QUEENSLAND HERBARIUM

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES
BRISBANE

AUSTRO

VOLUME 1
NUMBER 2

1978. 58237—S, R. Hampson, Government Printer, Brisbane

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CONTENTS

Page
A revision of Acacia Mill. in Queensland

L, Pedley .. a Ke at sls ahs ns ee)

Editor: L. Pedley

Dates of Publication

“Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium” No. 20 was published
on 20 September 1977, and ‘* Austrobaileya ” 1 (1) on 1 December 1977.

Austrobaileya 1 (2): 75-234 (1978)

A REVISION OF ACACIA MILL. IN QUEENSLAND

By L. Pedley,
Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane.

Table of Contents
Part 1
Summary ..
Classification
Some characters and their usefulness in taxonomy ..
Delimitation of species ..
Cytology ..
Ecology
Reproduction and dispersal
Common names .
Notes on the text
Key to species

Description of species
Subgenus Heterophyllum
Juliflorae
Plurinerves
Lycopodiifoliae

Part 2 *
Phyllodineae
Botrycephalae
Subgenus Acacia
Subgenus Aculeiferum

Acknowledgements

Bibliography

Index of collectors

Index of names

Appendix 1. Names of some infrageneric taxa and their typification
Appendix 2. Colour of flowers of some species.

* To be published in Austrobaileya 1 (3).

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95
96
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102

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227

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Summary

Bentham’s classification of Acacia with six series has usually been followed, with minor
modifications. Recent studies in the chemistry of the heartwood, morphology of pollen and
seedlings, and several taximetric studies have resulted in re-appraisals of Bentham’s
classification, Three subgenera with ten sections are recognised here. Of these sections
Alatae (Benth.) Pedley and Lycopodiifoliae Pedley are new, and the names Spiciflorae DC.
and Phryllodineae DC. replace the more familiar Vulgares (Benth.) Taub. and Uninerves
(Benth.) Maiden & Betche respectively. Lectotypes for some infrageneric taxa are chosen.

Characters useful in identification and classification are discussed, The arrangement of
phyllodes, their shape, size, venation, indumentum and the position and structure of their
glands enable a large proportion of species to be identified. The succession of bipinnate -
seedling leaves and their retention on older plants are discussed and it is suggested that the
Botrycephalae and the Racemosae group of the Phyllodineae are related, Juvenile phyllodes
of some species differ markedly from those of mature plants and some species retain them
throughout their lives. The nature of the inflorescence (heads or spikes) and their arrangement
are useful in defining groups of related species, Flowers show little variation in size and
structure and are of limited value in classification and identification. Flower colour is more
or less constant for each species. There is a great diversity of pods though only one-fifth
of specimens examined included pods,

Delimitation of species is discussed briefly. Naturally occurring hybrids are rare.
Most species have a diploid complement of 26 chromosomes, Polyploids are more common
in subg, Acacia than they are in other subgenera.

Acacias are scarce or absent only in rainforest and grassland. Edaphic factors determine
the ranges of many species. Most favour coarse-textured well-drained soils, but some wide-
ranging, economically important species are confined to clays, Others are associated with
deeply weathered rocks on scarps. Regeneration of most species is from seed, particularly
after fires, but A, harpophylla and A. argyrodendron sucker from the roots. Their seeds lack
an impervious testa. The abundance and geographic ranges of some species have been
affected by man’s activities. Though data are lacking dispersal by animals is probably
insignificant.

A key to the identification of 234 species and descriptions, essential synonymy, citation
of some specimens, and notes on distribution, ecology and taxonomy for all species are
given. A. nilotica (Asia), A. baileyana, A. decurrens (south-eastern Australia) and A, saligna
(Western Australia) are naturalized, Taxa described as new are: A. ditricha (subg. Acacta);
A, jackesiana, A, spania, A. striatifolia, A. tenuinervis, A. hyaloneura, A. longispicata subsp.
velutina, A. oligophleba, A. leiocalyx subsp. herveyensis, A, crassa subsp. longicoma, A.
erandifolia, (Juliflorae); A. microcephala, A. maranoensis, A, ammophila, A. melvillei, A.
melleodora, A, excelsa subsp. angusta, A, fleckeri, A. hyalonoma, A. legnota, A. leptoloba
(Plurinerves); A. johnsonii, A. islana, A. burbidgeae, A. tindaleae, A. hockingsti, A. lauta, A.
calantha, A. detuteroneura, A. everistii, A. holotricha, A. polifolia, A. buxifolia subsp.
pubiflora (Phyllodineae); and A. albizoides (subg. Aculeiferum). A. caroleae (Juliflorae), A.
ixodes and A. perangusta (Phyllodineae) are new species based on A. doratoxylon var.
angustifolia, A. gnidium var, latifolia, and A. fimbriata var. perangusta respectively.

