like the Al- mond Tree, to produce the effefts of my word, and haften to difplay my judgments upon them.

And we may hereby more eafily appre- hend the expreiTion in Ecclefeaftes; lVfje»EcckCi2,$: the Almond Tree jhall flourijh. That is when the Head, which is the prime part, and firft Iheweth it felf in the world, ihall grow white, like the Flowers of the Al- mond Tree, whofe Fruit, ^'^Athencem^^- livereth, was firft called Kx^mov, or the Head, from fome refemblance and cove- ring parts of it.

How properly the priority was confir- med by a Rod or Stafl^ and why the Rods and Staf?s of the Princes were chofen for this decifion, Philologifts will confider. For thefe were the badges, figns and cog- nifances of their places, and were a kind of Sceptre in their hands, denoting their fu- pereminencies. The Staff of Divinity is ordinarily defcribed in the hands of Gods and Goddefles in old draughts. Trojan and Grecian Princes were not without the like, whereof the Shoulders of Therfites - *fek from the hands of Vlyjfes, Achilles in Homer, as by a defperate Oath, fwears by his wooden Sceptre, which fhould ne- ver bud nor bear Leaves again; which feeming the greateft impoffibility to him,

advan-

32 Obferv.upn fever al Plants Tra6l L

advanceth the Miracle of Aarons Rod. j And if it could be well made out that Ho- mer had feen the Books of Mofes, in that expreflion oi Achilles, he might allude un- to this Miracle.

That power which propofed the expe- riment by Blollbmes in the Rod, added alfo the Fruit of Almonds ; the Text not ftridlly making out the Leaves, and fo omitting the middle germination : the Leaves properly coming after the Flowers, and before the Almonds. And therefore if you have well perufed Medals, you cannot but obferve how in the imprefs of many Shekels, which pafs among us by the name of the Jerujakm Shekels, the Rod oi Aaron is improperly laden with many Leaves, whereas that which is fliewn under the name of the Samaritan Shekel feems mofi: conformable unto the Text, which defcri- beth the Fruit without Leaves. The Vine in xj. Binding his Foal unto the Vine^ and Gen. 49. II. IjI^ Affes Colt unto the choice Vine,

That Vines, which are commonly fup- ported, fliould grow fo large and bulky, as to be fit to laden their Juments, and Beads of labour unto them, may feem a hard expreflion unto many : which not- withftanding may eafily be admitted, if we confider the account of Tliny, that in many places out of Italy Vines do grow

with-

Tradt i. mention i in Scripture. 53

without any flay or fupport : nor will it be otherwife conceived of lufty Vines, if we call to mind how the fame * Authour *PHn.//3.i4. delivereth, that the Statua of Jupiter was made out of a Vine ; and that out of one fingle Cyprian Vine a Scale or Ladder was made that reached unto the Roof of the Temple of Diana at Epbefus,

. 26. / was exalted as a Palm Tree in En- ^ofe of Jc- gaM, and as a Rofe Plant in Jericho. ^ccuJs. 24r. That the Rofe of Jericho, or that Plant 14. ' * which pafleth among us under that deno- mination, was fignified in this Text, you are not likd to apprehend with fome, who alfo name it the Rofe of S, Mary, and deliver, that it openeth the Branches, and Flowers upon the Eve of our Saviour s Nativity : But rather conceive it fome pro- per kind of Rofe, which thrived and pro- ipered in Jericho more than in the neigh- bour Countries. For our Rofe of Jericho is a very low and hard Plant, a few in- ches above the ground ; one whereof brought from Judcea I have kept by me many years, nothing refembling a Role Tree, either in Flowers, Branches, Leaves or Gorwth ; and fo,- improper to anAver the Emphatical word of exaltation in the Text : growing not onely about Jericho^ but other parts of Judcea and Arabia, as Eellonim bath obferved : which being ^ D drk

54 Obferv.upon fever al Plants Tradtl.

drie and ligneous Plant, is preferved ma- ny years, and though crumpled and furd- led up, yet, if infufed in Water, will fweli and difplay its parts. Turpentine 27. Quaji Terehinthus extendi ramos, cuw. 24^15". ^^'^^ it is (aid in the fame Chapter, as a Turpentine tree have I Jiretched out my Branches : it will not feem ftrange unto fuch as have either feen that Tree, or exa- mined its defcription: For it is a Plant that widely difplayeth its Branches : And though in fome European Countries it be . but of a low and fruticeous growth, yet » Terebin- Pliny '^ obfcrveth that it is great in Syria, cedoi?a^?u. a,nd fo allowably, or at leaft not impro- ticat^in Sy- perly mentioned in the expreflion oi-^Ho- ^%'lLb^i y^^ according to the Vulgar Tranflation. Plin. Super capita montium facrificant, &c. fuh

t Hofca. 4, quercUy populo & terehinthoy quoniam bona ^^* efl umhra ejus. And this diflufion and

fpreading of its Branches, hath afforded the Proverb of Terebintho fiultior , appli- ^ able unto arrogant or boafting perfons, who fpread and difplay their own afts, as Erafmus hath obferved. Pomegranate a 8. It is faid in our TranHation. Saul ^'^^^^^'^^' tarried in the uppermojl parts of Giheah, under a Pomegranate Tree which is in Mi' gron : and the people which were with him were about fix hundred men. And when it is faid in fome Latin Tranflations, Saul

mora-

Tra6t I. mention d in Scripture. 35

moralatur fipco tentono fuh Malogranato, you will not be ready to take it in the com- mon literal fenfe, who know that a Pome- granate Tree is but low of growth, and very unfit to pitch a Tent under it ; and ma/ rather apprehend it as the name of a place, or the Rock of Rimmon, or Pome- . granate; fo named from Pomegranates which grew there, and which many think i jy^g^s ^^^ to have been the fame place mentioned in 4<, 47. -" Judges, CL21.13.

X9. It is faid in the Book of Wifedom, f^^^^J^'^^' Where water flood before ^ drie land appea- ,j. y, red, and out of the red Sea a way appeared without impediment f and out of the violent fir earns a green Field ; or as the Latin ren- ders it, Campus germinans de profundo : whereby it feems implied that the Ifrae- ^ lites paffed over a green Field at the bot- ^ tom of the Sea : and though moft would have this but a Metaphorical expreflion, yet may it be literally tolerable ,• and fo may be fafely apprehended by thofe that fenfibly know what great number of Ve- getables (as the feveral varieties of ^/g^'s. Sea Lettuce y Phafganium, Conferua, Caulis Marina, Ahies, Erica, Tamarice , divers forts of MufcuSy Fucus, Quercus Marina and Corallins) are found at the bottom of the Sea. Since it is alfo now well known, that the Weftern Ocean, for many degrees-,

D 2, is

^6 Obferv. upon fever a I plants Trad: I.

is covered with Sargajfo or Lentkula Ma- rina, and found to arife from the bottom of that Sea ; fince, upon the coaft of Tro- 'Vence by the Ifles of Eres, there is a part of the Mediterranean Sea, called la Prery, or the Meadowy Sea, from the bottom thereof fo plentifully covered with Plants : fince vaft heaps of Weeds are found in the Bellies of fome Whales taken in the Nor- thern Ocean, and at a great diftance from the Shore: And fince the providence of Nature hath provided this (helter for mi- nor Fifties ; both for their fpawn, and fafe- ty of their young ones. And this might be more peculiarly allowed to be fpoken of the Red Sea, fince the Hebrews named kSuph, or th^Weedy Sea: and, alfo, fee- ing Theophraflm and Vl'tny, obferving the growth of Vegetables under water, have made their chief illuftrations from thofe in the- Red Sea. m^ite. 30. You will readily difcover how widely they are miftaken, who accept the Sycamore mention'd in feveral parts of Scripture for tlie Sycamore, or Tree of that denomination, with us : which is pro- perly but one kind or difference diAcer, and bears no Fruit with any refemblance unto a Figg.

But you will rather, thereby, appre- hend the true and genuine Sycamore, or

Sycami'

Trail I. mention d in Scripture, 37

Sjcaminus, which is a llranger in our parts. A Tree ( according to the defcription of Theophraflus, Diojcorides and Galen) re- fembUng a Mulberry Tree in the Leaf, but in the Fruit a Figg; which it produceth not in the Twiggs but in the Trunqjcor greater Branches, anfwerable to the Syca- more oi /Egypt, the iiigyptian Figg or Giamez of the Arabians, defcribed by Profper Alp'tms, with a Leaf fomewhat broader than a Mulberry, and in its Fruit like a Figg. Infomuch that fome have fancied it to have had its firft production from a Figg Tree grafted on a Mulber- ry.

ft is a Tree common in Judaea, where- of they made frequent ufe in Buildings ^ and fo underftood, it explaineth that ex- prefTion in ^ Ifaiah : Sycamori excifi funt^ ♦ Ifa. 9. 10," Cedrosjuhflitiiemus. The Bricks are fallen down, we: voill huild with he wen Stones : The Sycamores are cut down, hut we will change them into Cedars,

It is a broad fpreading Tree, not onely fit for Walks, Groves and Shade, but al- fo affording profit. And therefore it is faid that King f David appointed Baalha- 1 1 chron. nan to be over his Olive Trees and Syca- ^'' ^^' mores, which were in great plenty ; and it is accordingly delivered, || that Solomon II « King, lo. made Cedars to he as the Sycamore Trees ^^*

D 3 that

38 Ohjerv. upon fever al Plants Tradt 1

that are in the Vale for ahundance. That is, he planted many, though they did not come to perfection in his days.

And as it grew plentifully about the plains, fo was the Fruit good for Food ; and, as Bellonius and late accounts de- liver, very refrefhing unto Travellers in thofe hot and drie Countries : whereby

?^mps7.i4. the expreflion of '^ Amos becomes more in- telligible, when he faid he was an Herdf- wan, and , a gatherer of Sycamore Fruit.

tPfal.78. And -the expreflion of f David alfo be-

^^' comes more Emphatical; He deftroyed

their Fines with Hail, and their Sycamore trees with Frofi. That is, their Sicmoth in the Original, a word in the found not far from the Sycamore.

Illuk. 17. <5. Thus when it is faid, |1 If ye had Faith as a grain of Mujlard-feed, ye might fay un- to this Sycamine Tree, Be thou plucked up ly the roots, and he thou placed in the Sea, and it Jhould obey you : it might be more ' fignificantly fpoken of this. Sycamore ;

this being defcribed to be Arlor vafla, a large and well rooted Tree, whofe remo- val was more difficult than many others. And fo the inftance in that Text, is very properly made in the Sycamore Tree, one ' of the.largeft and lefs removable Trees a- inong them. A Tree fo lading and well jrooted, that the Sycamore which Zacheus "'^"" ' " ' ^ alcen-

Trad: I. mention d in Scripture, 5^

afcended, is ftill ftiewn in Judaa unto Travellers; as alfo the hollow Sycamore . at Maturaea In y€gypt, where the blefled Virgin is faid to have remained : which though it reliflieth of the Legend, yet it plainly declareth what opinion they had of the lafling condition of that Tree, to countenance the Tradition ; for which they might not be without fome experi- ence, fince the learned defcriber of the * Pyramides obferveth, that the old -^gyp-'^ D.Grcavef, tians made Coffins of this Wood, which he found yet frefli and undecayed among di- vers of their Mummies.

And thus, alfo, when Zachem climbed up into a Sycamore above any other Tree, this being a large and fair one, it can- not be denied that he made choice of a proper and advantageous Tree to look down upon our Saviour.

31. Whether the expreflion of our Si- increafe of yiour in the Parable of the Sower, and irhe i]^fi^''^;^^^ increafe of the Seed mtd thirty, Jixty and l^, 25. ^ a hundred fold , had any reference unto the ages of Believers, and meafures of their Faith, as Children, Young and Old Per- fons, as to beginners, well advanced and flrongly confirmed Chriftians^ as learned men have hinted; or whether in this pro- grelTional aflent there were any latent Myfteries, as the myftical Interpreters of P 4 Num-

40 Ohferv.uf on [ever al Plants TraAI,

Numbers may apprehend, I pretend not to determine.

But, how this multiplication may well be conceived, and in what way apprehen- ded, and that this centeffimal increafe is not naturally ftrange, you that are no ft ranger in Agriculture, old and new, are pot like to make great doubt.

That every Grain (hould produce an Ear affording an hundred Grains, is not hke to be their conjefture who behold the growth of Corn in our Fields, wherein a common Grain doth produce far lefs in number. For Barley confifting but of two Verfus or Rows, feldom exceedeth twenty Grains, that is, ten upon each 2m;^o^, or Row ; Rye, of a fquare figure, is very fruitfuU at forty : Wheat, befides the Frit and Vruncus, or imperfeft Grains of the fmall Husks at the top and bottom of the Ear, is fruitfuU at ten treble Gluma or Husks in a Row , each containing but three Grains in breadth, if the middle Grain arriveth at all to perfeftion ; and fp maketh up threefcore Grains in both fides.

Yet even this centeflimal fruftification

may be admitted in fome forts of Cerea-

' IJa, and Grains froni one Ear : if we take

in the Tritkum centigrapuniy or fertilijfi-

^m ?//»if, Indian ^heat, and Panktim;

which^

Tradt I. mention d in Scripture. 41

which, in every Ear, containeth hundreds of Grains.

But this increafe may eafily be concei- ved of Grains in their total multiplication, in good and fertile ground, fince, if every Grain of Wheat produceth but three Ears, the increafe will arife above that number. Nor are we without examples of fome grounds which have produced many more Ears, and above this centeflimal increafe : As Pliny hath left recorded of the Byza- cian Field in Africa, Mifit ex eo loco Pro- curator ex uno quaJraginta minus germina, Mifit & Neroni pariter tercentum quaJra- ginta fiipulosy ex uno grano. Cum centef- fimos quid em Leontini Sicilian campi fundunt^ aliique, & tota Boetica, & imprimis y£- gyptus. And even in our own Country, trom one Grain of Wheat fowed in a Gar- den, I have numbred many more than an hundred.

And though many Grains are common- ly loft which come not to fprouting or earing, yet the fame is alfo verified in. meafure ; as that one Buftiel Ihould pro- duce a hundred, as is exemplified by the Corn in Gerar ; "*" Then Ifaac fowed in that * Gcn.25. Land, and received in that year an hundred '*• fold. That is, as the Chaldee explaineth it, a hundred for one, when he meafured it And this Pliny feems to intend, when he

jfaitl^

42 Obferv.uponfeveral Plants Tradtl. faith of the fertile Byzacian Territory be- fore mentioned, Ex uno centeni ^uinqua- ginta modii reddmtur. And may be fa- vourably apprehended of the fertility of fome grounds in Poland; wherein, after the account oiGaguinta, from Rye fowed in Auguft, come thirty or forty Ears, and a Man on Horfeback can fcarce look over it. In the Sabbatical Crop oi Judaea, there muft be admitted a large increafe, and probably not fliort of this centeflimal mul- tiplication : For it fupplied part of the fixth year, the whole feventh, and eighth until} the Harveft of that year.

The feven years of plenty in ^gypt

muft be of high increafe ; when, by fto-

ring up but the fifth part, they fupplied

the whole Land, and many of their neigh-

» Gen. 41. hours after : for it is faid, * the Famine

5^* was in all the Land about them. And

therefore though the caufes of the Dearth

in ^gypt be made out from the defed; of

the overflow of NHuSy according to the

Dream of Pharaoh ; yet was that no caufe

of the fcarcity in the Land of Canaan,

which may rather be afcribed to the want

of the former and latter rains, for fome

fucceeding years,- if their Famine held

time and duration with that of /^gypt ;

fGen. <. ^^ ^^y ^^ probably gather'd from that

9,11/ * cx^tQffionoiJofeph, '\ Come down unto me

[into

Tradl L mention d in Scripture. a -2

ltnto/^gypt\ and tarry not, and there will J nourijh you : (for yet there are five years of Famine) left thou and thy Houfhold, and aU that thou haft come to poverty.

How they preferved their Corn fo long in ^gypt may feem hard unto Northern and moift Climates, except we confider the many ways of prefervation practifed by antiquity, and alfo take in that handfome account of Pliny, What Corn foever is laid up in the Ear, it taketh no harm keep it as long as you will ; although the beft and mod afliired way to keep Corn is in Caves and Vaults under ground, accor- ding to the pra(3:ice of Cappadocta and Thracia. ♦

In ^gypt and Mauritania above all things they look to this, that their Gra- naries ftand on high ground ; and how drie fo ever their Floor be, they lay a courfe of Chaffbetwixt it and the ground. Befides, they put up their Corn in Gra- naries and'Binns together with the Ear. And Varro delivereth that Wheat laid up in that manner will laft fifty years ; Mil- let an hundred ; and Beans fo conferved in a Cave of Amhracia, were known to laft an hundred and twenty years ; that is, from the time of King Pyrrhus, unto the Pyratick War under the conduft of Pom-

More

44 Obferv. upon feveral Plants Tradll.

More ftrange it may feem how, after

feven years, the Grains conferved Ihould

be fruitful! for a new produftion. For it

is faid that Jofeph delivered Seed unto the

Egyptians y tojow their Land for the eighth

year : and Corn after feven years is like

to afford little or no production, accor-

* Theoph. ding to Theophrajius ; * Ad Sementem fe-

fJsjt.LS. ^^^ anniculum optimum putatur y hinum

deter im & trinum; ultra Jlerile ferme eft,

quanquam ad ufum ciharium idoneum.

Yet fince, from former exemplificati- ons. Corn may be made to laft fo long, the fruftifying power may well be con- ceived to laft in fome good proportion, according to the region and place of its confervation, as the fame Theophraftus hath obferved, and left a notable example from Cappadocia, where Corn might be kept fixty years, and remain fertile at forty ; according to his expreflion thus tranflated; In Cappadocice loco quodam petra dit}oy tri- ticum ad quadraginta annos foscundum eft, & ad fementem percommodum durare proditum efi, fexagenos aut feptuagenos ad ufum ciha- rium fervari pojfe idoneum. The fituation of that Confervatory, was, as he delivereth, v-ifYiXhv^ivuviiVyivaLV^oVf high^ airy and eX' pofed to fever aV favourable winds. And upon fuch confideration of winds and wti\r tilation, fome conceive the i^gyptian Gra- naries

Trad: I. mention d in Scripture. 45

naries were rfiade open, the Country be- ing free from rain. Howfoever it was, that contrivance could not be without fome « ^gyp^ hazard : * for the great Mills and Dews h(^x^»S\iu of that Country might difpofe the Corn f-^2'^^ct unto corruption. phr'aftum.