Acknowledgements, bibliography and an index to collections in the Queensland Herbarium
(BRI) are given.

This paper is to be published in two parts. The first part deals with the 140
species of the sections Juliflorae, Plurinerves and Lycopodiifoliae. The rest of the
paper will be published in part 3 of Austrobaileya Vol. 1.

Classification

A discussion of the classification of the genus Acacia after its formal
recognition by Philip Miller (1754) was given by Ross (1973) and will not be
repeated. Despite Ross’s statement to the contrary, de Candolle (1825) did
provide names for each of the four sections of the genus that he recognised
and some of these must in fact be used in place of some generally used ones
which were proposed later by Bentham.

78

Bentham (1842) largely disregarded de Candolle’s classification when
he published his more detailed one which has become the basis of most subsequent
classifications. Bentham recognised six series which are still accepted by most
taxonomists as major subdivisions of the genus, though there has been some
disagreement as to the appropriate rank of the subdivisions. Bentham (1855)
and Mueller (1859) followed Bentham’s earlier scheme, but in his treatment
of the Australian species, Bentham (1864) modified it slightly. Some of the
subseries of the series Phyllodinae were raised to the rank of series and the
series Phyllodineae became the “division” Phyllodineae. I regard this and the
equally ranking “division” Bipinnatae as sections. Bentham also described new
subseries. ‘The names of some of these are illegitimate.

Bentham (1875) again classified Acacia. He reduced the section Phyllo-
dineae to the rank of series and the series included in it to subseries. The other
series remained as before; and in fact Bentham’s classification of 1875 was a
return to his classification of 1842 with the addition of some subdivisions of
those subseries included in the series Phyllodineae. Bentham’s low ranking of
the major subdivisions of Acacia is surprising. It is partly explained by his
note that, though they appeared to have the same importance as the subgenera of
Mimosa, Pithecellobium and others, and although distinguished by vegetative
characters, they were, for systemic purposes, under the rules usually followed,
treated as series only.

Mueller (1889) slightly modified Bentham’s 1864 classification by placing
subseries Spicatae in the series Juliflorae. Taubett (1894) used Bentham’s 1875
classification except that he raised Bentham’s series to sectional rank. I have
treated Taubert’s subdivisions of the sections as subsections.

Since Taubert, no one has attempted to deal with the whole of Acacia.
Britton and Rose (1928) using characters of the pod referred the American
species to a number of genera. Segregate genera had already been described
by Wright and Arnott, Link, Rafinesque and others (for references sce
Hutchinson 1964).

_ It is significant that Australian workers have followed Bentham with little
modification. Maiden and Betche (1916) agreed with Mueller and placed all
-phyllodinous species with spicate inflorescences in the Juliflorae, though the
placing there of A. dorothea is doubtful. Bailey (1900), Gardner (1930)
and Ewart (1930) all adopted Bentham’s classification, as did Black (1924)
though he recognised only three series.

Newman (1932a) objected to existing classification as being “too static”
and proposed a classification which he did not develop in any subsequent
publication. It was based on “inflorescences” (inflorescences in racemes, clustered
or single), “flower groups” (flowers in cylindrical spikes, oblong ‘spikes, or in
globular heads), and “foliar types” (true leaves, petioles without laminae in the
adult, and leaves completely absent). From the small number of species listed
by Newman it seems that he regarded Acacia undulifolia (—A. uncinata) as
being more closely related to A. farnesiana and A. bidwillii than to A. buxifolia
and A, penninervis. Such a classification is hardly worthy of serious consideration.

Recent work on Acacia, particularly the chemistry of the flavenoid com-
ponents of the heart-wood, the pollen and the development of seedlings, has led
to a reassessment of the classification of Bentham. As Tindale and Roux (1969)
remarked, Bentham’s classification has stood the test of time. This may not be
suitable criterion for assessing the classifications of taxa of interest to only

4 hat an -eT gg en ihrer tem oe a

79

a few workers, but. it is valid in Acacia which is of considerable ecological and
economic importance in Africa and Australia. It is significant that Mueller,
Maiden, Black and Gardner, taxonomists with a considerable knowledge of
Australian species, proposed only minor modifications of the classification of
Acacia published by Bentham in 1842. It may be equally significant however
that African workers such as Brenan (1959), Dale and Greenway (1961) and Ross
(1971) did not use a formal infrageneric classification, though Ross (1973)
has more recently endorsed Bentham’s major subdivisions.

Studies of the Australian species of Acacia by Clarke-Lewis and Dainis
(1967), Clarke-~-Lewis and Porter (1972) and Tindale and Roux (1969, 1974)
showed the hydroxylation patterns of flavonoids of the heartwood to be correlated
with the broad subdivisions of the genus. Tindale and Roux who presented
data on almost 300 species and found that flavonoids with pyrogallol (7,
8-hydroxy) A-ring nuclei occur almost exclusively in species of subsections of
the Plurinerves and Juliflorae, while the resorcinol (7-hydroxy) A-ring analogues
are similarly represented in the Brunioideae, subsect, Racemosae of the
Uninerves and the Botrycephalae. Individual representation of both hydroxyla-
tion patterns or their mixtures are present among the Continuae, and under many
subsections of the Pungentes, Calamiformes and Uninerves, Peltogynoids were
isolated from the heartwoods of A. peuce, A. carnei and A. crombiei. On the
assumption that 8-hydroxylation or 8-methoxylation of the resorcinol-type
(7-hydroxy) flavonoids to form pyrogallol-type (7, 8-hydroxy) compounds was
an evolutionary advance, Tindale and Roux considered the Botrycephalae and the
subsection Racemosae of the Uninerves (with the exception of A. salicina, A.
ligulata and few other apparently related species) to be primitive and the Juliflorae
the most advanced, Eastern Australia was considered to be the centre of origin
of the Australian species of Acacia.

The presence of flavonoids of both 7-hydroxy and 7,8-hydroxy types in such
widespread juliflorous species as A. ancistrocarpa, A. difficilis, A. holosericea,
A, humifusa, A. leptocarpa, A. leptostachya, A. tenuissima, A. torulosa, and
others suggests that an equally likely hypothesis is that both 7- and 7,8-hydroxy
flavonoids are present in less advanced species and that species with only
7-hydroxy or. 7,8-hydroxy types were derived from these. In this case the
subsection Racemosae of the Uninerves and the Botrycephalae could be regarded
as advanced. It would also be unnecessary to postulate, however tentatively,
that the Gummiferae were derived from the Botrycephalae.

The distribution of free amino acids in the seeds of 106 species of Acacia
(Evans et al. 1977) confirms Vassal’s division of the genus (see below) into
three subgenera, with Acweliferum and Heterophyllum appearing to be more
closely allied to each other than they do to subg. Acacia. The amino-acid
patterns suggest that of the extra-Australian species previously referred to
Heterophyllum (Pedley 1975), A. heterophylla agrees with other species of
the subgenus, whereas A. confusa and A. kauiensis could be placed in Aculeiferum.,

The distribution of other compounds within the genus could also yield
information on relationships. Kjaer (1966) noted that evil smelling compounds,
usually considered to be thiols or sulphides, have been detected in several species
of the Mimosaceae. He considered it doubtful that such low molecular weight,
volatile compounds are truly plant constituents, but are probably formed by
degradations. of mainly unknown precursors. They are detectable in extremely

80

low concentrations and have been noted in Acacia.. The flowers of A. cambagei
have an unpleasant onion-like odour (Everist 1969). I have detected similar
odours in the flowers of A. harpophylla and in the bruised roots of A. baeuerlenii,
A, farnesiana, A. pravissima and A. salicina.