More plainly may they miftake, who from fome analogy of name (as li Pyramid were derived from fltJ^oi', Trkkum,) con- ceive thei^gyptian Pyramids to have been built for Granaries ; or look for any fettled Monuments about the Defarts ereded for that intention; fmce their Store- houfes were made in the great Towns, according to Scripture exprelfion, f He gathered up f Gen. 41. all the Food of [even years, which was in the 4^- Land of/^gypt, and laid up the Food in the Cities : the Food of the Field which was round about every City^ laid he up in the fame,

3 1. For if thou wert cut out of the Olive Olhe Tree in "'Tree, which is wild hy nature , and wert^^^'^^''^^' grafted, contrary to nature, into a good O- live Tree, how much more fhall theje, which he the natural Branches, he grafted into their own Olive Tree ? In which place, how anfwerable to the Doftrine of Huf- bandry this exprefllon of S. Paul is, you will readily apprehend who underftand the rules of infition or grafting, and that way of vegetable propagation; wherein that is contrary to nature, or natural rules

which

4^ Ohferv.uponfeveral Plants Trad. I.

which Art obferveth : viz. tb make ufe of a Cyons more ignoble than the Stock, or to graft wild upon dom^ftick and good * Dc caufis Plants, according as * theophrafius hath phmt.i.;3.i. anciently obferved, and, making inftance ^* in the Olive, hath left this Dodtrine unto us ; Vrhanum Sylvejlrihus utfatis Oleaflrts infer ere. Namfi e contrario Sy heft rem in Vrhanosfeveris,etfi differentia quadam erit^ t K*^^/^p• tamen f honaefrugts Arhor nunquam profetlo ^»iy ovH. i^«. reddetur : which is alfo agreeable unto our prefent prad:ice, who graft Pears onThorns, and Apples upon Crabb Stocks, not ufing the contrary infition. And when it is faid. How much more {hall thefe, which are the natural Branches^ he grafted into their own natural Olive Tree ? this is alfo agreeable unto the rule of the fame Authour ; ^E^i ^ ^iXrioDV iyjuvl^a^^^y hfxoioev dq liuuoict^ Infitio rrielior eft fimilium in Jimilihus : For the nearer confanguinity there is be- tween the Gyons and the Stock, the rea- dier comprehenfion is made, and the no- bler frudification. According alfo unto II Dc horti- the later caution of Laurenlergius\ ^^Arho- cultura. ^^^ domeflic(e injitioni deftinatce, Jemper anteponendie Sylveftrihus. And though the fuccefs be good, and may fuffice upon Stocks of the fame denomination ; yet, to be grafted upon their own and Mother Stock, is the neareft infition : which way,

though

Tradt I. mention d in Scripture. 47

though lefs pradifed of old, is now much imbraced, and found a notable way for melioration of the Fruit ,• and much the rather, if the Tree to be grafted on be a good and generous Plant, a good and fair Olive, as the Apoflle feems to imply by a peculiar * word fcarce to be found elfe- '^ Kat?^U- where. • Rom 11.24.

It muft be alfo confidered, that the Ok-' after, or wild Olive, by cutting, tranf- planting and the beft managery of Art, can be made but to produce fuch Olives as (Theophraftus {kith) were particularly named Phaulia, that is, but had Olives ; and that it was reckond among Prodi- gies, for the Oleafter to become an Olive Tree.

And when infition and grafting, in the Text, is applied unto the Olive Tree, it hath an Emphatical fenfe, very agreeable unto that Tree which is beft propagated this way; not at all by furculation, as Tbeophraftus obferveth, nor well by Seed, as (lath been obferved. Omne femenfimile genus perfidt , prater oleam , Oleaftrum enim generat, hoc eft Jylveftrem oleam, & non oleam veram,

" If, therefore, thou Roman and Gen- " tile Branch, which wert cut from the " wild Olive, art now, by the fignal mer- " cy of God, beyond the ordinary and

'' com-

fj^S Ohferv. upon feveral Plants Tradtl " commonly expefted way, grafted into " the true Olive, the Church of God ; if •* thou, which neither naturally nor by *' humane art canft be made to produce " any good Fruit, and, next to a Miracle, *' to be made a true Olive, art now by '* the benignity of God graftgd into the " proper Olive ^ how much niore fliall the " Jew, and natural Branch, be grafted in- " to its genuine and mother Tree, where- ** in propinquity of nature is like, fo rea- *' dily and profperoufly, to effeft a coali- " tion ? And this more efpecially by the " exprefled way of infition or implantati- " on, the Olive being not fuccefsfully pro- " pagable by Seed, nor at all by furcula-

" tion.

Trees h are her Houfe, This exprejffion , in our prai. 104. Tranflation, which keeps clofe to the Ori- *^' ginal Chafidah, is fomewhat different from

the Greek and Latin Tranflation ; nor a- greeable unto common obfervation, where- by they are known commonly to build upon Chimneys, or the tops of Houfes, and high Buildings , which notv\^ithftanding, the common Tranflation may clearly confift with obfervation , if we confider that this is commonly affirmed of the black Stork, and take notice of the de- fcription of Ornithologus in Aldrovandus,

that

Tracft I. mention d in Scripture. 4p

that fuch Storks are often found in divers parts, and that they do in Arhorihus nidu- lari, prcefertim in ahietihus ; Make their Nefls on Trees, elpecially upon Firre Trees. Nor wholly difagreeing unto the practice of the common white Stork, according unto Varro, nidulantur in agris : and the conceflion of Aldrovandus that fometimes they build on Trees : and the aflertion of "^ Bellonius, that men drefs them Nefts, * B<llcn?us and place Cradles upon high Trees, in Ma- '^^ '^^'^*^- rifli regions, that Storks m.ay breed upon them : which courfe fome obferve for Herns and Cormorants with us. And this building of Storks upon Trees, may be alfo anfwerable unto the original and natural way of building of Storks be- fore the political habitations of men, and the raifing of Houfes and high Buildings; before they were invited by luch conveni- ences and prepared Nefts, to relinquiih their natural places of nidulation. I fay, before or where fuch advantages are not ready; when Shallows found orhef places than Chimneys, and Daws found other places than holes in high Fabricks to build in.

34. And , therefore , Ifrael [aid carry Ba!m, in down the man a prefent-, a little Balm,^^^^^' ^*" a little Honey, and Myrrhe, Nuts and Almonds, Now whether this, which

E Jacob

50 Obferv.npon fever al Plants TradlL

Jacob fent, were the proper Balfam ex- tolled by humane Writers, you cannot but make fome doubt, who find the Greek Tranflation to be 'Vvdm, that is, Rejina, and fo may have fome fufpicion that it might be fome pure diftillation from the Turpentine Tree , which grows profpe- roufly and plentifully in Judaea, and feems fo underftood by the Arabick ; and was indeed efteemed by Theophrajius and Diof- corides, the chieteft of refinous Bodies, and the word Refina Emphatically ufed for it. .

That the Balfam Plant hath grown and profpered in Judcea we believe with- out difpute. For the fame is attefted by Theophrajius, Pliny , Juftims, and many more ; from the commendation that Galen affbrdeth of the Balfam of Syria, and the ftory of Cleopatra, that flie obtain'd fome Plants of Balfam from Herod the Great to tranfplant into ^gypt. But whether it was fo anciently in Judaa as the time of Jacob ; nay, whether this Plant was here before the time o{ Solomon, that great colled:our of Vegetable rarities, fome doubt may be made trom the account of Jofe- phus, that the Queen of Sheha, a part of Arabia , among prefents unto Solomon , brought fome Plants of the Balfam Tree, as one of ithe peculiar eftimables of her Country. Whe-

Trad:L mention d in Scripture. 51

Whether this ever had its natural growth, or were an original native Plant oijudaa^ much more that it was pecuhar unto that Country , a greater doubt may arife : while we reade in Paufanias, Straho and DiodoruSy that it grows alfo in Arabia^ and find in * Theophrafius, that it grew * Thco- in two Gardens about Jericho in Judaa, J^"^* ^ And more efpecially whiles wx ferioufly confider that notable difcourfe between Ahdella, Ahdachim and Alpinus, conclu- ding the natural and original place of this fingular Plant to be in Arabia, about Me-- cha and Medina, where it ftill plentifully groweth, and Mountains abound therein. From whence it hath been carefully tranf- planted by the Bajhas oi Grand Cairo, into the Garden of Mat are a ; where, when it dies, it is repaired again from thofe parts oi Arabia, from whence the Grand Signi- or yearly receiveth a prefent of Balfam from the Xeriff of Mecha, ftill called by the Arabians Balejjan ; whence they be- lieve arofe the Greek appellation Balfam. And fince thefe Balfam-plants are not now to be found in Jud^a, and though purpofely cultivated, are often loft in Ju- d(ea, but evcrlaftingly live, and naturally renew in Arabia ; They probably conclu- ded, that thofe oijudiea were foreign and tranfplanted from thefe parts. ^ •

El AH

5 2 Obferv. upon fever al Plants Trad: I.

All which notwithftanding, fince the

fame Plant may grow naturally and fpon-

taneoufly in feveral Countries, and either

from inward or outward caufes be loll: in

one Region, while it continueth and fub-

fifteth in another, the Balfam Tree might

po/Tibly be a native of JuJa^a as well as of

Arabia ; which becaufe de fatio it cannot

be clearly^ made out, the ancient exprefli-

ons of Scripture become doubtful! in this

point. But fince this Plant hath not, for

a long time, grown in Judaea, and ftill

plentit'ully prolpers in Arabia, that which

now comes in pretious parcels to us, and

ftill is called the Balfam oijudcea, may now

furrender its name, and more properly be

called the Balfam of Arabia.

Barley, Flax, ^ ^, And the Flax and the Barley was

Exod!o.2i./^^^^^^5 /<?r the Barley was in the Ear,

and the Flax was boiled, but the Wheat and

the Rye was not fmitten, for they were not

* Linutn foi- grown up, "*" How the Barley and the Flax

nJina/irf ^' ihould be fmitten in the plague of Hail in

am^i^Ti^Qy, /Egypt, and the Wheat and Rye cfcape, be-

ScSa ^^^^^ ^^^^y were not yet grown tip, may

Lat, ' feem flrange unto Englidi obfervers, who

'i-\njM, Gr, call Barley Summer Corn fown fo many

months after Wheat, and, befide hordeum

Tolyftichon, or big Barley, fowe not Barley

in the Winter, to anticipate the growth

of Wheat.

And

Tradl I. mention d in Scripture. 5 3

And the fame may alfo feem a prepo- flerous expreflion unto all who do not confider the various Agriculture, and dit-. ferent Husbandry of Nations, and iuch as was pradifed in ^gypty and fairly proved io have b^en alfo ufed in Judcea, whereia their Barley Harveft was before that of Wheat ; as is confirmable from that ex- pre/lion m Ruth, that fhe came into Bet h^ lehem at the heginmng of Barley Harvefl^ and ftaid unto the end of Wheat Harveft ; from the death of Manajfes the Father of Judith, Emphatically exprefled to have happened in the Wheat Harveft, and more advanced heat of the Sun ; and from the cuftom of the Jews, to offer the Barley Sheaf of the firft fruits in March, and a Cake of Wheat Flower but at the end of Tentecofl, Confonant unto the praftice of thcitgyptians, who (as Theophraflus delivereth) fowed their Barley early in reference to their firft Fruits ; and alfo the common rural practice, recorded by the fame Authour , Mature feritur Triticum, Hordeum, quod etiam maturius feritur \ Wheat and Barley are fowed early , hut Barley earlier of the two.

Flax was alfo an early Plant, as may be

illuftrated from the neighbour Country of

Canaan. For the Ifraelites kept the Pafle-^

over in Gilgal in the fourteenth day of the

E 3 firft

54 Obferv.upon fever al Plants Tradtl.

firft Month, anfwering unto part of our March y having newly pafled Jordan : And the Spies which were fent from Shittim unto Jericho, not many days before, were^ hid by Rahab under the ftalks of Flax, w^hich lay drying on the top of her Houle ; which Iheweth that the Flax was alrea- dy and newly gathered. For this was the firft preparation of Flax, and before fluvi? ation or rotting, which, after Pliny s ac- count, was after Wheat Harveft.

But the Wheat and the Rye were not fmitten, for they were not grown up. The Ori^nal ilgnifies that it w^as hidden, or dark^ the Vulgar and Septuagint that it vjzs ferotinous or late, and our old Tranf- lation that it was late [own. And fo the exprelTion and interpofition oi Mojes, who wxU underftood the Husbandry oi /Egypt, might Emphatically declare the ftate of Wheat and Rye in that particular year ; and if fo, the fame is folvable from the time of the floud of i^ilus, and the mea- fure of its inundation. For if it were very high, and over-drenching the ground, they were forced to later Seed-time; and fo the Wheat and the Rye efcaped ; for they were more (lowly growing Grains, and, by rea- fon of the greater inundation of the Ri- ver, were fown later than ordinary that year, efpecially in the Plains near the

' ' River,

Tradt I. mention d in Scripttire. 5 5

River, where the ground drieth lateft.

Some think the plagues oi/^gypt were afted in one Month, others but in the compafs of twelve. In the delivery of Scripture there is no account, of what time of the year or particular Month they fell out ; but the account of thefe Grains, which were either fmitten or efcaped, make the plague of Hail to have probably hapned in February : This may be col- led:ed from the new and old account of the Seed time and Harveft in ^gypt. For, according to the account of * Radzevil, * Ridzcviri the River rifing in June, and the Banks ^'''*^^''- being cut in September , they fow about S. Andrews^ when the Floud is retired, and the moderate drinefs of the ground per- mitteth. So that the Barley anticipating the Wheat, either in time of fowing or growing, might be in Ear in February,

The account of f Fliny is little differ tPJ"n-^'^.i8. rent. They caft the Seed upon the Slime ^^^* *^* and Mudd when the River is down, which commonly happeneth in the begin- ning of November, They begin to reap and cut down a little before the Calends qH April, about the middle of ^^rc)E^, and in the Month of May their Harveft is in. ^ So that Barley anticipating Wheat, it might be in Ear in February, and Wheat not yet grown up, at leaft to the Spindle

E 4 or

5,^ Obfew. upon fever al Plants Tradl I.

or Ear, to be deftroyed by the Hail. For they cut down about the middle oi March, at leaft: their torward Corns, and in the Month of May all forts of Corns were in,

The turning of the River into Bloud fliews in what Month this happened not. That is, not wheij the River had overr flown ,• for it is faid, the /Egyptians dig- ged round about the River for Water to drink, which they could not have done, if the River had been out, and the Fields under Water.

In the fame Text you cannot, without fome hefitation, pafs over the tranflation of Rye, which the Original nameth Caf- Jumeth, the Greek rendreth Olyra^ th.e French and Dutch Spelta, the Lmn Zea, and not Secak the known word for Rye. But this common Rye fo well underftood at prefent, was not diftinftly defcribed, pr not well known from early Antiquity. And therefore, in this uncertainty, fome have thought it to have been the Typha of the Ancients. Cor dm will have it to be Qlyra, and Ruellitis fome kind of Oryza. But having no vulgar and well known naniie for thofe Grains, we warily embrace an appellation of near aiBnity, and tolera- bly render it Rye,

While Flax, Barley, Wheat and Rye are named, fome rn^y vi^onder why no men-

Trail I. mentioned in Scripture. 57

tion is made of Ryce, wherewith, at pre- fent, /Egypt fo much aboundeth. But whether that Plant grew fo early in that Country, fome doubt may be made : for Ryce is originally a Grain of India^ and might not then be tranfplanted into ^- gypt.

3 6, Let them become as the Grafs grow- Sheaves of ing upon the Hcufe top, which ^^thereth^^^^^^'*^^^^^ before it be plucked up, whereof the mow- er filleth not his hand, nor he that bindeth ^^^tiWw. Sheaves his bofome. Though xk\z filling of .gnfH 1 ni the hand, and mention of Sheaves of Hay, -^^ «? -^^ may feem ftrange unto us, who ufe neither handfulls nor Sheaves in that kind of Hus- bandry, yet may it be properly taken, and you are not like to doubt thereof, who may find the like expreflions in the Authours de Re ruftica , concerning the old way of this Husbandry.

^ Columella , delivering what Works * Columella wxre not to be permitted upon the Ro- ^'*'^'^f^;"* man Feri^, or Feftivals, among others lets down, that upon fuch days, it was not lawful! to carry or bind up Hay, nee fxnum vincire r^ec veh^re, per religiones. Pontificum licet.

Marcus f Farro is more particular ; f Varro Prim urn de fir at is herb arum cum crefcere^^^*^'^^^'^^* dejiit^ fubfecari fakibus debet, & quoad fieracefcat ft^rcillis verjari , cum peracuit,

de

5^ Obferv. upon [everal Plants Trad: I. de htsmanipulos fieri & vehi in villam. And their courfe of mowing feems fomewhat different from ours. For they cut not down clear at once, but ufed an after fedion, which they peculiarly called Sicilitium, according as the word is ex- pounded by Georgius Alexandrinus, and Beroa/dus 2iker Pliny ; Sicilire eft falciius ^x^,ii .ii. conJeHari qu£e foenifecce prceteriermt, aut ea fecare quce fosnifeae prceterierunt. Juniper Tree, 37. When 'tis faid that Elias lay and i9.\^&c'. ^P^ under a Juniper Tree, fome may wonder how that Tree, which in our parts groweth but low and flirubby, ihould af- ford him fliade and covering. But others know that there is a leller and a lai^er kind of that Vegetable ; that it makes a Tree in its proper foil and region. And may find in Pliny that in the Temple of Diana Saguntina in Spain, the Rafters were made of Juniper. 'fpfai;i2o.4. In that expreffion of * David, Sharp Arrows of the mighty, with Coals of Ju- niper ; Though Juniper be left out in the laft Trarifiation, yet may there be an Em- phatical fenfe from that word ; fince Ju- niper abounds with a piercing Oil, and makes a fmart Fire. And the rather, if that quality be half true, which Pliny af- firmeth, that the Coals of Juniper raked up will keep a glowing Fire for the fpace

of

Tradl I. mention d in Scripture. 59

of a year. For fo the expreflion will Em- phatically imply, not onely xhtfmart bur- ning, hut the lajling fire of their malice.