Vassal (1972) used characters of seeds and seedlings, as well as the
occurrence of stipular spines and attributes of the pollen in devising another
classification. Bentham had already used the presence of stipular spines in defining
the series Gummiferae and Guinet (1969) had shown Bentham’s six series could
be arranged in groups in accord with pollen of the three types recognised, so
that in fact Vassal’s and Bentham’s classifications are broadly compatible. The low
rank of Bentham’s groups, mentioned above, was overcome by Vassal who.
described subgenera, using characters not known for many species or not readily
apparent on herbarium material. It is fortunate that they correspond to groups
of Bentham’s series. Bearing in mind Pryor and Johnson’s (1971) observation
that anyone is at liberty to use a name with any circumscription he chooses, so
long as the nomenclatural type is included, I have brought the taxa below the
rank of subgenus described by Vassal into line with Bentham’s classification which,
at least in its upper ranks, appears to be both practical and “natural”. Vassal
accepted Faidherbia, a monotypic genus based on Acacia albida which Guinet
found to have anomalous pollen.

Johnson (1973) used some multivariable statistical methods to analyse 37
attributes recorded on 107 species (98 of which occur in Queensland) of
phyllodinous Acacia. The data were adapted from information derived from
the descriptions of species in this paper and in Pedley (1975). Johnson compared
the results of his analyses with the classification of Bentham (1864). He noted
that while the Juliflorae appeared a fairly distinct group the present subseries
within the group were not clearly revealed in the analyses. In particular the
Rigidulae were partitioned among the remaining three subseries. A. conferta
in all phenograms and the ordinations showed greater affinity with the Uninerves
than with A. spondylophylia and appeared to belong to the Uninerves. Both species
of the Pungentes-Armatae (A. maitlandii, A. brachycarpa) also showed close
affinity with many of the Uninerves and on the evidence obtained the series
Pungentes did not seem worthy of this rank. The Uninerves did not appear to be
as natural a group as the Juliflorae. Within this group the species of the.
Angustifoliae did not appear close phenetically. The Racemosae was in general a
satisfactory entity. The Plurinerves like the Uninerves did not appear a very
natural group. A striking feature was the distinctiveness of the Dimidiatae. The
Microneurae also appeared a relatively distinct group but the Nervosae and the
Oligoneurae overlapped and mixed with each other and with other subseries and
series and were never clearly demarcated.

Johnson proposed a hypothetical scheme:
(a) Series Juliflorae.

(b) Series Brunioideae. This had only one representative in the analyses
A. spondylophylla. A conferta was excluded.

(c) Series non-Racemosae. Included were members of both the Uninerves
and Plurinerves with heads single or in pairs in the axils, as well as
A. conferta and the two members of the Pungentes.

(d) Series Racemosae. This included both uninerved and plurinerved species
with heads in racemes or groups (A. fasciculifera).

$l

(e) Dimidiatae. The species considered were A. rothii, A. platycarpa, A.
flavescens and A. retivenia.

Johnson’s work deserves serious consideration. Though probably only a
seventh of the phyllodine species were considered it suggests that groups
recognised by Bentham may well be arranged in a different hierarchical order.
In the classification of the Phyllodineae I have followed Johnson to the extent
that the Pungentes and the Brunioideae (type species: A. brunioides) have not
been given the same ranks as the Plurinerves and Uninerves. |

Pettigrew and Watson (1975) who were “concerned with the main frame-
work of the Australian acacias” have also made a major contribution to classifica-
tion. Their work is marred by probable errors in identification and the use of
incorrect names “ but these do not significantly affect their overall conclusion
that Vassal’s section Uninervea ** is a very coherent group. This conclusion
is hardly borne out by their figure 2. The Uninervea consists of groups 319, 332
and 334. Group 319 (14 species) is homogeneous when species are arranged
according to Bentham’s systems of classification. Eight of the 28 species of group
332 cannot be considered uninerved, however, and six of the 30 species of group
334 are also misplaced. In all, 14 of the 58 “uninerved phyllodineous” species
are either not uninerved or not phyllodineous.