That paflage of* Job^ wherein he com- '^ Job 30.^,4. plains that poor and half famiflied fellows • defpifed him, is of greater difficulty ; For want and famine they were folitary , they cut up Mallows by the Bufhes, and Juniper' roots for meat. Wherein we might at firft doubt the Tranflation, not onely from the Greek Text but the aflertion of Diofiori- des, who affirmeth that the roots of Ju- niper are of a venomous quality. But ' Scaliger hath difproved the fame from the pracStice of the African Phyficians, who ufe the decoftion of Juniper roots againft the Venereal Difeafe. The Chaldee reads it Gentfia, or fome kind of Broom, which will be alfo unufual and hard Diet, ex- cept thereby we underftand th^Orobanche, or Broom Rape, which groweth from the roots of Broom ; and which, according to Diofcorides, men ufed to eat raw or boi- led in the manner of Afparagm.

And, therefore, this expreffion doth high- ly declare the mifery, poverty and extre- mity of the perfons who were now moc- kers of him ; they being fo contemptible and neceffitous, that they were fain to be content, not with a mean Diet, but fuch as was no Diet at all, the roots of Trees,

thq

^o Obferv. upon fever al Plants TradlL

the roots of Juniper, which none would

make ufe of tor Food, but in the lowefl:

necefTity, and fome, degr^.e of famifliing.

Scarlet Ttnc- ^ 8. While fome have difputed whether

I?*"^' ^o o Theophraflus knew the Scarlet Berry, o^

Gen. 58. 28. , ^ , V , T T . 1 • *

Exod. 25. thers may doubt whetlier that noble tine-' 4,8cc. ture were known unto, the Hebrews, which notwithftanding feefns cleai^''lron:^ the early and iterated expreffions of Scrip-, ture concerning the Scarlet Tinfture, ^ and ' is the lefs to be doubted becaufe the Scar- let Berry grew plentifully in the Land of Canaan, and fo they were furnilhed with the Materials of that Colour. For though Diofiorides faith it groweth in Armenia and Cappadocia, yet that it alfo grew in Judceay feems more than probable from the account of Bellonlm, who obferved it to be fo plentifull in that Country, that it afforded a profitable Commodity , and great quantity thereof was tranfported by the Venetian Merchants.

How this fhould be fitly, exprefled . by, the "woxA Tolagnoth, Vermis, ox Worm, may be made out from Pliny, who calls it Coccus Scolecius, or the Wormy Berry ; as alfo from the name of that Colour cal-. led Vermilion, or the Worm Colour ; and which is alfo anfwerable unto the true nature of it. For this is no proper Berry containing the fruftifying part, but a kind

Tra6l I. mention d in Scripture. 6 1

of Vehicular excrefcence, adhering com- monly to the Leaf of the Ilex Coccigera, or dwarf and fmall kind of Oak, whofe Leaves are always green, and its proper feminal parts Acrons. This little Bagg containeth a red Pulp, which, if not time- ly gathered, or left to it felf, produceth fmall red Flies, and partly a red powder, both feryiceable unto the tinfture. And therefore, to prevent the generation of Flies, when it is firft gathered, they fprinkle it over with Vinegar, efpecially fuch as make ufe of the freih Pulp for the confeftion oi Alkermes ; which ft ill retai- neth the Arabick name, from the Kermes- berry \ which is agreeable unto the de- fcription of Eellonim and Quinqueranus. And the fame we have beheld in Provence and Languedock, where it is plentifully gathered, and called Manna Rufttcorum, from the confiderable profit which the Peafants make by gathering of it.

39. Mention is made of Oaks in divers ^'^t^i '« parts of Scripture, which thougfi the La- ^^l\^,^i, tin fometimes renders a Turpentine Tree,ira. 1. 29. yet furely fome kind of Oak may be un- ^}^^ ^^' ^* derftood thereby ; but whether our com- 13, &c.^' mon Oak as is commonly apprehended,you may well doubt ; for the common Oak, which profpereth fo well with us, deligh- teth not in hot regions. And that diligent

Bota-

^2 Ohferv. Upon feveral Plants Tra(5lL

Botanift BeSanius, who took fuch parti- cular notice of the Plants of Syria and Judaea, obferved not the vulgar Oak in thofe parts. But he found the Ilex, Che- fue Verde, or Ever-green Oak, in many places ; as alfo that kind of Oak which is properly named Efculus : and he makes mention thereof in places about Jerufalem, and in his Journey from thence unto Da- tnafcus, where he found Monies like, ^ Efculo virentes ; which, in his Difcourfe of Lemnos , he faith are always green. * a Sam. i8. And therefore when it is faid ^ oiAhfalom, ^» ^^* that his Mule went under the thick Boughs of a great Oak, and his Head caught hold of the Oaky and he was taken up between the Heaven and the Earth, that Oak might be fome Ilex, or rather EJculus, For that is a thick and busftiy kind, in Orbem co- mofa, as Dale-champius; ramis in orhem difpofitis comans, as Renealmus defcribeth t a King. it. And when it is faid t that Ezechias ^' broke down the Images, and cut down the Groves, they might much confift of Oaks, which were facred unto Pagan Deities, as this more particularly, according to that of Firgil,

— Nemoriimque Jovi qua maxima frondet Efculus, —

And,

Tra(5t I. mention d in Scripture. ^3

And, in Judaa, where 00 Hogs were ea- ten by the Jews, and few kept by others, 'tis not unlikely that they moft cheri- fhed the Efculus^ which might ferve for Food of men. For tlie Acrons thereof are the fweeteft of any Oak, and tafte like Chefnuts ; and fo, producing an edulious or efculent Fruit, is properly named^«///x. They which know the Ilex, or Ever- green Oak, with fomewhat prickled Leaves, named Il^iv©., will better under- ftand the irreconcileable anfwer of the two Elders, when the one accufed Sufan'^ «a of incontinency under a n^iV^L, or fi- ver-green Oak, the other under a 2;^^i'i'(gL, LentifcuSy or Maftick Tree, which are fo different in Bignefs, Boughs, Leaves and Fruit, the one bearing Acrons, the other Berries: And, without the knowledge hereof, will not Emphatically or diftindlly underltand that of the Poet,

Flavaque de viridi ftillalant like mella.

40. When we often meet with the Ce- cUau of dars of UhanuSy that expreffion may be^*^""** ufed not onely becaufe they grew in a known and neighbour Country, but alfo becaufe they were of the nobleft and lar- geft kind of that Vegetable ; And we find the Phoenician Cedar magnified by the

Anci-

■^4 Obferv. ufon fever al Plants Tra(5l 1.

Ancients. The Cedar of Lihanus is a r^* niferous Tree, bearing Cones or Cloggs ; (not Berries) of fuch a vaflnefs, that MeU chior Luffy, a great Traveller, found one upon Lihanus as big as feven men could compafs. Some are now k curious as to keep the Branches and Cones thereof among their rare Colleftions. And, though much Cedar Wood be now brought from Ameri- ca, yet 'tis time to take notice of the true Cedar of Lihanus^ imployed in the Tem- ple of Solomon ; for they have been much deftroyed and neglefted, and become at laft but thin. Bellonius could reckon but twenty eight, Rovoolfius and Radzevil but twenty. four, and Bidulphus the fame * i4 Journey number. And a later account of * fome ry^erufaicm, Englifh Travellers faith, that they are now but in one place, and in a fmall compafs, in Lihanus. Vndnumci- Quando ingrejfi fueritis terram, ^ Plan-

^^yfil'^l^Z f^'^e^'^t^s ^« ^^^ ^^S^^ Pomifera, auferetis prceputia eorum, Poma qute germinant im* mmda erunt vohis, nee edetis ex eis. Quar- to autem anno, omnis fruEius eorum fantiifi^ cahitur, laudahilis Domino. Quinto autem anno comedetis frutlus. By this Law they were injoyned not to eat of the Fruits of the Trees which they planted for the Jirji three years: and, as the Vulgar exprefleth it, to take away the Prepuces, from fuch

Trees,

Tra6l I. mention d in Scripture. 6^

Trees, during that time ; the Fruits of the fourth year being holy unto the Lord, and thofe of the fitth allowable unto others. Now if auferre praeputia be taken, as ma- ny learned men have thought, to pluck \ away the bearing Buds, before they pro- ceed unto Flowers or Fruit, you will rea- dily apprehend the Metaphor, from the analogy and fimilitudc of thofe Sprouts and Buds, which, (hutting up the fruitful! particle, refembleth the preputial part.

And you may alfo find herein a piece of Husbandry not mentioned in Theophra-^ ftus , or Columella. For by taking away of the Buds, and hindering fruftification, the Trees become more vigorous, both in growth and future production. By fuch a way King Pyrrhus got into a lufty race of Beeves, and fuch as were defired over all Greece, by keeping them from Gene- ration untill the ninth year.

And you may alfo difcover a phyfical advantage of the goodnefs of the Fruit,- which becomerh kfs crude and mord wholfome, upon the fourth or fifth years produftion.

41. While you reade in Theophraftus,J'^^'^^f^P f>f or modern Herbalifts, a ftrift divifron of^^^^^^jJJ* Plants, into Arbor, Frutex, Suffrutex & Tree^ in Herba, you cannot but take notice of the ^^°' '* '*' Scriptural divifion at the Creation, into F Tre^

66 Obferv. upon feveral Plants Trad I.

Tree and Heri : and this may feem too narrow to comprehend the Clajffis of Ve- getables ; which , notwithftanding, may be fufficient, and a plain and intelligible divifion thereof. And therefore in this diiBculty concerning the divifion of Plants, the learned Botanift, defalpinus, thus con- cludeth, Clarius agemus Jt altera div'tfione neglellHy duo tan turn Plant arum genera fuh- Jfituamus, Arhorem fcilicet , © Her I am ^ conjungentes cum Arhorilus Frutkes , & cum Her ha Suffrutkes 5 Frutices being the lefler Trees, and Suffrutkes the larger, har- der and more folid Herbs.

And tliis divifion into Herb and Tree, may alfo fuffice, if we take in that natu- ral ground of the divifion of perfeft Plants, and fuch as grow from Seeds. For Plants, in their firft production, do fend forth two Leaves adjoining to the Seed; and then afterwards, do either produce two other Leaves, and fo fucceflively before any Stalk; and fuch go under the name of XlocL, Boldvy]^ or Heri ; or elfe, after the firft Leaves fucceeding to the Seed Leaves, they fend forth a Stalk, or rudiment of a Stalk before any other Leaves, and fuch fall under the Claflis of Aiv^^ov, or Tree. So that, in this natural divifion, there are but two grand differences, that is. Tree and HerL The Frutex and Suffrutex have

the

Tra6t I. mention d in Scripture. 6j

the way of produdion from the Seed, and in other refpeds the Suffrutkes, or Cremia, have a middle and participating nature, and referable unto Herbs.

4z. / have feen the ungodly in great The Bay Tree^ power, and flourijhing like a green Bay Tree. '"/* ^^' Both Scripture and humane Writers draw frequent illuftrations from Plants. Scrih- nius Largus illuftrates the old Cymbals from the Cotyledon Falujlris, or Vmheli- CHS Veneris, Who would expeft to find Aaron ^ Mitre in any Plant ? yet Jofephus hath taken fome pains to make out the fame in the feminal knop of HyofcyamuSy or Henbane. The Scripture compares the Figure of Manna unto the Seed of Corian- der. In * Jeremy we find the expreflion, * Jcr. lo. %\ Str eight as a Palm Tree : And here the wicked in their flourifhing (late are like- ned unto a Bay Tree. Which, fufficient-* ly anfwering the fenfe of the Text, we are unwilling to exclude that noble Plant from the honour of having its name in Scripture. Yet we cannot but obferve, that the Septuagint renders it Cedars, and the Vulgar accordingly, Fidi impium fu-, perexaltatum, & elevatum ficut Cedros Li'>' hani', and the Tranflation of Tremelius mentions neither Bay nor Cedar ; Sefe ex* plicantem tanquam Arhor indigena virens ; which feems to have been followed by the

F 2 laft

6S Obferv. upon fever al Plants Tradll.

laft Low Dutch Tranflation. A private Tranflation renders it like a green Je/f- "f-Am^vionh. growing "*" Laurel. The High Dutch of Luther s Bible, retains the word Laurel ; and fo doth the old Saxon and liland Tranflation ; fo alfo the French, Spaniih ; and Italiarf of Diodati : yet his Notes ac- knowledge that fome think it rather a Cedar, and others any large Tree in a profpering and natural Soil.

But however thefe Tranflations differ, the fenfe is allowable and obvious unto ap- prehenfion: when no particular Plant is named, any proper to the fenfe may be fuppofed ; where either Cedar or Laurel is mentioned, if the preceding words [^exalted and elevated^ be u fed, they are more appliable unto the Cedar;, where the word [^flourijhing ] is ufed, it is more agreeable unto the Laurel, which, in its profperity, abounds with pleafant Flowers, whereas thofe of the Cedar are very little, and fcarce perceptible, anfwerable to the Firre, Pine and other coniferous Trees. Jhi Figg 4j. And in the mornings when they were

sffiixk. 1 1/^^^^ /rf7/w Bethany y he was hungry ; and i^,&c. feeing a Figg Tree afar off having Leaves, he came, if haply he might fnd any thing thereon ; and when he came to it, he found nothing hut Leaves : for the time of Figgs was not yet. Singular conceptions have

pafled

Tradl I. 'mention d in Scripture. 69

pafled from learned men to make out this paffige of S. Mark, which ^ S. Matthew fo * Matt, lu plainly delivereth; moft men doubting '^' why our Saviour fliould curfe the Tree for bearing no Fruit, when the time of Fruit was not yet come ; or why it is faid th2it*the time of Figgs was not yet, when, notwithftanding, Figgs might be found at that feafon.

•\HeinfiHSy who thinks that Elias muft t "^^"^"* falve the doubt, according to the received '" ^^""""* Reading of the Text, undertaketh to vary the fame, reading 8 ^ \v^ H^^^^ aivMv^ that is, for where he ivas, it was the feafon or time for Figgs.

A learned || Interpreter of our own, 11 c>. Ham- without alteration of accents or words, °"°'^^* endeavours to falve all, by another inter- pretation of the fame, QJ ^ k^i^q^; av-^v. For it was not a good or feafonahle year for

But, becaufe men part not eafily with old beliefs, or the received conftru(ftion of words, we iliall briefly fet down what may be alledged for it.

And, firft, for the better comprehenfi- on of all deduftions hereupon, we may confider the feveral differences and diftinc- tions both of Figg Trees and their Fruits, Suidas upon the word '\(^x^^ makes four divifion^ of Figgs, "OAw'.^^, ^!\>^%y ^vttov

F J and

70 Obferv. 7iponfeveral Plants Tradl I.

and 'Icr^ci^. But becaufe $kA«| makes no confiderable diflinftion, learned men do chiefly infift upon the three others ; that is, ""OAvv^g, or Grojfus , which are the Buttons, orfmall fortofFiggs, either not ripe, or not ordinarily proceeding to ripe- nefs, but fall away at leafl in the greateft part, and efpecially in fliarp Winters; which are alfo named Sj;;^^^^;, and diftin- guiflied from the Fruit of the wild Figg, or Caprjficus, which is named 'E^ivihq, and never cometh unto ripenefs. iThe fecond is called ^uyuiv^ or Fkus, which common-^ ly proceedeth unto ripenefs in its due fea- fon. A third the ripe Figg dried, which pnaketh the 'la';^^^^, or Carrier.

Of Figg Trees there are alfo many divi- fions ; For fome are prodromi, or precoci-? ous, which bear Fruit very early, whether* they bear once, or oftner in the year; fome are proterkce, which are the mofl: early of the precocious Trees, and bear fooneft of any ; fome are leftivie, which bear in the common feafon of the Sum- mer, and fome ferot'tnce which bear very late.

Some are hiferous and tr'tferons, which bear twice or thrice in the year, and fome are of the ordinary (landing courfe, whictj jnalie up the expeded feafon of Figgs.

Again

Tradl L mention d in Scripture. 7 1

Again fome Figg Trees, either in their proper kind, or tertility in fome fingle ones, do bear Fruit or rudiments of Fruit all the year long ; as is annually obferva- ble in fome kind of Figg Trees in hot and proper regions ; and m^y alfo be obferved in fome Figg Trees of more temperate Countries, m years of no great difadvan- tage, wherein, when the Summer-ripe Figg is paft, others begin to appear, and fo, {landing in Buttons all the Winter, do either fall away before the Spring, or elfe proceed to ripenefs.

Now, according to thefe diftinftbns, we may meafure the intent of the Text, and endeavour to make out the expreflion. For, confidering the diverfity of thefe Trees, and their feveral frudifications ^ probable or pofTible it is, that fome there- of were implied, and may literally afford a folution.

And firft, though it was not the feafon for Figgs, yet fome Fruit might have been expected, even in ordinary bearing Trees. For the Grojft or Buttons appear before the Leaves, efpecially before the Leaves are well grown. Some might have flood du- ring the Winter, and by this time been of fome growth : Though many fall offi yet fome might remain on,^nd proceed to- ward? maturity. And we find that good

F 4 Hus-

72 Obferv, upon [ever al Plajtts Tradll.

Husbands had an art to make them hold on, as is deUvered by Theophrajliu.

The ^vKMv or common Summer Figg was not expedited ; for that is placed by Galen among the Frutius Horarit, or Honei^ which ripen in that part of Summer, cal- led'^He^, and {lands commer^ded by him above other Fruits of that feafon. And of this kind might be the Figgs which were brought unto Cleopatra in a Basket toge- ther with an Afp, according to the time of her death on. the nineteenth of ^^^^y?. And that our Saviour expeftcd not I'uch Figgs, but fome other kind, feems to be . implied in the indefinite expreiTion, if hap- ly he might find any thing thereon ; which in that Country, and the variety of fuch TVees, might not be defpaired of, at this feafon, and very probably hoped for in the firft precocious and early bearing Trees. And that there were precocious and early bearing Trees in Judcea, may be illuftra- ted from fome expreffions in Scripture Jer. 24 2, concerning precocious Figgs ; * Calathus unus hah eh at Ficus honas nimis, ficut jolent ejfe Ficus primi temporis ; One Basket had very good Figgs, even like the Figgs that are firft ripe. And the like might be more efpecially expedted in this place, if this remarkable Tr^ be rightly placed in fome M^pps of Jerufalem ; for it is placed, by

Adri'

Tradll. vientmid in Scripture. 73

Adrichomius, in or nt2it Bethphage, which , fome conjeflrures will have to be ihtHoufe

I ^/ ^-^<Sg^ •* ^^^ ^^ ^'^^^ P'^^^ ^'§§ Trees are I ft ill to be found, if we confult the Tra- vels of Eidulphus,

Again , in this great variety of Figg Trees, as precocious, proterical, biferous, triferous, and always bearing Trees, fome- thing might have been expefted, though the time of common Figgs was not yet. For fome Trees bear in a manner all the year ; as may be illuftrated from the Epi- ftle of the Emperour Julian, concerning his Prefent of Damafcus Figgs, which he commendeth from their fucce/Tive and con- tinued growing and bearing, after the man- ner of the Fruits which Homer defcribeth in the Garden oi Alcinous^ And though it were then but about the eleventh of March, yet, in the Latitude of Jerufalem, the Sun at that time hath a good power in the day, and might advance the matu- rity of precocious often-bearing or ever- bearing Figgs. And therefore when it is faid '^ that S. feter flood and warmed him- * s. Mark felf by the Fire in the Judgment Hall, and ^^'ll^^ ^2 the reafon is added [ f for it was coW] $5, 55. that expreffion might be interpofed either ^^' |°^ to denote the coolnefs in the Morning, according to hot Countries, or fome ex- traordinary and unufualcoldnefs, which

happe-

74 Ob[erv.uf07i fever al Plants Trad: I. happened at that time. For the fame Bi- dulphus, who was at that time of the year at Jerufalem, faith, that it was then as hot as at Midfummer in England : and we find in Scripture, that the firft Sheaf of Barley- was offer'd in March.

Our Saviour therefore, feeing a Figg Tree with Leaves well fpread, and fo as to be diftinguiihed a far off] went unto it, and when he came, found nothing but Leaves ; he found it to be no precocious, or always-bearing Tree : And though it were not the time for Summer Figgs, yet he found no rudiments thereof; and though he expeded not common Figgs, yet fomething might happily have been expefted of fome other kind, according to different fertility, and variety of pro- duction; but, difcovering nothing, he found a Tree anfwering the State of the Jewifli Rulers, barren unto all expefta- tion.

And this is confonant unto the myftery of the Story, wherein the Figg Tree de- noteth the Synagogue and Rulefs of the Jews, whom God having peculiarly cul- tivated, fingularly blefled and cheriflied, he expefted from them no ordinary, flow, or cuftomaryfruftification, but an earli- nefs in good Works, a precocious or con- tinued fruftification, and was not content

with

Trad: I. mention d in Scripture. 75

with common after-bearing; and might

juftly have expoftulated with the Jews, as

God by the Prophet "^ Mkah did with their * Micah 7. i.

Forefathers; Pracoquas F/cus defideravit

Anima me a, My Soul longed for ^ (or defi-

red) early ripe Fruits y hut ye are lecort$e

as a Vine already gathered, and there is

no clufler upon you,

Laftly , In this account of the Figg Tree, the myftery and fymbolical fenfe is chief- ly to be looked upon. Our Saviour, there- fore, taking a hint from his hunger to go i unto this fpecious Tree, and intending, by j this Tree, to declare a Judgment upon the I Synagogue and people of the Jews , he i came unto the Tree, and, after the ufual ♦ manner, inquired, and looked about for fome kind of Fruit, as he had done before in the Jews, but found nothing but Leaves and fpecious outfides, as he had alfo found in them ; and when it bore no Fruit like them, when he expefted it, and came to look for it, though it were not the time of ordinary Fruit, yet failing when he re- quired it, in the myfterious fenfe, 'twas fruitlefs longer to expeft it. For he had come unto them, and they were nothing fruftified by it, his departure approached, and his time of preaching was now at an end.

Now,

7^ Obferv.upon Jeveral Pla7its Tracftl.

Now, in this account, befides the Mi- racle, fome things are naturally confide- rable. For it may be queftion'd how the Figg Tree, naturally a fruittuU Plant, be- came barren, for it had no fliew or fo niuch as rudiment of Fruit : And it was, in old time, a fignal Judgment of God, , that the Figg Ire^ Jhould hear no Fruit : j and therefore this Tree may naturally be 1 conceived to have been under fome Dif- eafe indifpofing it to fuch frudification. And this, in the Pathology of Plants, may be the Difeafe of ^^Mo,M^i//a, I/z^l/M/t^o^,- or fuperfoliation mention'd by Tbeophra-^ ftus ; whereby the fruftifying Juice is ftar-

^ ved by the excefs of Leaves; which in this Tree were already fo full fpread, that it might be known and diftinguiihed a far off. And this was, alfo, a iharp refem- blance of the hypocrifie of the Rulers, made up of fpecious outfides, and fruitlefs oftentation, contrary to the Fruit of the

^ Figg Tree, Vv^hich, filled with a fvveet and pleafant pulp, makes no ftiew without, not fo much as of any Flower.

Some naturals are alfo confiderable from the propriety of this punifliment fettled upon a Figg Tree : For infertility and bar- rennefs feems more intolerable in this Tree than any, as being a Vegetable fin^ gularly conftituted for produftion ; fo far

from

Tra(5l I. mention d in Scripture. jy

from bearing no Fruit that it may be made to bear almoll: any. And therefore the Ancients fingled out this as the fitteft Tree whereon to graft and propagate other Fruits, as containing a plentifull and live- ly Sap, whereby other Cyons would pro- fper : And, therefore, this Tree was alfo facred unto the Deity of Fertility : and the Statua of Priapus- was made of the Figg Tree.

Olim Tr uncus eram Ficulnus inutile Lignum, M.

It hath alfo a peculiar advantage to pro- duce and maintain its Fruit above all other Plants, as not fubjed: to mifcarry in Flow- ers and Bloflbmes, from accidents of Wind and Weather. For it beareth no Flowers outwardly, and fuch as it hath, are within the Coat, as the later examination of Na- turalifts hath difcovered.

Laftly, It was a Tree wholly conftitu- ted for Fruit, w^herein if it faileth, it is in a manner ufelefs, the Wood thereof being of fo little ufe, that it affbrdeth proverbial expreffions,

HoY/io Ficulneus, argument urn Ficulneum.

for things of no validity.

44. /

7 8 Obferv. upon fever al Plants Trad. L

the Falm 44. I f aid I will go up into the Palm

Tree, in Tree, and take hold of the Boughs thereof. Cant. 7. . ^pj^-g expreffion is more agreeable unto the Palm than is commonly apprehended, for that it is a tall bare Tree bearing its Boughs but at the top and upper part ; fo that it muft be afcended betbre its Boughs or Fruit can be attained : And the going, get- ting or climbing up, may be Emphatical • in this Tree ; for the Trunk or Body there- of is naturally contrived for afcenfion, and made with advantage for getting up, as having many welts and eminencies, and fo as it were a natural Ladder, and Staves, * Piin. 13. by which it may be climbed, as*P liny ob- cap. 4. ferveth, Palmce teretes atque proceres, den- fis quadratifque potttcihus facile s fe adfcan^ dendum pra^hent, by this way men are able to get up into it. And the Figures of Indians thus climbing the fame are gra- phically defcribed in the Travels of Lin- fchvt^n. This Tree is often mentioned in Scripture, and was fo remarkable in J«- d^a, that in after-times it became the Emblem of that Country, as may be {cQn in that Medal of the Emperour Titus, with a Captive Woman fitting under a Palm, and the Infcription of Judaa Capta, And Pliny confirmeth the fame when he faith, Judaea Palmis inclyta.

45-. Many

Tra(5t L mention d in Scripture. 7^

45-. Many things are mention'd in Scrip- tuus^ in ture, which have an Eniphafis from this^^|^^*^*'>^» or the neighbour Countries: Forbefides the Cedars, the Syrian LiUes are taken notice of by Writers. That expreffion in the Canticles, * Thou art fair ^ thou art fair, * Cant. 4. i. thou hafl Doves eyes, receives a particular character, if we look not upon our com- mon Pigeons, but the beauteous and fine ey'd Doves of Syria.

When the Rump is fo ftriftly taken notice of in the Sacrifice of the Peace Offering , in thefe words, f The whole t Lcvit. %. 9. Rump, it fhall he taken off hard hy the Back-hone, it becomes the more confide- rable in reference to this Country, where Sheep had fo large Tails ; which, accor- ding to \\AriJiotle, were a Cubit broad 5 ll Ariftor. and fo they are ftill, as Be/Ionius hath de- ^^^j'^"'"'^^- livered.

When 'tis faid in theCanticles, f T'/^y + Cant,4. 2. Teeth are as a Flock of Sheep, which go up from the wafhing, whereof every one heareth Twins, and there is not one barren among them ; it may feem hard unto us of thefe parts to find whole Flocks bearing Twins, and not one barren among them; yet may this be better conceived in the fertile Flocks of thofe Countries, where Sheep have fo often two, fometimes three, and fometimes four, and which is fo frequent- ly ob-

So Ob few. upon fever al Plants Tradt L j

ly obferved by Writers of the neighbour I Country of ^gyft. And this fecundity, i and iruitiulneft of their Flocks, is anfwe- 1 rable unto the expreffion of the Pfalmift, \

* Pfal. 144. '*' That our Sheep may hring forth thoufands ^5' and ten thoufands in our Streets, And

hereby, befides what was fpent at their Tables, a good fupply was made for the great confumption of Sheep in their feve- ral kinds of Sacrifices; and of fo ma- ny thoufand Male unblemilhed yearUng Lambs, which were required at their Pafleovers.

Nor need we wonder to find fo frequent mention both of Garden and Field Plants ; fince Syria was notable of old for this cu* riofity and variety, according to Fliny, Sy- ria hortis operojijfima ; and fince Bellonius hath fo lately obferved of Jerufalem, that its hilly parts did fo abound with Plants, that they might be compared unto Mount Ida in Crete or Candia; which is the moft noted place for noble Simples yet known. Trees and 46. Though fo many Plants have their Herbs mt exprcfs Namcs in Scripture, yet others nam'd in are implied m lome Texts which are not Scripture, explicitly mention'cj. In the Feaft of Tabernacles or Booths, the Law was this,

♦ Lc?it. 23. * Thou jh alt take unto thee Boughs of good- ^®' ly Trees ^ Branches of the Palm, and the

Boughs

Tra6l I. mention d in Scripture. 8 1

Boughs of thick Trees, and Willows of the Brook. Now though the Text defcendeth not unto particulars of the goodly Trees^ and thick Trees ; yet Maimonides will tell u^ that for a goodly Tree they made ufe of the Citron Tree, which is fair and goodly to the eye, and well profpering in that Coun- try: And that for the thick Trees they ufed the Myrtle, which was no rare or in^ frequent Plant among them. And though it groweth but low in our Gardens, was not a little Tree in thofe parts ; in which Plant alfo the Leaves grew thick, and al*- mod covered the Stalk. And Curtius '^ Symphorianus in his defcription of the * Curtiui Exotick Myrtle, makes it. Folio denfijfimo^'^ ^"^^^^^^ fenis in ordinern verfibus. The Pafchal Lamb was to be eaten with bitternefs or bitter Herbs, not particularly fet down iit Scripture : but the Jewifli Writers declare, that they made ufe of Succory, and wild Lettuce, which Herbs while fome con-^ ceive they could not get down, as being very bitter, rough and prickly, they may confider that the time of the Pafiedver was in the Spring, when thefe Herbs are young and tender, and confequently lefs unplea- fant: befides, according to the Jewifli cu- ftom, thefe Herbs were dipped in theC^^- rofeth or Sawce made of Raifins ftamped with Vinegar, and were alfo eaten with G Bread I

82 Obferv. upon fever al Plants TradlL

Bread ; and they had four Cups of Wine allowed unto them ; and it was fufficient to take but a pittance of Herbs, or the quantity of an Olive. Reeds in 47. Though the famous paper Reed of scrtpture. Mgjft , be onely particularly named in ' Scripture ; yet when Reeds are fo often mention d, without fpecial name or dl- ftinftion, we may conceive their differen- ces may be comprehended, and that they were not all of one kind, or that the com- mon Reed was onely implied. For men- »Ezck4o.$. tion is made in * Ezekieloi a meafuring Reed of fix Culits : we find that they fmote our Saviour on the Head with a f 5. Matc.27. t Reed, and put a Sponge with Vinegar on ^^'^ ' 2L Reed, which was long enough to reach to his mouth, while he was upon the Croft; And with fuch differences of Reeds, f^al- latory, Sagittary, Scriptory^ and others, they might be furniflied in Judcea: For II Iofh.15.17. we find in the portion of |1 Ephraim, Vallis armdtneti ; and fo fet down in the Mapps oiAdricomius, and in our Tranflation the KivtxKana, ov^rooko'i Canes. And Bel- lontus tells us that the River Jordan affbr- deth plenty and variety of Reeds; out of fome whereof the Arabs make Darts, and light Lances, and out of others. Ar- rows; and withall that there plentifully groweth the fine Calamus ^ arundo Scrips

toria.

TradlL mention di7i Scripture. 8^

toria, or writing Reed, which they gather with the greateft care, as being of Angu- lar ufe and commodity at home and a- broad ; a hard Reed about the compafs of a Goofe or Swans Quill, whereof I have it^n fome polifhed and cut with a Webb ; which is in common ufe for writing throughout the Turkifli Dominions, they ufing not the Quills of Birds.

And whereas the fame Authour with other defcribers of thefe parts afErmeth, that the River Jordan, not far from Jeri- CO, is but fuch a Stream as a youth may throw* a Stone over it, or about eight fa- thoms broad, it doth not diminiih the ac- count and folemnity of the miraculous pajflage of the Ifraelites under Jofhua ; For it muft be confidered, that they pailed it in the time of Harveft, when the River was high, and the Grounds about it under Water, according to that pertinent paren- thefis. As the Feet of the Priejis, which carried the Ark, were dipped in the brim of the Water, (for * Jordan overfloweth all * Joili. 3. 1$. its Banks at the time of Harveft.) In this confideration it was well joined with the sreat River Euphrates, in that expreflion m f Ecclefiafticus, God maketh the under* tEcclu5.34* (ianding to abound like Euphrates^ and as ^^* Jordan in the time of Harveft.

G % Tht

84 Obferv. upon [ever al Plants TradlL

Ziziania, in 48. The Kingdom of Heaven is likened

^' ^^^^'J^' unto a man which fowed good Seed in his

' Field y hut while men jlept , his Enemy

came and fowed Tares (or, as the Greek,

Zizania) among the Wheat,

Now, how to render Zizania, and to what fpecies of Plants to confine it, there is no flender doubt ; for the word is not mention d in other paifts of Scripture, nor in any ancient Greek Writer : it is not to be found in Ariflotle, Theophrajlus , or Diofcorides. Some Greek and Latin Fa- thers have made ufe of the fame, as alfo Suidas and Vhavorinm ; but probably they have all derived it from this Text.

And therefore this obfcurity might ca- fily occafion fuch variety in Trandations and Expofitions. For fome retain the word Zizania, as the Vulgar, that of Be- za, o': Junius, and alfo the Italian and Spa- nifh. The Low Dutch renders it Oncruidt, the German Oncraut, or Herha Mala, the French I'uroye or Lolium, and the Englifli Tares.

Befides, this being conceived to be a Syriack word, it may flill add unto the uncertainty of the fenfe. For though this Gofpel were firft written in Flebrew, or Syriack, yet it is not unqueftionable whe- ther the true Original be any where ex- ' tant : And that Syriack Gopy which we

now

Tradt I. mention d in Scripture. 85

now have, is conceived to be of far later iimtthinS. Matthew.

Expofitours and Annotatours are alfo various. Hugo Grotiiis hath parted the word Zizania without a Note. DioJati^ retaining tlie word Zizania^ conceives that it was fome peculiar Herb growing among the Corn of thofe Countries, and not known in our Fields. But Emanuel de Sa interprets it, Plantas femhi noxias, andfo accordingly fome others.

Buxtorfius^ in his Rabbinical Lexicon^ gives divers interpretations, fometimes for degenerated Corn, fometimes for the black Seeds in Wheat, but withall concludes, an hcec fit eadem 'vox aut fpecies, cum Ziza^ nia apud Evangeliftam, quarant alii. But Lexicons and Dic3:ionaries by Zizania do almoft generally underftand Lolium, which . we call Darnel, *nd commonly confine the fignification to that Plant : Notwithftan- ding, fmce Lolium had a known and recei- ved Name in Greek, fome may be apt to doubt, why, if that Plant were particu- larly intended, the proper Greek word was not ufed in the Text. For ^ Theophraflus * «fca>«5$. named Lolium Al^, and hath often men- J^°j^/^j{|' tioned that Plant; and in one place faith /. s." that Corn doth fometimes Lolie/cere or degenerate into Darnel. Diofcorides, who travelled over Judcea, gives it the fame G 3 name.

8(^ Obferv.uponjeveral Plants Tract!

name, which is alfo to be found in Gale», /^tius^iwd/^gifieta; and P//;y' hath fome- times latinized that word into ^r a,

Befides, Lolium or Darnel ihews it felf in the Winter, growing up with the Wheat ; and Theophrajlus oblerved that it was no Vernal Plant, but came up in the Winter ; which will not well anfwer the expreflion of the Text, And when the Blade came up^ and brought forth Fruit, or gave evidence > of its Fruit, the Zizania appeared. And if the Husbandry of the Ancients were agreeable unto ours, they would not have been fo earned to weed away the Darnel ; for our Husbandmen do not commonly weed it in the Field, but feparate the Seeds after Thrafliing. And therefore Galen de- livereth, that in an unfeafonable year, and great fcarcity of Corn, when they neglec- ted to feparate the Darnel, the Bread pro- ved generally unwholfome, and had evil effefts on the Head.

Our old and later Tranflation render Zizamay Tares, which name our Englilh Botanifts give unto Aracus, Cracca, Vicia fylveftrtSy calling them Tares, and ftran- gling Tares. And our Husbandmen by Tares underftand fome forts of wild Fit- ches, which grow amongft Corn, and clafp upon it, according to the Latin Ety- mology, VtQia a Vmtendo. Now in this

uncer-

Trad:!, vientiond in Scripture. 87

uncertainty of the Original, Tares as well as fome others, may make out the fenfe, and be alfo more agreeable unto the cir- !cumftances of the Parable. For they come up and appear what they are, when the Blade of the Corn is come up, and alfo tiiQ Stalk and Fruit difcoverable. They havelikewife little fpreading Roots, which may intangle or rob the good Roots, and they have alfo tendrils and clafpers, which Jay hold of what grows near them, and fo can hardly be weeded without endange- ring the neighbour Corn.

However, if by Zizania we underfland Herhasfegeti noxias, owitiafegetum, as fome Expofitours have done, and take the word in a more general fenfe, comprehen- ding feveral Weeds and Vegetables offen- five unto Corn, according as the Greek word in the plural Number may imply, and as the learned '^ Laurenlergius hath*DeHorti .exprefled, Runcare quod apud nofiratesWe-^^^^^^^* den dicitury Zizanias inuttles efi evellere. If, I fay, it be thus taken, we fliall not need to be definitive, or confine unto one j)articular Plant, from a word which may comprehend divers: And this may alfo prove a fafer fenfe, in fuch obfcurity of «:he Original.