It is probably futile to examine the composition of the groups in detail but
there are a few noteworthy anomalies. The presence of A. bancroftii, which is
uninerved, in group 336 is unexpected, as is the appearance of A. calcicola and
A. georginde in group 335 and their apparent near-relatives A. cana and A.
cambagei in. group 336. If other species of subgenus Acacia had been included,
would they have been placed in group 332 with A. farnesiana?

The most acceptable classification of Acacia down to the rank of section is:

I. Subgenus Acacia. Lectotype: Mimosa scorpioides L, (= —A. nilotica (L.)
Del.). Vide Britton & ‘Brown, Hlust. Flora North U.S. & Canute ed. 2
2:331 (1913).
1. Section Acacia
Section Conjugato-Pinnatae DC., Prodr. 2:455 (1825). Lectotype: A. gum-
mifera Willd.

Section Globuliferae DC., op. cit. 460 (1825). Lectotype: A. arabica Willd.
(= A. nilotica),

Section (“Division”) Bipinnatae Benth., Fl. Aust, 2:302 (1864). Lectotype:
A. bidwillii Benth.
Il, Subgenus Aculeiferum Vassal, Bull. Soc. Nat. Hist. Toulouse 108: 138 (1972)
Type: A. senegal (L.) Willd.

* Group 319 (fig. 2) includes A. botrycephala, A. elata and A. terminalis. A, botrycephala
is conspecific with A. terminalis but the name A. ferminalis has often been misapplied
to A. elata, Probably only two species are covered by the three names. Both A.
monticola and A. impressa are in group 336, though A. monticola J. M. Black is
based on A. jmpressa F. Muell. A. impressa Lindl. may have: been intended, but this
is conspecific with A. penninervis (group 334). A. sibirica (group 335) is the same
as A. kempeana (group 332). A. ptychophylla seems to be extremely rare and its data
probably apply to A. drepanocarpa. subsp. latifolia which has often been misidentified
as A, ptychophylla.

** Section Uninervea Vassal and Uninerves (Benth.) Taub. are both placed under section
Phyllodineae DC. The section Botrycephalae (Benth.) Taub. is treated as distinct.
See p. 82,

82

2. Section Spiciflorae_DC., Prod. 2:456 (1825). Lectotype: A. ataxacantha DC.

Section Vulgares (Benth.) Taub., Pflanzenf. ed. 1. 3(3):113 (1894). Based
on series Vulgares Benth., London J. Bot. 1:322 (1842). Lectotype:
A, ataxacantha DC.

Section Aculeiferum Vassal, Bull. Soc. Nat. Hist. Toulouse 108:139 (1972).
Type: A. senegal,

Section Monocanthea Vassal, Bull. Soc. Nat. Hist. Toulouse 108:139 (1972).
Type: A. ataxacantha.

3. Section Filicinae (Benth.) Taub., Pflanzenf. ed. 1. 3(3):113 ctiaas Based
on series Filicinae Benth., London J. Bot. 1:322 (1842). Type: A. filicina
Willd.

Tl. Subgenus Heterophyllum Vassal, op. cit. 139 (1972). Type: A. stenophylla
A. Cunn, ex Benth.

4. Section Botrycephalae (Benth.) Taub., Pflanzenf. ed. 1. 3(3):111 (1894);
Maiden & Betche, Census Pl. N.S.W. 96 (1916). Based on series Botry-

~ cephalae Benth., London J. Bot. 1:321 (1842). Type: A. botrycephala Dest.
(=A, terminalis (Salisb.) Macbride.)

. Section Phyllodineae DC., Prodr. 2:448 (1825); Benth., Fl. Aust, 2:302
(1864); Taub., Pflanzenf. ed. 1. 3(3):109 (1894). Lectotype: A. penninervis
Sieb, ex DC.

Section Uninerves (Benth.) Maiden & Betche, Census Pl. N.S.W. 90 (1916).
Based on series Uninerves Benth., Fl. Aust. 2:307(1864). Lectotype:
A, penninervis Sieb, ex DC,

Section Brunioideae (Benth.) Maiden & Betche, Census Pl. N.S.W. 90
(1916). Based on subseries Brunioideae Benth., London J. Bot. 1:343
(1842). Type: A. brunioides A. Cunn. ex Benth.