And therefore fince in this Parable the

fower of tlie Zizania is the Devil, and the

G 4 Ziza-

88 Obferv.uponfeveral Plants Tradtl

Zizania wicked perfons ; if any from this

larger acception , will take in Thiftles,

Darnel, Cockle, wild ftrangling Fitches,

Bindweed, Trihulus , Reftharrow and o-

ther Fitia Segetum ; he may, both from

the natural and fymbolical qualities of thofe

Vegetables, have plenty of matter to iJlu-

, ftrate the variety of his mifchiefs, and of

the wicked of this world.

CQc\le, in ^p. When 'tis faid in Job, Let thijlles

]Qb 31,40. ^^^^^ ^^ -^j^^^j of Wheat, and Cockle in-

Jlead of Barley, the words are intelligible, " the fenfe allowable and fignificant to this purpofe : but whether the word Cockle doth ftriclly conform unto the Original, fome doubt may be made from the diffe- rent Tranflations of it ; For the Vulgar tenders it Spina, Tremelius Fitia Frugum, and the Geneva Turoye or Darnel. Befides, whether Cockle were common in the an- jcient Agriculture of thofe parts, or what word they ufed for it, is of great uncer- tainty. Tor the Elder Botanical Writers have made no mention thereof, and the Moderns have given it the Name of Tfei^ domelanthium, Nigellaftrum^ Lychnoeides Segetum, names not known unto Antiqui- ty : And therefore our Tranflation hath warily fet down [noifme Weeds'] in thii iVlargin,

TRACT

TRACT II.

O F

GARLANDS,

AND

Coronary or Garland-plants,

Sir,

TH E ufe of flo wry Crowns and Gar- lands is of no flender Antiquity, and higher than I conceive you apprehend it. For, befides the old Greeks and Romans, the ^Egyptians made ufe hereof; who, befide the bravery of their Garlands, had little Birds upon them to peck their Heads and Brows, and fo to keep them fleeping at their Feftival com- potations. This pradice alfo extended as far ^s India : for at the Feaft with the In- dian

po Of Garlands^ and TracfllL

dian King, it is peculiarly obferved by Thtloflratus that their cuftom was to wear Garlands, and come crowned with them unto their Feaft.

The Crowns and Garlands of the Anci- ents were either Geftatory, fuch as they wore about their Heads or Necks ; Porta- tory, fuch as they carried at folemn Fefli- vals; Penfile or Sufpenfory, fuch as tfaey hanged about the Pofts of their Houfes in honour of their Gods, as of Jupiter Thy- raeus or Ltmenem ; or elfe they were De- pofitory, fuch as they laid upon the Graves and Monuments of the dead. And thefe were made up after all ways x)f Art, Com- paftile, Sutile, Pleftile ; for which Work -tJtiere were g-e^aroTrAoi^oi, or expert Perfons • to contrive them after the bell grace and property.

Though we yield not unto them in the beauty of £owTy Garlands, yet fome of thofe of Antiquity were larger than any we lately meet with : for we find in Athe- Ticeus that a Myrtle Crown of one and twenty foot in compafs wa^sfolemnly car- ried about at the HeUoti^n leaft in Co- rinth^ together with the Bones of Eu-

^ -. And Garlands werefurely of frequent * ^Pp^'l^' wfe among them ; for we reside in * Galen Zm, that when Hippocrates cured the great

Plague

Tradt II. Coronary or Garland-plants, p i

Plague of Athens by Fires kindled in and about the City ; the fuel thereof confifted much of their Garlands. And they muft needs be very frequent and of common ufe, the ends thereof being many. For they were convivial, feftival, facrificial, nuptial, honorary, funebrial. We who propofe unto our felves the pleafure of two Senfes, and onely fingle out fuch as are of Beauty and good Odour, cannot flridtly confine our felves unto imitation of them.

For, in their convivial Garlands, they had refped: unto Plants preventing drun- kennefs, or difcuffing the exhalations from Wine; wherein, befide Rofes, taking in -Ivy, Vervain, Melilote, &c. they made ufe of divers of fmall Beauty or good O^- dour. The folemn feftival Garlands were made properly unto their Gods, and ac- cordingly contrived from Plants facred iinto fuch Deities; and their lacrificial ones were feledled under fuch confidera- tions. Their honorary Crowns trium- phal, ovary, civical, obfidional, had little of Flowers in them : and their funebri- al Garlands had little of beauty in them befide Rofes, while they made them of Myrtle, Rofemary, Apium, ^c, under fymbolical intimations : but our jflorid and purely ornamental Garlands, delight- ful! ^

p2 Of Garlands, and Tradlll.

full unto fight and fmell, nor framed ac- cording to myftical and fymbolical confi- derations, are of more free eledion, and fo may be made to excell thofe of the An- cients ; we having China, India, and a new world to fupply us, befide the great diftindtion of Flowers unknown unto An- tiquity, and the varieties thereof arifing from Art and Nature.

But, befide Vernal, i5,ftival arid Autum- nal made of Flowers, the Ancients had al- fo Hyemal Garlands ; contenting them- felves at firft with fuch as were made of Horn died into feveral Colours, and Iha- ped into the Figures of Flowers, and alfo of ^s Cor onar turn or Clincquant or Brafs thinly wrought out into Leaves common- ly known among us. But the curiofity of fome Emperours for fuch intents had Rofes brought {tom/^gypt untill they had found the art to produce late Rofes in Rome, and to make them grow in the Winter, as is delivered in that handfome Epigramme of Martial,

At tu Romance jujfus jam cedere Brumce Mitte tuas mejfes, Accipe, Nik, Rofas.

Some American Nations, who do much excell in Garlands, content not themfelves onely with Flowers , but make elegant

Crowns

Tra6l II. Coronary or Garland-plants. ^3

Crowns of Feathers, whereof they have fome of greater radiancy and luftre than their Flowers : and fince there is an Art to fet into (hapes, and curioufly to work in choiceft Feathers, there could nothing anfwer the Crowns made of the choiceft Feathers of fome Tomineios and Sun Birds.

The Catalogue of Coronary Plants is not large in Theophrajlus, Pliny ^ Pollux, or AtherKBus : but we may find a good enlargement in the accounts of Modern Botanifts; and additions may ftill be made by fuccelTive acquifts of fair and fpecious Plants, not yet tranflated from foreign Re- gions or little known unto our Gardens ; he that would be complete may take no- tice of thefe following,

Flos TigriJis,

Flos Lyncis,

Pinea tndica Recchi, Talama Ouiedi,

Herla ParaJiJea.

Voluhilis Mexkanus, .

Nardffiis Indicus Serpentarius.

Helkhryfum Mexkanum,

Xkama,

Aquilegia novae H'lfpan'm Cacoxochitli Rec"

cbi, Arijlochaea Mexkana. Camaratinga Jive Caragunta quart a Pifonis.

Mara*

4

5^4 Of Gar lands J and Trad II

Maracttia Granadilla, Camlay five Myrtus Americana. Flos Aurkulos Flor de la Or eta. Flor'tpendio novae Hifpanice. Rofa Indica, *Z.tlium Indicum. Fula Magori Garcia, Champe Garcia Champacca Bontii. Daullontas frutex odoratus feu Chamoeme*

lum arhorefcens BontiL Beidelfar Alptni, Samhuc,

Amherboi Turcarttm, Nuphar ^gyptium, Ltlionarcijfus Indicus. Bamma JEgyptiacum, Hiucca Canadenfis horti Farnefianu Buptbalmum novce Hifpanm Alepocapath, Valeriana feu Chryfanthemum Americanum

Acocotlis. Flos Corvinus Coronarius Americanus. Capolin Cerafus dulcis Indicus Florihus ra^

cemofis, Afphodelus Americanus, Syringa Lutea Americana* Bulhus unifolius, Moly latifolium Flore luteo. Conyza Americana purpurea. ^ Salvia Cretica pomifera Bellonik Laufus Serrata Odor a. Ornithogalus fromontorii Bonce Spei.

FritaU

Tra6t IL Coronary or Garlaiid-^lants. p 5

Fritallaria crajfa SoldankaPromontorii Bq-^

nee Spei, ^&igi/lum Solomonis Indkum. TuUpa Fromontorii Bonae SpeL Iris Vvaria, Nopolxoch fedum elegans noviZ Hifpania^.

More might be added unto this Lift ; and I have onely taken the pains to give you a fliort Specimen of thofe many more which you may find in refpeftive Authours, and which time and future induftry may make no great ftrangers in England, The Inhabitants of l^ova Hifpania, and a great part of Amerka, Mahometans, Indians, Chinefes, are eminent promoters of thefe coronary and fpecious Plants : and the an- nual Tribute of the King of Bifnaguer in Indiuy arifing out of Odours and Flowers, amounts unto many thoufands of Crowns.

Thus, in brief, of this matter. I am,&'c.

TRACT.

{91)

TRACT III.

O F T H E

FISHES

Eaten by

OUR SAVIOUR

WITH

HIS DISCIPLES

After His

Refurredion from the Dead

Sir,

I Have thought, a little, upon the Qjie- ftion propofed by you \y\z.What kind of Fifhes thofe were of which our Savi- our ate with his Difciples after his ^ Refur- * s, Joh. ai. region f\ and I return you fuch an Anfwer, 9»*^' "' "^'

H ^s.

pB OftheFiJheseatenbyChrifirr^iam. as, in fo fliort a time for ftudy, and in the midft of my occafions, occurs to me.

The Books of Scripture (as alfo thofe which are Apocryphal) are often, filent^ or very fparing, m the particular Names of Fi(hes ; or in fefting them down in fuch- manner as to leave the kinds of them with- out all ^oubt and reafon for farther inqui- ^ Xf. FoiF» when it declareth what Fillies ./ w^re allowed the Ifraelites for their Food, " . they are onely fet down in general which have Finns and Scales ; whereas, in the account of Quadrufeds and Birds, there is particular mention madeof divers of them. In the Book of Hohit that Fifli which he took out of the River is onely named a great Fifli, and fo there remains much un- certainty to determine the Species thereof And even the Fifli which fwallowed Jonah, and is called a great Fijh, and commonly thought to be a great Whale, is not recei- ved without all doubt ; while fome lear- ned men conceive it to have been none of our Whales, but a large kind of Lamia.

And, in this narration of S. John, the Fiflies are onely exprefled by their Bignefs and Number, not their Names, and there- fo're it may feem undeterminable what they were : notwithftanding, thefe Fiflies being taken in the great Lake or Sea of Tiberias y fomething may be probably Ha- ted

Tt2i£tlll. after hh RefurreSiion. ^p

ted therein^ For fiilce Beffonius, that di- ligent and learned Traveller, informeth ^ lis, thattheFiftiesofthisLakewereTrouts, Pikes, Chevins and Tenches; it may well be conceived that either all or fome there- of are to be underftood in this Scripture. And thefe kind of Fifties become large aiid of great growth, anfwerable unto the ex- preflion of Scripture, One hundrei^am three great Fifhes ; that is, large in their own kinds, and the largeft kinds in this Lake and frelli Water, wherein no great varie- ty, and of the larger fort of Fifties, could be expefted. For the River Jordan, run- ning through this Lake, falls into the Lake oUAfphaltus, and hath no mouth into the Sea, which might admit of great Fifties or greater variety to come up into it.

And out of the mouth of fome of thefe forementioned Fifties might the Tribute money be taken, when our Saviour, at Ca- pernaum, feated upon the fame Lake, faid unto Peter, Go thou td the Sea, and cafi an Hook, and take up the Fijh thatfirji co^ meth; and when thou hajl opened hzs mouth thou /halt find apiece of mimey ; that take and give them for thee and me.

And this makes void that comnion con-

tcit and tradition of tlie Fifti called Faher-

marinus, by fome, a Peter or Penny FiJh ;

which having two remarkable round fpots

H % upod

loo OftheFiJhes eaten by ChriJiTr2i6klll,

upon either fide, thefe are conceived to be the marks of S. Peter's Fingers or figna- tures of the Money : for though it hath thefe marks, yet is there no probability that fuch a kind of Fifti was to be found in the Lake of TtheriaSy Gemferah or Ga- Uleey which is but fixtcen miles long and fij^ broad, and hath no communication with the Sea; for this is a mere Fifti of the Sea and fait Water, and (though we meet with fome thereof on our Coafl) is not to be found in many Seas./

Thus having returned no improbable

Anfwer unto your Queft ion,. I_fliall crave

leave to ask another of your jfelf concer-

^DeBeHo ji^ng that Fifti mention'd by "^ /r<7C(?/>iMf,

m,^i!' J which brought the famous King TheoJo-

rkk to his ^rjdf: his wOrds are to this rf-

fecft : " The manner of his Death was this,

" iSymmacl^us^ni his Son-in-law ^(?^V/?/(^,

. *; juft men and gr^at relievf^rs of the poor,

- ** Senatours and Gonfuls,' had many ene-

"mies, by whofe falfe accufations The^^

" Jorkk being, perfwaded that they plot-

'* ted againfl: him, put them to death and

" confiicat^d?|heir Eftates. Npt long after

'' his Waiters fet before him ^Supper; a

.,^' great Head of a;Fifh,which feemed to him

" to be the Head oVSymmachus lately mur-

" thered ; and with his Teeth flicking out,

" and fierce glaring eyes to threaten him :

" being

£(

Trad: III. after his Rejurre^ion. loi

" being frighted, he grew <jhiil> went to Bed, lamenting what he had done to Symmachus and Boethius ; and foon after died. What Fi(h do you apprehend this

to have been ? I would learn of you ;

give me your thoughts about it.

lam, &c.

H 3 TRACT

(103) TRACT IV.

A N

ANSWER

To certain

QUERIES

Relating to Fiflies, Birds, Infeds.

I

Sir,

Return the following Anfwers to your Queries which were thefe.

[i. What Fifties are meant by the Names, Halec and Mugtl >

X. What is the Bird which you will

receive from the Bearer ? and what

H 4 Birds

I04 Anfipers to Queries TradllV.

Birds are meant by the Names Hair cyan, Nyfus, Ciris, Nyiiicorax > 3. What Infeft is meant by the word Cicada f\

Anfwerto The word Hake we are taught to ren-^ ^^7 '• der an Herring, which, being an ancient word, is not ftriftly aj^propriablc unto a Fifli not known or not defcribed by the Ancients; and which the modern Natu- ralifts are fain to name Harengus\ the . word Halecula being applied unto fuch little Fifli out of which they were fain to make Pickle ; and Halec or Alec, taken for the Liquamen or Liquor it felf, accor- ding to that of the Poet,

Ego fiecem primus & Alec

Primus & inveni piper album

And was a conditure and Sawce much af- fefted by Antiquity, as was alfo Muria and Garum.

fn common conftru<5tions, Mugil is ren- dred a Mullet, which, notwithftanding, is a different Fifti from the Mugil defcribed byAuthours; wherein, ifwemiftake, we cannot fo clofely apprehend the expreffion oi Juvenal,

l—Quof

TradtlV. about Fifhes^ &c. 105

— Quofdam ventres & Mugtl'is tntrat.

And mifconcelve the Fifli, whereby For- nicatours were fo opprobrioufly and irk- fomely punifhed; for the Mu^tl being fomewhat rough and hard skinned, did more exafperate the gutts of fuch of?en- • ders : whereas the Mullet was a fmooth Fifh, and of too high efteem to be imploy- ed in fuch offices.

I cannot but wonder that this Bird you A4wm% fent ihould be a ftranger unto you, and ^^^-^ *• untothofe who had a iight thereof: for, though it be not feen every day, yet we often meet with it in this Country. It is an elegant Bird, which he that once be- holdeth can hardly miftake any other for it. From the |)roper Note it is called an Hoopehird with us ; in Greek Epops, in Latin Vpupa. We are little obliged unto our School inftruftion, wherein we are taught to rende/ Vpupa a Lapwing, which Bird our natural Writers name Vannellus ; for thereby we miftake this remarkable Bird, and apprehend not rightly what is delivered of it.

We apprehend not the Hieroglyphical confiderations which the old itgyptians piade of this obfervable Bird ; who confi-

dering

io6 Anfwers to Queries TradllV.

dering therein the orckr and variety of Colours, the twenty fix or twenty eight Feathers in its Creft, his latitancy, and mewing this handfome outfide in the Winter ; they made it an Emblem of the varieties of the World , the fucceffion of Times and Seafons, and fignal mutati- ♦ ons in them. And therefore Orus , the Hieroglyphick of the World, had the Head of an Hoopebird upon the top of his Staff

Hereby we may alfo miflake the Du- chiphathy or Bird forbidden for Food in Le- Lcvitai.ip. vitkus ; and, not knowing the Bird, may the lefs apprehend fome reafons of that prohibition ; that is, the magical virtues afcribed unto it by the^Egyptians, and the fuperftitious apprehenfions which that Nation held of it, whilft they precifely numbred the Feathers and Colours there- of, while they placed it on the Heads of their Gods, and near their Mercurial Crof- fes, and fo highly magnified this Bird in their facred Symbols.

Again, not knowing or mifl:aking this Bird, we may mifapprehend, or not clofe- ly apprehend , that handfome expreffion of Ovid, when Tereus was turned into an Vp^p^f or Hoopebird.

Vetti'

Trad IV. about Fifhes, &CC. 107

f^rtitur in volucrem cui funt pro vertice

C rift a, frotinm immodicum furgit pro cujpide ro-^

ftrum teamen Epops volucri, fades armata Dide*

tur.

For, in this military fhape, he is aptly phancied even ftill revengefully to purfue his hated Wife Trogne : in the propriety of his Note crying out, Tou^ pou^ uhi, uli, pr Where are you ?

Nor are we fingly deceived in the no- minal tranflation of this Bird : in many other Animals we commit the like miftake. So Gracculus is rendred a Jay, which Bird uotwithftanding muft b^ of a dark colour according to that of Martial,

Sed quandam volo notice nigriqrevjfi Formi<;a, picey Gracculo, cicada.

* Halcyon is rendred a King-fifher^ a^^SeeVui^. Bird commonly known among us, andf^of*^* ty Zoographers and Naturals the fame is * named Ifpida, a well coloured Bird fre- quenting Streams and Rivers, building in holes of Pits, like fome Martins, about the end of the Spring ; in whofe Nefts we have found little elfe than innumerable finall Fifti Bones, and white round Eggs of

a fmooth

o8 Anfifers to Queries Tradl IV.

a fmooth and polifhed furface, whereas the true Alcyan is a Sea Bird, makes an hand- fome Neft floating upon the Water, and breedeth in the Winter.

That Nyfus fliould be rendred either an Hahhy or a Sparrow Hawk, in the Fable of Nyfus and Scylla in Ovid, becaufe we are much to feek in the dillinftion of Hawks according to their old denomina- tions, we Ihall hot much contend, and may allow a favourable latitude therein : but that the Ciris or Bird into which Scyl- la was turned Ihould be tranflated a Lark, it can hardly be made out agreeable unto the defcription of Firgil in his Poem of ' that name,

Inde alias volucres mimique infelta ruhenti Crura —

But feems more agreeable unto fome kind of Hamantopus or Redlhank ; and fo the Nyfus to have been fome kind of Hawk, which delighteth about the Sea and Ma- rifties, where fuch prey moft aboundeth, which fort of Hawk while Staliger deter- mineth to be a Merlin, the French Tranf- latour warily expoundeth it to be fome kind of Hawk.

Nyiticorax we may leave unto the com- mon and verbal tranilation of a Night Ra^

ven.

Tra6t IV. about Fifbes, &c. i o^

^en, but we know no proper kind of Ra- ven unto which to confine the fame, and therefore fome take the Hberty to afcribe it unto fome fort of Owls, and others unto the Bittern ; whic^h Bird in its common Note, which he ufeth out of the time of coupling and upon the Wing, fo well re- fembleth the croaking; of a Raven that I have been deceived by it.

While CkaJa is rendred a Grajhopper, Anfmr to we commonly think that which is fo cal-^*'^'^ ^' led among us to be the true Cicada; wherein, as we have elfewhere ^ declared,* v^k- ^rr. there is a great miftake : for we have not ^* ^' ^* ^' the CkaJa'm England, and indeed no pro- per word for that Anknal, which the French nameth Cigale, That which we commonly call a Graihopper, and the French Saulterelle being one kind of Lo- cuft, fo rendred in the Plague of ^gypt, and, in old- Saxon named Gerflhop,

I have been the lefs accurate in thefe Anfwers, becaufe the CJueries are not of diificult Refolution, or of great moment : however, I would not wholly negleft them or your fatisfaftion, as being, Sir,

Tours y&ic,

TRACT

1

(hi) TRACT Y.

OF

HAW K S

AND

FALCONRY,

Ancient and Modern.

Sir,

IN vain you expeft much informati- on, gk Re Accipttrariay of Falconry, Hawks or Hawking, from very anci- ent Greek or Latin Authours ; that Art being either unknown or fo little advan- ced among them, that it feems to have proceeded no higher than the daring of Birds : which makes fo little thereof to be found in Anftotle, who onely mentions

fome

112 Of Hawks and Falconry^ TradtV.

fome rude praftice thereof in Thracta ; as alfo in /^liafty who fpeaks fomething of Hawks and Crows among the Indians ; little or nothing of true Falconry being mention'd before Julius Firmicus, in the days of Conjiantius, Son to Conftantine the. Great.

Yet if you confult the accounts of la- ter Antiquity left by Demetrius the Greek, by Symmachus and Theodojius, and by Al- herttds Magnus, about five hundred years ago, you, w^ho have been fo long acquain- ted with this noble Recreation, may bet- ter compare the ancient and modern prac- tice, and rightly obferve how many thingsi in that Art are added, varied, difufed or retained in the pradice of thefe days.

In the Diet of Hawks, they allowed of divers Meats which we lliould hardly commend. For befide the Flefli of Beef, they admitted of Goat, Hog, Deer, Wheipj and Bear. And how you will approve the quantity and meafure thereof, I make fome doubt ; while by weight they allowed half a pound of Beef, feven ounces of Swines Flelh, five of Hare, eight ounces of Whelp, as much of Deer, and ten ounces of He- Goats Flelh.

In the time of Demetrius they were not] without the praftice of Phlebotomy oe Bieeding,which they ufed in the Thigh arid

Poun-

TracStV* Ancient and Modern. 113

Pounces ; they plucked away the Feathers on the Thigh, and rubbed the part, but if the Vein appeared not in that part, they opened the Vein of the fore Talon.

In the days oiAlhertuSy they made ufe of Cauteries in divers places : to advantage their fight they feared them under the in- ward angle of„ the eye ; above the eye in diftillations and difeafes of the Head ; in upward pains they feared above the Joint of the Wing, and at the bottom of the Foot, againft the Gout ; and the chief time for thefe cauteries they made to be the month o{ March.

In great <:oldnefs of Hawks they made ufe of Fomentations, fome of the fteam or vapour of artificial and natural Baths, fome wrapt them up in hot Blankets, giving them Nettle Seeds and Butter.

No Clyfters are mention d, nor can they be fo profitably ufed ,• but they made ufe of many purging. Medicines. They pur- ged with Aloe, which, unto larger Hawks, they gave in the bignefs of a Greek Bean; unto lefs, in the quantity of a C/r^r, which notwithftanding I fliould rather give wa- flied, and with a few drops of Oil of Al- monds : for the Guts of flying Fowls ar6 tender and eafily fcratched by it ; and up- on the ufe of Aloe both in Hawks and Cor- morants I have fometimes obferved bloody excretions. I In

114 Of Harpks and Falconry, TradV.

In phlegmatick caufes they feldom Qr mitted Stavefaker, but they purged fome- times with a Moufe, and the Food of boi- led Chickens, fometimes with good Oil and Honey.

They ufed alfo the Ink of Cuttle Fillies, with Smallage, Betony, Wine and Honey. They made ufe of ftronger Medicines than prefent pradrice doth allow. For they were not afraid to give Coccus Baphkus ; ^ beating up eleven of its Grains unto a Lentor, which they made up into five Pills wrapt up with Honey and Pepper ; and, in fome of their old Medicines, we meet with Scammony and Euphorhium. Whether, in the tender Bowels of Birds, infufions of Rhubarb, Agaric and Mecho- achan be not of fafer ufe, as to take 6f A- gary two Drachms, of Cinnamon half a Drachm, of Liquorifli a Scruple, and, in- fufing them in Wine, to exprefs a part in- to the mouth of the Hawk, may be confi-i dered by prefent praftice.

Few Mineral Medicines were of inward ufe among them : yet fometimes we ob- ferve they gave filings of Iron in the ftrait- mX.^ of the Cheft, as alfo Lime in fome ofi their pedoral Medicines.

But they commended Unguents ol Quick-filver againft the Scab : and I have; fafely given fix or eight Grains of /Hferc«-

riui

TradtV. Ancient and Modem. 115

rius Dulcis unto Keftrils and Owk, as alfo crude and current Quick-filver, giving the next day fmall Pellets of Silver or Lead till they came away uncoloured: and this, if any, may probably deftroy that obftinate Difeafe of the Filander or Back-worm.

A peculiar remedy they had againft the Confumption of Hawks. For, filling a Chicken with Vinegar, they clofed up the Bill, and hanging it up untill the Flefti grew tender, they fed the Hawk there- with : and to reftore and well Flefh them, they commonly gave them Hogs Flefli, with Oil, Butter and Honey ; and a de- codion of Cumfory to bouze.

They difallowed of fait Meats and Fat ; but highly efteemed of Mice in moft in- difpofitions ; and in the falling Sicknefs had great efteem of boiled Batts : and in many Difeafes, of the Flelh of Owls which feed upon thofe Animals. In Epilepfies they alfo gave the Brain of a Kid drawn thorough a gold Ring ; and, in Convulfi- ons, made ufe of a mixture of Musk and Stercus humanum aridum.

For the better prefervation of their Health they ftrowed Mint and Sage a- bout them; and for the fpeedier mew<» ing of their Feathers, they gave them the Slough of a Snake, or a Tortoife out of

I X the

ii6 Of Hawks and Falconry, Trad: V.

the Shell, or a green Lizard cut in pieces.

If a Hawk were unquiet, they hooded him, and placed him m a Smith's Shop for lome time, where, accuflomed tothe continual noife of hammering, he became more gentle and tradable.

They ufed few terms of Art, plainly and intelligibly exprelTing the Parts affec- ted, their Dileafes and Remedies. This heap of artificial terms firft entring with the Frencli Arcifts : who feem to have been the firft and noblefl: Falconers in the We- liern part of Europe; although, in their Language, they have no word which in general expreileth an Hawk.

They carried their Hawks in the left hand, and let them flie from the right. Tl;ey nfed a Bell, and took great care that their Jefles ihould not be red, left Eagles ihduld flie at them. Though they ufed Hoods, w^e have no clear defcription of them, and httle account of their Lures.

Tine ancient Writers left no account of; the fwiftnefs of Hawks or meafure of their -eiuKu flight: but ^ Hereshachius delivers that William Duke of Cleve had an Hawk which, in one day, made a flight out of IVeftphalia into Trufta. And, upon good account, an Hawk in this Country oi Nor- folk, made a flight at a Woodcock near thirty miles in one hour. How far thej ' , Hawksj

Tradl V. Ancient and Modern. H 7

^ Hawks, Merlins and wild Fowl which come unto us with a North-well: wind in the Autumn, flie in a day, there is no clear account ; but coming over Sea their flight hath been long, or very fpeedy. For I have known them to light fo weary on the coafl:, that many have been taken with Dogs, and fome knocked down with Staves and Stones.

Their Perches feem not fo large as ours; for they made them of fuch a bignefs that their Talons might almoft meet : and they chofe to make them of Sallow, Poplar or Lime Tree.

They ufed great clamours and hollow^- ing in their flight, which they made by thefe words, ou loi, la, la, la ; and to raife the Fowls, made ufe of the found of a Cymbal.

Their recreation feemed more fober and folemn than ours at prefent, fo im- properly attended with Oaths and Impre- cations. For they called on God at their fetting out, according to the account of Demetrius, -zlv &clv imJc^Aiaitvlig, in the

firfl place calling upon God.

The learned Rigaltius thinketh, that if the Romans had wxU known this airy Chafe, they would have left or lefs regar- ded their Circenfial Recreations. The Greeks underftood Hunting early, but

I 3 ' litr!c

1 1 8 Of Hawks and Falconry, Tra6l V. little or nothing of our Falconry. \{A- lexander had known it, we might have found fomething of it and more of Hawks in Arijhtle; who was fo unacquainted with that way, that he thought that Hawks would not feed upon the Heart of Birds. Tiiough he iiath mention'd di^ vers Hawks, yet Julius Scaliger, an ex- pert Falconer, defpaired to reconcile them unto ours. And 'tis well if, among them, you can clearly make out a Lanner, a Sparrow Hawk and a Keftril, but mull: not hope to find your Gier Falcon there, which is the noble Hawk; and I wifli you one no worfe than that of Hettrj King of Navarre ; which, Scaliger faith, lie faw ftrike down a Buzzard, two wild Geefe, diver? Kites, a Crane and a Swan. Nor muft you expe(3: from high Anti* quity the di{tind:ions of Eyefs and Raf mage Hawks, of Sores and Entermewers, of Hawks of the Lure and the Fift ; nor that material diftinftion into fhort and long winged H&wks ; from whence arife fuch differences in their taking down of Stones; in their flight, their flriking down or feizing of their Prey, in the ftrength of their TaJons, either in the Heel and fore- Talon, or the middle and the Heel : nor yet what Eggs produce the different Hawks, or when they lay three Eggs,

Tradl V. Ancient and Modem.' Up

that the firft produceth a Female and large Hawk, the fecond of a midler fort, and the third a fmaller Bird Tercellene or Taflel of the Mafle Sex; which Hawks being onely obferved abroad by the Ancients, were looked upon as Hawks of different kinds and not of the fame Eyrie or Neft. As for wh^itAriftotle affirmeth that Hawks and Birds of prey drink not; although you know that it will not ftridly hold, yet I kept an Eagle two years, which fed upon Kats, Kittlmgs, Whelps and Ratts, without one drop of Water.

If any thing may add unto your know- ledge in this noble Art, you muft pick it out of later Writers than thofe you en- quire of You may perufe the two Books of Falconry writ by that renowned Empe- rour Frederick the Second; as alfo the Works of the noble Duke Belifarius, of Tardiffe, Francherias, of Francifco Sforzi- no of Vkenfa ; and may not a little in- form or recreate your felf with that ele- gant Poem of ■*' Thuanus. I leave you to ^ T>e Re Ac* divert your felf by the perufal of it, ha- ^^^'i''o "f ' vmg, at prefent, no more to lay but that I am, (^c.

I 4 TRACT

(I2l)

TRACT VI.

O F

Cymbals^ &c.

Sir,

WITH what difficulty, if not pofli- bility, you may expedt fatisfac- tion concerning the Mufick, or Mufical Inftruments of the Hebrews, you wiJl ea- fily difcover if you confult the attempts of learned men upon that Subjeft : but for Cymbals, of whofe Figure you enquire, you may find fome defcribed in Bayfius, in the Comment of Rhodius upon Scrilo- nius Largus, and others.

As for Kujul^olXov dXctXa^ov mentioned by S. ^ Paul, and rendred a Tinckling Cym- * i cor.ij.i. hal, whether the tranflation be not too foft and diminutive fome queftion may be

made:

122 Of Cymbals^ &c. Trad: VI.

made: for the word aAaAa^oi/ implieth no fmall found, but a ftrained and lofty vociferation, or fome kind of hollowing found, according to the Expofition oi He- Jychius, " KXclXcl^cl% G^L/xj^ottTg ^v <poepm A word drawn trom the lufty fhout of Souldiers, crying 'AAaAa at the firft charge upon their Enemies, according to the cu- ftom of Eaftern Nations, and ufed by Tro- jans in Homer ; and is aJfo the Note of the Chorus in Arijlophanes 'A\ol\x} !h Tmioiv. In other parts of Scripture we reade of loud and high founding Cymbals ; and in Clemens Alexandrtnus that the Arabians made ufe of Cymbals in their Wars inftead of other military Mufick ; and Polya^nus in his Stratagemes affirmeth that Bacchtu gave the fignal of Battel unto his nume- rous Army not with Trumpets but with Tympans and Cymbals.

And now -I take the opportunity to thank you for the new Book fent me con- taining the Anthems fung in our Cathe- dral and Collegiate Churches : 'tis probable there will be additions, the Mafters of Mufick being now aftive in that affair. Befide my naked thanks I have yet no? thing to return you but this enclofed, which may be fomewhat rare unto you, and that is a Turkifli Hymn tranf- lated into French out of the Turkifli

Metre,

Tra6t VI. OfCyvihah, 6cc. i a 3

Metre, which I thus render unto you.

O what praife doth he Jeferve, and how great is that Lord, all whofe Slaves are as Jo many Kings /

Whofoever fhall rub his Eyes with the dufl of his Feet, jhall hehold fuch admirable things that he jhaU fall into anecftajie.

He that fhall drink one drop of his Beve- rage, fhall have his Bofome like the Ocean filled with Gems and pretious Liquours,

Let not loofe the Reins unto thy Pafjlons in this world : he that reprejfeth them fhaff become a true Solomon in the Faith.

Amufe not thy felf to adore Riches, nor to build great Houfes and Palaces,

The end of what thou fhalt build is but mine.

Tamper not thy Body with delicacies and dainties ; it may come to pafs one day that this Body may be in HeU.

Imagine not that he who findeth Riches findeth Happinefs ; he that findeth Happi- nefs is he that findeth God.

All

124 Of Cymbals^ &c. Trad VI.

All who profirating themfelves in humi- * vdc the lity jhall this day believe in '^ Vele, if they theCowJent. ^^^^ ^^^^ 7^^^ ^^ Rich, and if Rich fhall become Kings*

After the Sermon ended which was made upon a Verfe in the Alcoran con- taining much Morality, the Deruices in , a Gallery apart fung this Hymn, accom- panied with Inftrumental Mufick, which. fo affedred the Ears of Monfieur du Loyr, that he would not omit to fet it down, together with the Mufical Notes, to be found in his firft Letter unto Monfieur Bouliau, VrioT oi Magny.

Excufe my brevity : I can fay but little where I underftand but little.

/ am, &c.

TRACT.

TRACT VIL

O F

R O P A L I C

O R

Gradual Verfes^ &"€.

Mens mea fuhlimes rationes pr^meditatur.

Sir,

T Hough I may juftly allow a good intention in this Poem prefented unto you, yet I muft needs con- fefs, I have no afieftion for it ; as being utterly averfe from all afleftation in Poe- try, which either reftrains the phancy, or fetters the invention to any ftrid difpo- fur€ of words. A Poem of this nature is to be found in Aufomus beginning thus,

Sf€S

126 Of Gradual Verfes. TradlVIL

Spes Deus aternce flatioms conciliator.

Thefe are Verfes Ropalici or Clavales^ arifing gradually like the Knots in a 'Po- TriM or Clubb ; named alfo Fiftulares by

^ El. vinet, Prifcianus, as Elias ^ Vinetus hath noted.

in Aufon. ^j^^y confift properly of five words, each , thereof encreafing by one fyllable. They admit not of a Spondee in the fifth place, nor can a Golden or Silver Verfe be made this way. They run fmoothly both in Latin and Greek, and fome are fcattering- ly to be found in Homer ; as,

Lihere die am fed in aurem, ego verfihus hujufmodi Ropalicis, longo fyrmate protrac- tis, Ceraunium affigo.

He that affedrethfuch reftrained Poetry, may perufe the Long Poem of Hughaldus the Monk, wherein every word beginneth with a C penned in the praife oiCalvities or Baldnefs, to the honour of Carolus Cal- vus King of France,

Carmina clarifcna cahis cantate Caw^na.

Tlic

, Trad VIL Of Gradual Verfes. 127

' The reft may be feen at large in the ad- *verfariaoi Barthius : or if hedelighteth in odd contrived phancies may he pleafe him- felf with Antijirophes, Comterpetories, Re* ' trograJes, ReluJJes, LeonineYtxi^s^^c, to be ibiind in Sieur des Accords. But thefe and tiie like are to be look'd upon, not purfued, odd works might be made by lucli ways; and for your recreation I pro- pofe thefe few lines unto you,

Arcu paratur quod arcuifuffictt,

Mifellorum clamorihus accurrere non tarn humanum quam fulphnremn efl,

Afino teratur qu<:eAfino teritur.

Ne AfplooAelos comedos, phvemces wanduca.

Cislum a liquid potefi, fed qu(e mirapraflat Tapilio eft.