Section Uninervea Vassal, Bull. Soc. Nat. Hist. Toulouse 108:140 (1972).
Type: A. retinodes Schlecht.

nA

ON

. Section Lycopodiifoliae* Pedley.

Phyllodes small, without definite nerves, terete or slightly flattened, in regular
or slightly oblique whorls with prominent stipules between them, stipules
sometimes absent. Flowers in heads on axillary Peganels Type species:
A, lycopodiifolia A. Cunn, ex Hook.

7. Section Alatae (Benth.) Pedley, stat. nov. Based on subseries Alatae Benth.,
London J. Bot. 1:323 (1842). Type: A. alata R.Br.

. Section Plurinerves (Benth). Maiden & Betche, Census Pl. N.S.W. 93 (1916).
Based on series Plurinerves Benth., Fl. Aust. 2:312 (1864). Lectotype:
A, melanoxylon R.Br.

Section Calamiformes (Benth.) Maiden & Betche, Census Pl. N.S.W.
90 (1916). Based on subseries Calamiformes Benth., London J. Bot.
1:320 (1842). Lectotype: A. calamifolia Sweet. |

Co

* Section Lycopodiifoliae Pedley sect. nov.

Phyllodia parva teretia vel leviter planata, sine nervis manifestis, in verticillos regulares
vel leviter obliquos stipulis prominentibus inter eas disposita; stipulae interdum nullae.
Flores in capitula in pedunculis axillaribus dispositi. Typus: A. lycopodiifolia A. Cunn. ex
Hook.

83

Section Pungentes (Benth.) Maiden & Betche, Census Pl. N.S.W. 89 (1916),
Based on subseries Pungentes Benth., London J. Bot. 1:334 (1842),
Lectotype: A. latipes Benth,

Section Heterophyllum Vassal, Bull. Soc. ‘Nat. Hist. Toulouse 108:140
(1972). Type: A. stenophylla A. Cunn. ex Benth.

9. Section Suliflorae (Benth.) Maiden & Betche, Census PI. N.S.W. 95 (1916).
Based on subser, Juliflorae Benth., London J. Bot. 1:161 Seer (Note:
also spelled “‘Juliferae’’). Lectotype: A, julifera Benth.

10. Section Pulchellae (Benth.) Taub., Pflanzenf. ed. 1.3(3):111 (1894).
Based on series Pulchellae Benth., London J, Bot. 1.321 (1842). Type:
A, pulchella R.Br.

Section Pulchelloidea Vassal, Bull. Soc, Hist. Nat. Toulouse 108:140 (1972).
Type: A. pulchella R.Br.

There are so few species of subgenus Acacia in Australia that its unsatis-
factory subsectional classification, discussed by Ross (1973), is of little
importance to Australian workers but the subgenus Heterophyllum is predomin-
antly Australian and its satisfactory classification would be of value. Considerable
basic taxonomic work is still required, especially on plants of northern and western
Australia, before such a classification can be drawn up. There is no great need
to subdivide the small sections Botrycephalae and Pulchellae but in Queensland
further division of larger sections is warranted. The application of the names of
infrasectional taxa is still reasonably clear, largely. because the classifications of

Bentham (1864, 1875) have been followed -with little modification by most
workers.

The ranks of the sections Botrycephalae and Pulchellae are open to some
doubt. Both are distinguished from other sections of subg. Heterophyllum by
their bipinnate leaves and from each other by their inflorescences and foliage
and appear to warrant, at least pro temporare, sectional rank. The Botrycephalae
have close affinities with, and may have been derived from, the Racemosae group
of the Phyllodineae. The Pulchellae form a diverse assemblage of 24 species
(none of which is found in Queensland), some which are related to species of
the Botrycephalae and one (A. insolita) whose uppermost leaves are reduced to
phyllodes is related to the Phyllodineae.

In Appendix 1 lectotypes are chosen for some taxa below the rank
of section so that there can be no doubt in future of the application
of the names of these taxa.