Not to put you unto endkfs amufe- ment, the Key hereof is the homonomy of the Greek made ufe of in the Latin words, which rendreth all plain. More (enigmatical and dark expreflions might be made if any one would fpeak or com- pofethem out of the numerical Charafters ^ ^^^ ^^ or charafteriftical Numbers fet down by ?«t\ lib. i. * Rohertus de FluHihus, As

taS Of Gradual Verfes. TradVII.

As for your queftion concerning the contrary expreffions of the Italian and Spaniards in their common affirmative anfwers, the Spaniard anfwering cy Sennor, the Italian Signior cy, you mud be content with this Diltich,

Why faith the Italian Signior cy, the Spa- niard cy Sennor ?

Secaufe the one puts that hehind^ the other puts before.

And becaufe you are fo happy in fome Trartflations, I pray return me thefe two Verfes in Englilh,

Occidit heu tandem multos qu^ occidtt amanteSy Et cinis eft hodie quae fuit ignis heri.

My occafions make me to takeoff my Pen. Iam,®c.

TRACT

TRACT VIIL

OF.

LANGUAGEa

And particularly of the

SAXON TONGUE.

Sir,

TH E laft Difcourfe we had of the Saxon Tongue recalled to my mind fome forgotten confiderati- ons. Though the Earth were widely peo- pled before the Flood, (as many learned men conceive) yet whether after a large difperfion, and the fpace of fixteen hun- dred years, men maintained fo uniform a Language in all parts, as to be ftridly of one Tongue, and readily to underftand each other, may very well be doubted.

K For

130 Of Languages^ &CC. Trad VIII.

For though the World preferved in the Family ot Noah before the confufion. of Tongues might be faid to be of one Lip, yet even permitted to themfelves their hu-^ mours, inventions, neceffities, and new ob- je£ls, without the miracle of Confufion at firft, in fo long a'traft of time, there had probably been a Babel. For whether A^ merica were firft peopled by one or feve- ral Nations, yet cannot that number of different planting Nations, anfwer the mul- tiplicity of their prefent different Langua- ges, of no affinity unto each other ; and even in their Northern Nations and in- cdmmunicating Angles, their Languages are widely differing. A native Interpre- ter brought from Califormta proved of no ufe unto the Spaniards upon the neigh- bour Shore. From ChiapUy to Guatemala, S. Salvador, Honduras, there are at leaft eighteen feveral Languages ; and fo nume- rous are they both in the Peruvian and Mexican Regions, that the great Princes are fain to- have one common Language, which befides their vernaculous and Mo- ther Tongues, may ferve for commerce between them.

And fmce the confufion of Tongues at firft fell onely ujx>n thofe which were pre- fent in Sinaar at the work of Bahel, whe» tber the primitive Language from Noah

were

Trad VIII. Of Languages, 6cc. 131

were onely preferved in the Family offfe- her, and not alfo in divers others, which might be abfent at the fame, whether all came away and many might not be left behind in their firll Plantations about the foot of the Hills, whereabout the Ark re- fted and Noah became an Husbandman, is not abfurdly doubted.

For fo the primitive Tongue might in time branch out into feveral parts of ^«- repe and Afia, and thereby the firft or He- \, brew Tongue which fcems to be ingredi- ent into fo many Languages, might have larger originals and grounds of its com- munication and traduction than from the Family of Abraham, the Country of Ca- naan and words contained in the Bible which come (liort of the full of that Lan- guage. And this would become more probable from the Septuagint or Greek Chronology ftrenuoufly averted by Fof- fius ; for making five hundred years be- tween the Deluge and the days of Peleg, there arifeth a large latitude of multiplica- tion and difperfion of People into feveral parts, before the defcent of that Body which followed Nimrod unto Stnaar from ItheEaft.

- They who derive the bulk of European

Tongues from the Scythian and the Greek,

though they may fpeak probably in many

K X points.

132 Of Languages^ &c. Trad VIII.

points, yet muft needs allow vaft difle- rence or corruptions from fo few origi- nals, which however might be tolerably made out in the old Saxon, yet hath time much confounded the clearer derivations. And as the knowledge thereof now (lands in reference unto our felves, I find many words totally loft, divers of harfli found difufed or refined in the pronunciation, and many words we have alfo in common ufe not to be found in that Tongue, or ve- nially derivable from any other from whence we have largely borrowed, and yet fo much ftill remaineth with us that it maketh the grofs of our Language.

The religious obligation unto the He^ brew Language hath fo notably continued the fame, that it might ftill be underftood by Abraham , whereas by the Mazorztd Points and Chaldee Charafter the old Let- ter ftands fo transformed, that if Mofes wTre alive again, he muft be taught to reade his own Law.

The Chinoys, who live at the bounds of the Earth, who have admitted little communication, and fuffered fucceflive in- curfions from one Nation, may poflibly give account of a very ancient Language; but confifting of many Nations and Tongues ; confufion, admixtion and cor- ruption in length of time might probably

fo

TradlVIII. Of Languages^ 6cq. 135

fo have crept in as without the virtue of a common Charader, and lading Letter of things, they could never probably make out thofe ftrange memorials which they pretend, while they ftill make ufe of the Works of their great Confutius many hun- dred years before Chrift, and in a feries afcend as high as Poncms, who is con- . ceived our Noah,

- The prefent Welch, and remnant of the old Britanes, hold fo much of that ancient Language, that they make a Ihift to un- derftand the Poems of Merlin, Enerirt, Telefin, a thoufand years ago, whereas the Herulian Pater Nojler, fet down by Wolf'- gangus LaziuSy is not without much criti- cifm made out, and but in fome words ; and the prefent Parifians can hardly hack out thofe few lines of the League between Charles and Lewis, the Sons of Ludovicus Pius, yet remaining in old French.

The Spaniards, in their corruptive tra- ducStion and Romance, have fo happily re- tained the terminations from the Latin, that notwithftanding the Gothick and Moorilh intrufion of words, they are able to make a Difcourfe completely confiding of Grammatical Latin and Spanifli, where- in the Italians and French will be very much to feek.

K 3 Th§

134 Of Languages^ ^Q, TradVHl

The learned Cafauhon conceiveth that a Dialogue might be compofed in Saxoa onely of fuch words as are derivable firom the Greek, which furely might be effec- ted, and fo as the learned might not un- eafily find it out. Ferjiegan made- no doubt that he could contrive a Letter which might be underllood by the En- giiih, Dutch and Eaft Friflander, w^hich> a3 the prefent confufion ftandeth, might have proved no very clear Piece, and hardly to be hammered out : yet fo much of the Saxon ftill remaineth in our Englilli, as may admit an orderly difcourfe and feries of good fenfe, fuch as not onely the pre- fent Englifti, but ^Ifric, Bede and Alu- red might underftand after fo many hun- dred years.

Nations that live promifcuoufly, undjer the Power and Laws of Gonqueft, do fdy dom efcape the lofs of their Language with their Liberties, wherein the Romans were fo ftrift that the Grecians were fain to conform in their judicial Procefles; which made the Jews loofe more in feven- ty years difperfion in the Provinces of ^<^- l^lon\ than in many hundred in their di- ftinft habitation in ^gypt ; and the En-

flifli which dwelt difperfedly to loofe their ^anguage in Ireland, whereas more tole- rable reliques there are thereof in Fingatt,

where

Trad: VIII. Of Lajiguages, 6cc. 135

where they were clofely and "almoft folely planted; and the Moors which weremoft huddled together and united about Grana- da, have yet left their Arvirage among the Granadian Spaniards.

But ihut up in Angles and inacceffible corners, divided by Laws and Manners, tliey often continue long with little miX' ture, which hath afforded that lading life unto the Cantabriau and Britilh Tongue, wherein the Britanes are remarkable, who, having liv^ed tour hundred years together with ttie Romans, retained fo much of the Britifli as it may be efteemed a Language; which either they refolutely maintained in their cohabitation with them in Britane,or retiring after in the time of the Saxons in- to Countries and parts lels civiliz'd and converfant with the Romans, they found the People diftind:, the Language more intire, and fo fell into it again. ^

But furely no Languages have been fo ftraitly lock'd up as not to admit of commixture. Xhe Irifli, although they retain a kind of a Saxon Charafter, yet have admitted many words of Latin and EngliQi. In the Welch are found many words from Latin, fome from Greek and Saxon. In what parity and incommixture the Language of that People flood which were cafually difcovered in the heart of K 4 Spain 9

13^ Of La7iguages,S>cc. TradVlIL

Spain, between the Mountains of Cajlile, no longer ago than in the time of Duke r>' Alva, we have not met with a good account any farther than that their words were Bafquifh or Cantabrian : but the pre-, fent Bafquenfa one of the minor Mother Tongues of Europe, is not without com- mixture of Latin and Caftilian, while we meet with Santtfica, tentationeten, Glar'ta, puijfanea, and four more in the Ihort Form of the Lord's Prayer, fet down by Paulus Merula : but although in this brief Form we may find fuch commixture, yet the bulk of their Language feems more di^ Hind:, confiding of words of no affinity unto others, of numerals totally different, of differing Grammatical Rule, as may be obferved in the Dictionary and fhort Baf- quenfa Grammar, compofed by Raphael Nkoleta^ a Prieft of Btlhoa,

And if they ufe the auxiliary Verbs of Equin and Tfan, anfwerable unto Hazer and Set, to Have, and Be, in the Spanifli, which Forms came in with the Northern Nations into the Italian,Spanifh and French, and if that Form were ufed by them before, and crept not in from imitation of their neighbours, it may fliew fome ancienter traduction from Northern Nations, or elfe muft feem very ftrange,- fince the Sou- thern Nations had it not of old, and I

know

Trad VIII. Of Languages, &c. 137

know not whether any fuch mode be found in the Languages of any part oiA- merka.

The Romans, who made the great com- mixture and alteration of Languages in the World, effefted the fame, not onely by their proper Language, but thofe alfo of their military Forces, employed in feveral Provinces, as holding a ftandirig Militia in all Countries, and commonly of ftrange Nations; fo while the cohorts and Forces of the Britanes were quartered in ^gypt^ Armenia, Spain, Illyria, &c. the Stabte- fians and Dalmatians here, the Gauls, Spa- niards and Germans in other Countries, and other Nations in theirs, they could not but leave many words behind them, and carry away many with them, which might make that in many words of very diftin(3: Nations fome may ftill remain of very unknown and doubtful! Genea- logy.

And if, as the learned Buxhornius con- tendeth, the Scythian Language as the Mother Tongue runs through the Nations oi Europe, and even as far as Perfia, the community in many words between fo many Nations, hath a more reafonable o- riginal traduftion, and were rather deri- vable from the common Tongue diffiifed through them all, than from any particu- lar

138 Of Languages, 6cQ. Trad:VIIL

lar Nation, which hath alfo borrowed and holdeth but at fecond hand.

The Saxons fettling over all England, . maintained an uniform Language, onely^j diver fified in Diale£t, Idioms, and minor differences, according to their different Nations which came in to the common Conqueft, which may yet be a caufe of the variation in the fpeech and words of fev^eral parts of England, where different Nations moft abode or fettled, and having expelled the * Britanes, their Wars were chiefly among themfelves, with little ac- tion with foreign Nations untill the union of the Heptarchy under Egbert; after which time although the Danes infefted this Land and fcarce left any part free, yet their incurfions made more havock in Buildings, Churches and Cities, than the Language of the Country, becaufe their ^ Language was in effeft the fame, and fuch as whereby they might eafily underftand one another.

And if the Normans, which came into Neujlria or Normandy with Rollo the Dane, had preferved their Language in their new acquifts, the fucceeding Conqueft oi Eng- land, by Duke William of his race, had not begot among us fuch notable alterati- ons; but having loft their Language in their abode in Normandy before they ad- ventured

Trad VIII. Of Languages, 6cq, 1 3^

ventured upon England, they confounded the Englilh with their French, and made the grand mutation , which was fuccef- fively encreafed by our pofieffions in Nor- mandy, Guien and Aquitain, by our long Wars in France, by frequent refort of the French, who to the number of fome thou- fands came over with /^^^/ Queen to Ed- ward the Second, and the feveral Matches of England with the Daughters of France before and fmce that time.

But this commixture, though fuiEcient to confufe, .proved not of ability to abolilh the Saxon words ; for from the French we have borrowed many Subftantives, Adjec- tives and fortie Verbs, but the great Body of Numerals, auxiliary Verbs, Articles, Pronouns , Adverbs , Conjunftions and Prepofitions, which are the diftinguiihing and lading part of a Language, remain with us from the Saxon, which, having fuffered no great alteration for many hun- dred years, may probably ftill remain, though the Eiiglifti fwell with the in- mates of Italian, French and Latin. An Example whereof may be obferv'd in this following,

ENGLISH

1 40 Of Languages, &c. Trad VIIL

ENGLISH I.

The firft and formoft ftep to all good Works is the dread and fear of the Lord of* Heaven and Earth, which thorough the Holy Ghoft enlightneth the blindnefs of our finfuU hearts to ucda the ways of wifedom, and leads our feet into the Land of Bleffing.

SAXON I.

The erft and fyrmoft ftjEp to eal gode Weorka is the dr^cd and feurt of the Lauord of Heofan and Eorth, while thurh the Heilig Gaft onlihtneth the blindnefle of ure finfull heorte to trasd the waeg of wif- dome, and thone ted ure fet into the Land ofBlefliing.

ENGLISH IL

For to forget his Law is the Door, the Gate and Key to let in all unrighteoufnefs, making our Eyes, Ears and Mouths to anfwer the luft of Sin, our Brains dull to good Thoughts, our Lips dumb to his Praife, our Ears deaf to his Gofpel, and our Eyes dim to behold his Wonders, which witncfs againft us that we have

not

Trad VIII. Of Languages^ ^q. 141

not well learned the word of God, that we are the Children of wrath, unworthy of the love and manifold gifts of God, gree- - dily following after the ways of the Devil and witchcraft of the World,doing nothing to free and keep our felves from the bur- ning fire of Hell, till we be buried in Sin and fwallowed in Death, not to arife again in any hope of Chrid's Kingdom,

SAXOM II.

For to fuorgytan his Laga is the Dure, the Gat and Casg to let in eal unrightwif- nyfle, makend ure Eyge, Eore and Muth to anfware the luft of Sin, ure Brxgan dole to gode Theoht, ure Lippan dumb to his Preys, ure Earen deaf to his Go- fpel, and ure Eyge dim to behealden his Wundra, while ge witnyfle ongen us that wee cef noht wel gelasred the weord of God, that wee are the Cilda of ured,' un- wyrthe of the lufe and miEuigfeald gift of God, grediglice felygend aefter the waegen of the Deoful and wiccraft of the Weorld, doend nothing to fry and casp ure faula from the byrnend fyr of Hell, till we be geburied in Synne and fwolgen in Death not to arife agen in senig hope of Chriftes Kynedome.

ENGLISH

1^2 . Of Languages, Sec. Trad VIIL ENGLISH m.

Which draw from above the bitter doom of the Almighty of Hunger, Sword, Sick- nefs, and brings more fad plagues than thofe of Hail, Storms, Thunder, Bloud, Frogs, fwarms of Gnats and Grafhoppers, which ate the Corn, Grafs and Leaves of the Trees in ^gypt-

SAXON III.

While drag from buf the bitter dome of the Almagan of Hunger, Sweorde, Seok- nefle, and bring mere fad plag, thone they of Hagal, Storme, Thunner, Blode, Frog, fwearme of Gnset and Gaerfupper, while eaten the Corn, Gsers and Leaf of the Treowen in ^^gypt.

ENGLISH IV.

If we reade his Book and holy Writ, thefe among many others, we jfhall find to be the tokens of his hate , which ga- thered together might mind us of his will, and teach U5 when his wrath be- ginneth, which fometimes comes in o- pen ftrength and full fail, oft fteals like a Thief in the night, like Shafts fliot

from

Trad VIII. Of Languages^ &c. 1 43

from a Bow at midnight, before we think upon them.

SAXON IV.

Gyf we rosd his Boc and heilig Gewrit, thefe gemong mxnig othern, we fceall findan the tacna of his hatung while gega- therod together miht gemind us of his wil- lan, and teac us whone his ured ongin- neth , while fometima come in open ftrength and fill feyle, oft ftael gelyc a Theot in the niht, gelyc Sceaft fcoten fram a Boge at midneoht, beforan we thinck uppen them.

ENGLISH V.

And though they were a deal lefs, and rather fliort than beyond our fins, yet do we not a whit withftand or forbear them, we are wedded to, not weary of our mif- deeds, we feldom look upward, and are not afhamed under fin, we cleanfe not our felves from the blacknefs and deep hue of our guilt ; we want tears and forrow, we weep not, fall not, we crave not forgive- nefs from the mildnefs, fweetnefs and goodnefs of God, and with all livelihood and ftedfaftnefs to our uttermoft will hunt after the evil of guile, pride, curling, fwea-

ring.

144 Of Languages, dcQ. TradVlIl

ring, drunkeanefs, overeating, uncleannefs, all idle luft of the flefli, yes many uncouth and namelefs fins, hid in our inmoft Breaft and Bofomes, which ftand betwixt our forgivenefs, and keep God and Man afun- der.

SAXOU V.

And theow they waere a dael lefle, and reither fcort thone begond oure finnan, get do we naht a whit withftand and for* beare them, we eare bewudded to, noht werig of ure agen mifdeed, we feldon loc upweard, and ear not offch^cmod under / {inne, we cleans noht ure felvan from the blacnefle and dasp hue of ure guilt; we wan teare and fara, we weope noht, fosil noht, we craf noht foregyfnefle fram the mildnefle, fweetnefie and goodnefle of God, and mit eal lifelyhood and ftedfafl- nefle to ure uttermoft witt hunt refter the ufel of guile, pride, curfung, fwearung, druncennefle, overeat, uncleannefle and eal idle luft of the flsefc, yis maenig un- cuth and nameleas finnan, hid in ure in- maeft Brift and Bofome, while ftand be- twixt ure foregyfnefle, and casp God and Man afynder.

ENGLISH

Trad: VIII. Of Languages^ ^q. 145

ENGLISH VI.

Thus are we far beneath and alfo worfe lan the refl: of God's Works ; for the Sun [iid Moon, the King and Queen of Stars, Snow, Ice, Rain, Froft, Dew, Mill, Wind, fourfooted and creeping things, Fiflies and feathered Birds, and Fowls either of Sea or Land do all hold the Laws of his will.

SAXON Y\.

Thus eare we far beneoth and ealfo wyrfe thone the reft of Gods Weorka ; for the Siin and Mone, the Cyng and Cqaen of Stearran, Snaw, Ife, Ren, Froft, Deaw, Mifte, Wind, feower fet and cry- pend dinga. Fix yefetherod Brid, and F:e- Jan auther in Sx or Land do eal heold the Lag of his willan.

Thus have you feen in few words how near the Saxon and Englifti meet.

Now of this account the French will be able to make nothing ; the modern Danes and Germans, though from feveral words they may conjedrure at the mea- ning, yet will they be much to feek in the orderly fenie and continued conftruc- L tion

14^ Of Languages, &c. Tradt VIII.

tion thereof, whether the Danes can conr tinue fuch a feries of fenfe out of their pre- fent Language and the old Runick, as to be intelligible unto prefent and ancient tirnes, fome doubt may well be made; and if the prefent French would attempt a Difcourfe in words common unto their prefent Tongue and the old Romam Ru- ftka fpoken in Elder times, or in the old Language of the Francks, which came to be in ufe fome fucceflions after Pharamond, it might prove a Work of fome trouble to efTea.

It were not impoffible to make an Ori- ginal reduction of many words of no ge- neral reception in England but of common pfe in Norfolk, or peculiar to the Eaft Angle Countries; as, Bawnd , Bunny, Thurck, Enemmis, Sammodithee, Mawther, Kedge.SeeUy Straft^ Clever, Matchly.Dere, Nicked, Stingy ^Noneare^^Feft, Thepes, Gof- goody Kampy Sihrit, Fangaji, Sap, Cothifh, Thokijh, Bide owe, Paxwax : of thefe and fome others of no eafie originals, when time will permit, the refolution may be attempted ; which to efieft, the Danifh Language new and more ancient may prove of good advantage : which Nation remained here fifty years upon agreement, and have left many Families in it, and th^ Language of thefe parts |iad furely been ■^ -^ ' ' more

TracftVIIL Of Languages^ ^q. 147

more commixed and perplex, if the Fleet of Hugo de Bones had not been caft away, wherein threefcore thoufand Souldiers out of Br it any and Flanders were to be waf- ted over, and were by King John^ appoint- ment to have a fettled habitation in the Counties of Norfolk and Suffolk,

But befide your laudable endeavours in the Saxon, you are not like to repent you of your ftudies in the other European and Weftern Languages, for therein are delive- red many excellent Hiftorical, Moral and Philofophical Difcourfes, wherein men merely verfed in the learned Languages are often at a lofs : but although you are fo well accompliflied in the French, you will not furely conceive that you are ma- tter of all the Languages in France, for to omit the Briton, Britonant or old Britifli, yet retained in fome part of Britany, I Ihall onely propofe this unto your con- ftruftion.

Chavalifco d^ aquejles Boemes chems an freitado lou cap cun taules Jargonades, ero necy chi voluiget bout a fin tens emhe aqueU les, Anin a lous occells, che dizen tat proa ben en ein voz U ome nofap comochodochi yen ay jes de plazer, d' aufir la mitat de paraulles en el mon,

L X This •

1 4S Of Lavgriages^ &c. Tradl VIII.

This is a part of that Language which Scaliger nameth Idiotifmus TeCloJagicus, or Lanme d' oc, counterdiftinguilhing it unto the Idiotifmus Franckus, or Latrgue d' ouy, not under flood in a petty corner or between a few Mountains, but in parts of early civility, in Languedoc, Provence and Catalonia, which put together will make little lefs than England.

Without fome knowledge herein you cannot exaclly underfland the Works of fiahim : by this the French themfelves are fain to make out that preferved relique of old French, containing the League between Charles and Lewis the Sons of Ludovicus Piusi Hereby may tolerably be underflood the feveral Trafts written in the Catalo- nian Tongue; and in this is publiflied the Traft of Falconry written by Theodojim and Symmachus : in this is yet conferved the Poem Vilhuardine concerning the French expedition in the Holy War, and the taking of Confiantinople, among the Works of Marius ALquicola an Italian Po et. You may find, in this Language, a pleafant dialogue of Love : this, about an hundred years ago, was in high efteem, when many Italian Wits flocked into Pro^ vence ; and the famou§ Petrarcha, wrot^ inany of his Poem§ in Fauclufe in that gountry, fof

Trad VIII. Of Languages^ &co 1 4p

For the word ^DreaJ'} in the Royal Title [^ Dread Sovereign~\ of which you defire to know the meaning, I return an- fwer unto your queflion briefly thus.

Mod men do vulgariy uriderftaild this word Dread after the common and En- gliih acception, as implying Fear, Awe or Dread.

Others may think to expound it from the French word Droit or Droyt. For^ whereas in elder times, the Trefidents and Supremes of Courts were termed Sove- reigns, men might conceive this a diftinc- tive Title and proper unto the King as e- minently and by right the Sovereign.

A third expofition may be made fromi Ibme Saxon Original, particularly frorri Driht, Domine, or Drihten, Dominus^ in the Saxon Language, the word for Dorni* nus throughout the Saxon Pfalms, and u- fed in the exprefiion of the year of our Lord in the Decretal Epiftle of Pope ^g^- tho unto Athelred King of the Mercians, Anno^ 680.

Verfiegan would haVe this term Drihten appropriate unto God. Yet, in the Con- ftitutions of * Withred King of Kent, we * v. a find the fame word ufed tor a Lord or ^P„"],ij;"'''' Mafter, Si in vefperh prcecedente folem L 3 Jerum

150 Of Languages^ ^Q. TradVIIL

fervus ex mandate Domini aliquod epus fervile egerit^ Dominus (Drihten) 80 y^r lidis luito. However therefore, though Driht, Domine^ rnight be moft eminently applied unto the Lord of Heaven , yet might it be alfo transferred unto Poten- tates and Gods on Earth, unto whom fealty is given or due, according unto the Feudift term Ligem a Ligando unto whom they were bound in fealty. And therefore from Drihty Domine^ Dread Sovereign, may, probably, owe its Original.

I have not time to enlarge upon this Subject : 'Pray let this pafs, as it is, for a Letter and not for a Treatife. I am

Tours y Sec.

TRACT

TRACT IX.

OF ARTIFICIAL

H I L L S5

MOUNTS or BURROWS,^

In many parts of

ENGLAND.

What they are, to what end raifed, and by what Nations.

My honoured Friend Mr. E. D, his ^^e.

I

N my laft Summer's Journey through *^ I Mar Jhland, Holland 2inA2i^XQZX,^2iXt ^* -*- of the FennSy I obferved divers arti- ficial heaps of Earth of a very large mag- nitude, and I hear of many others which ^' g^e in other parts of thofc Countries, L 4 '' fome

u

152 Of the Tumuli of Trad I xll

" fome of them are at leaft twenty foot '" in direft height from the level whereori " they ftand. I would gladly know your " opinion of them, and whether you think " not that they were raifed by the Romans " or Saxons to cover the Bones or Allies " of fome eminent perfons ?

My A7ifwer.

Worthy Sir,

Concerning artificial Mounts and Hills, raifed without Fortifications atten- ding them, in moft parts of England, the moft confiderable thereof I conceive to be of two kinds ; that is, either fignal Boun- daries and Land-marks, or elfe fepulchral JMonuments or Hills of Interrment for re* markable and eminent perfons, efpecially fuch as died in the Wars.

As for fuch which are fepulchral Monu- ments, upon bare and naked view they are not appropriable unto any of the three Nations of the Romans, Saxons or Danes, who, after the Britaines, have poflefled this Land ; becaufe upon ftrift account, they may be appliable unto them all.

For

Tra6i: IX. Romans ^ Saxons^ Danes. 155

For that the Romans ufed fuch hilly Se- pultures, befide many other teftimonies, feems confirmable from the praftice of Germankus, who thus interred the unbu- ried Bones of the flain Souldiers of Farus ; and that expreffion of Virgil, of high aa- ' tiquity among the Latins,

-facit ingens mcnte fuh alto

Regis Dercenni terreno ex agger e Bujlum*

That the Saxons made ufe of this way is colleftible from feveral Records , and that pertinent expreffion of "^ Lelafidus,*^^^ Sax ones gens Chrijli ignara , in hortis a- neoi ki- mcenis^ p domi forte cegroti morielantur ; thuri, fin for is & hello occiji, in egejiis per campos terra tumults, quos (Burgos appellabant) Jepultifunt,

That the Danes obferved this praftice, their own Antiquities do frequently con- firm, and it flands precifely delivered by Adolphus Cyprius, as the learned f Wormim f worm? os

hath obferved. Dani olim in memoriam Re- ^^ ^onyjneM^ Q^ rr ttsDantctu

gum \3 Her cum, ex terra coacervata zngen'^

tes moles yMontium inftar eminenteSyerexiffe,

credilile omnino ac prolahile efi, atque iU

lis in locis ut plurimum, quo ftepe homines

commearent, atque iter haherent, ut in vi^

is puhlicis pofteritati memoriam confecra^

rent^ ^ quodammodo immortalitati man-

darent.

Of the Tumuli of Tra6l

darent. And the like Monuments are yet to be obferved in Norway and Denmark in no fmall numbers.

So that upon a fingle view and outward obfervation they may be the Monuments of any of thefe three Nations : Although the greateft number, not improbably, of the Saxons; who fought many Battels with the Britaines and Danes, and alfo be- tween their own Nations, and left thfc proper name of Burrows for thefe Hills llill retained in many of them, as the fe- ven Burrows upon Salislury Plain, and in many other parts of England.

But of thefe and the like Hills there^ can be no clear and aflured decifion with- out an ocular exploration, and fubterrane- ous enquiry by cutting through one or them either directly or croflwife. For fa with lefler charge difcovery may be made what is under them, and confequently the intention of their ereftion.

For if they were raifed for remarkable and eminent Boundaries,* then about theif > bottom will. be found the lading fubflan- ces of burnt Bones of Beafts , of Aflies, Bricks, Lime or Coals.

If Urns be found, they might be ereded by the Romans before the term of Urn- burying or cuftom of burning the dead expired : but if raifed by the Romans after

lha#

Trad IX. Romans^ Saxons^ Vanes. 155

that period ; Infcriptions, Swords, Shields and Arms after the Roman mode, may afford a good diftinftion.

But if thefe Hills were made by Saxons or Danes, diftcvery may be made from the fafliion of their Arms, Bones of their Horfes, and other diftinguiftiing fubftan- ces buried with them.

And for fuch an attempt there wanteth not encouragement. For a like Mount or Burrow was opened in the days of King Henry the Eighth upon Bar ham Down in' Kent, by the care of Mr. Thomas D^gges and charge of Sir Chrtftopher Hales \ and a large Urn with Aflies was found under it, as is delivered by Thomas Twinus De Rehus Alhionicis, a learned Man of that Country , Sub increithtli Term acervo, ZJrna cinere offium magnorum fragment is plena, cum galeis, clypeis a nets ^ ferrets ruhigine fere confumptis, inufitatce magnitU'^ dims, eruta efl : Jed nulla infer iptio nomen, nullum tefltmonium tempus, aut fortunam exponehant : and not very long ago , as * C ami den delivereth, in one of the Mounts * Cambd. o{ Barklow Hills in EJfex, being levelled ^"'•^ 5 '^* there were found three Troughs, contai- ning broken Bones, conceived to have been of Danes : and in later time we find, that a Burrbw was opened in the Ifle of Man, wherein fourteen Urns were found with

burnt

1^6 Of the Tumuli, &c. Trad IX.

burnt Bones in ilicm ; and one more neat than the reft, placed in a Bed of fine white Sand, containing nothing but a few brittle Bones, as having pafled the Fire; accor- ding to the particular account thereof in * Pkhlifljed the '*' defcription of the Ifle of Ma», Sure- Dtn^kine. ^y fn^ny noble Bones and Afties have been contented with fuch hilly Tombs; which neither admitting Ornament, Epitaph or Infcription , may , if Earthquakes fpare them, out laft all other Monuments. Su^ fmt Metis metae. Obelisks have their term, and Pyramids will tumble, but thefe mountainous Monuments may ftand, and are like to have the fame period v/ith the Earth.

More might be faid, but my bufinefs, of another nature, makes me take off my hand. I am

Tours ^ &c*

TRACT

(157) TRACT X.

P F

T R O A S,

W^hat place is meant by that Name.

Alfo, of the fituations of Sodom^

Gomorrba-^ Admah^ Zeboim^

in the dead Sea.

Sir,

To your Geographical Queries , I anftver as follows,

IN fundry paflages of the new Tefta- ment, in the Aiis of the Apojiles, and Epiftles of S. Paul, we meet with the word Troas ; how he went from Troas to Fhilippi in Macedonia, from thence unto

Troas

1 5 8 Of Tro2iS 3 ofSodom.is^c. Trad X.

Troof again : how he remained feven days in that place ; from thence on foot to Af fos, whither the Difciples had failed from Troasy and there, taking him in, made their Voyage unto Cafarea.

Now, whether this Troas be the name of a City or a certain Region feems no groundlefs doubt of yours : for that 'twas fometimes taken in the fignification of fome Country, is acknowledged by Orte- liiUy St£phaniis and Grotius ; and it is plain- ly fet down by Straho, that a Region of Phrygia in Afia minor was fo taken in an- cient times ; and that, at the Trojan War, all the Territory which comprehended the nine Principalities fubjedt unto the King of Ilium, t^om Ag^/B/xiw, was called by the name of Troja. And this might feem fuiEciently to falve the intention of the defcription, when he came or went from Troas, that is, fome part of that Region ; and will otherwife feem ftrange unto ma- ny how he fliould be faid to go or come from that City which all Writers had laid in the Allies about a thoufand years be- fore.

All which notwithftanding , fince we reade in the Text a particular abode of fe-' ven days, and fuch particulars as leaving of his Cloak, Books and Parchments at Troas : And that S. Luke feems to have

been

TradX Of TT02iS'^ of Sodom.iS'c. 159

been taken in to the Travels of S. Paul in this place, where he begins in the Aiis to write in the firft perfon, this may rather feem to have been fome Qty or fpecial Habitation, than any Province or Region without fuch limitation.

Now that fuch a City there was, and that of no mean note, is eafily verified from hiftorical obfervation. For though old Ilium was anciently deftroyed^, yet was there another raifed by the relifts of that people, not in the fame place, but about thirty Furlongs weftward, as is to be learned IromStraio.

Of this place Alexander in his Expedi- tion again ft Darius took efpecial notice, endowing it with fundry Immunities, with promife of greater matters at his re- turn from Perfia ; inclined hereunto from the honour he bore unto Homer, whofe earneft Reader he .was, and upon whofc Poems, by the help of Anaxarchus and CalliJiheneSy he made fome obfervations. As alfo much moved hereto upon the ac- count of his cognation with the JEacides and Kings of Moloffus, whereof Androma- che the Wife oiHetior was Queen. After the death of Alexander, Lyfimachus fur- rounded it with a Wall, and brought the inhabitants of the neighbour Towns unto it, andfoitborethenameof^/d'x^^Wr/^-

which

I ^o 6?/Troas 5 o/Sodom, isrc Trad X.

which, from Anttgonus, was alfo called Ant'tgcniay according to the infcription of that famous Medal in Gokjius , Colonia Troas Antigonia Alexanclrea, Legio vice^ fima prima.

When the Romans firft went into Afia againft Antiochus 'twas but a Kcjt)ijuo7roXi<; and no great City ; but, upon the Peace concluded, the Romans much advanced the fame. Fimhria, the rebellious Roman, fpoiled it in the Mithridatick War, boafting that he had fubdued Troy in eleven days which the Grecians could not take in al- moft as many years. But it was again re- built and countenanced by the Romans, and became a Roman Colony, with great Immunities conferred on it; and accor- dingly it is fo fet down by Ptolomy. For the Romans, dei-iving themfelves from the Trojans, thought no favour too great for it; efpecially Julius Ccefar, who, both in imitation of Alexander, and for his own defcent ixom Julus, ofthepofterity of^- fieasy with much paflion affefted it, and, Sucton. in a difcontented humour, '^ was once in mind to tranflate the Roman wealth un- to it ; fo that it became a very remarkable place, and was, in Strahos time, lAAo^- ^v nQMoDVy one of the noble Cities of Ajfa,

And,

TradX. 0fTtO2iSidfSodomyis'c, i^i

And, if they underftood the predidion of Homer in reference unto the Romans, as fome expound it in Straho, it might much promote their affeftion unto that place ; which being a remarkable pro- phecy, and fcarce to be paralleled in Pagan Itory, made before Rome was builtj and concerning the lading Reign of the pro- geny oiMneas, they could not but take efpecial notice of it. For thus is Neptune made to fpeak, when he iv^tA/^neasitom the fury oi Achilles.

Verum agite hunc fuhito prdfeHti a m0rte

trahamus Ne Cronides ira flammet fi fort is Achilles Hunc maitet^ fati quern Lex evader e juffit. Ne genus inter eat de latofemine toturn Dardani ah excelfo pra cuntlis prolilus

olim, Dileili quos e mortaliftirpe creav^, Nunc etiam friami ft ir pern Saturnius 0dit^ Trojugenum pofthac /Eneas fceptra tenehit* Et nati natorum ^ qui nafcentur ah illis.

The Roman favours were alfo continu- ed unto S. Paul\ days ; for ^ Claudius, * SocroS. producing an ancient Letter of the Ro- mans unto King Seleucus concerning the Trojan Privileges, made a Releafe of their Tributes; and Nero elegantly pleaded for ncic/. i|. M their

i62 ^/Troas 5 of Sodom,Ji?r. TraiftX.

their Immunities, and remitted all Tributes unto them. v fo

And, therefore, there being fo remar- kable a City in this Territory; it m^y feem too hard to loofe the fame in the general name of the Country; and fince it was fo eminently favoured by Empert)urs, enjoying fo many Immunities, and full of Roman Privileges, it was probably very * populous, and a fit abode for S. Paul, who being a Roman Citizen, might live more quietly himfelf, and have no fmajl num* ber of faithfuU well-wifliers in it. '-'"Yet muft we not conceive that this was the old Troy, or re-built in the fame place with it : ^for Troas was placed about thirty Furlongs Weft, and upon the Sea fliore $ fo that , to hold a- clearer apprehenfion hereof than is commonly delivered in the Difcourfes of the Ruines of Troy, we may confider one Inland Troy or old Iliurn^ which was built farther within the Land, ^nd fo was removed from the Port where the Grecian Fleet lay in Homer ; and ano- ther Maritime Troy, which was upon the Sea Coaft placed in the Maps of Ptolomy, between Ledum and Sigceum or Port Ja- mzam, Southweft from the old City, which was this of S. Paul, and whereunto are