The classification is basically the same as that used by Black (1924) with
the addition of section Alatae for species, all from Western Australia, with phyllodes
decurrent on the stems forming two opposite wings and section Lycopodiifoliae
for the unusual species (excluding A. cedroides) dealt with previously (Pedley
1972). These had been included in subseries Brunioideae but A. brunioides,
the type species, is referred here to section Phyllodineae so a new name is
proposed, The species of subseries Triangulares described by Bentham (1842)
were subsequently referred by him to either series Plurinerves or to series
Uninerves (= section Phyllodineae), but they form a coherent group possibly
worthy of subsectional rank. A. amblygona included by Bentham in Triangulares
is the type of subsect, Parviscutellae Vassal and if Triangulares is regarded as a
subsection the name Parviscutellae must be used for it despite the fact that the
only other species included by Vassal (A. continua and A. spinescens) are
excluded.

84.

- Most species referred by Bentham to the series Calamiformes and Continuae
' are placed in either section Plurinerves or Phyllodineae, This is the most significant
departure of the present (and Black’s) classification from Bentham’s.

The system of classification is bound to be further modified. Further studies
might indicate other changes to what is still basically Bentham’s system. The
phyllodes of some Western Australian species (Vassal and Guinet 1972; Pedley
1975; Maslin 1978) have an unusual structure (diaphyllodinous) and the
species might form another section. The treatment of subseries Dimidiatae Benth.
(1842) is a problem. Tropical species such as A. dunnii and A. holosericea
are closely related despite the differences in their inflorescences, while-A. binervata
and A. wardellii are probably more closely related to some species of the
Phyllodineae than to species of the Plurinerves. If some species of subseries
Dimidiatae were transferred to series of Phyllodineae and Plurinerves the residue
of closely related species could possibly form another taxon, possibly also of
serial rank.

There are groups of closely related species in subgenus Heterophyllum and
a fruitful approach to classification might be an agglomerative system such as
Pryor and Johnson (1971) adopted for Eucalyptus, Examples of species that
could constitute subseries: (a) A. brachycarpa, A. echinula, A. saxicola and
ulicifolia; (b) A. implexa, A. melanoxylon and the extra-Australian species,
. heterophylla, A. kauaiensis, A. koa and A. xiphoclada; (c) A. complanata,
excelsa, A. fleckeri, A. homaloclada, A. simsii and their relatives A. confusa,
. mathuataensts, A. richti and A. simplex which occur in the Pacific.

ARAA

The arranging of groups of related subseries into series would probably
result in the recognition of many series but it is likely that these would have more
significance than Bentham’s equivalent taxa; that is, the subseries of his 1864
classification. Some of Bentham’s subseries, for example, the Racemosae of the
series Uninerves (= section Phyllodineae) and the Microneurae of the series
Plurinerves (== section Plurinerves) are well defined; whereas others such as
the Brevifoliae and Falcatae of the series Juliflorae (= section Juliflorae) are
difficult to distinguish from each other. It is useful to refer to some of these
subseries in a general way and in the following discussion they are termed
“groups”. Some isolated species such as A. monticola, A. peuce and A. wickhamii
will probably form monospecific subseries or even series.

Some characters useful in identification and classification

Bentham (1875) noted the importance of vegetative characters in distinguish-
ing his series of Acacia and it is noticeable that in a genus of such size there is
little variation in the flowers but considerable variation in fruits and vegetative
parts. Many characters are useful in identification and classification, some of
only limited use with herbarium material but valuable in the field. Vassal (1972)
discussed at some length the evolutionary significance of many characters,
including some considered below. |

HABIT, All species are evergreen woody perennials, Most are shrubs or small
trees but there is a considerable range in size. A baueri is a subshrub often less
than 30cm tall while A. bakeri is a rainforest tree up to 30m tall. Widely
ranging species vary considerably in size. In near-coastal districts A. harpophylla
is 25m or more tall but at the limit of its range in south-western Queensland
it is usually less than 5m, A. aulacocarpa is extremely common in coastal districts
of southern Queensland but it is usually a smaller tree than it is in north

85

Queensland and New Guinea. In specially favourable situations individual plants
may become extremely large. Trees of A, neriifolia, A. salicina and A. sparsifiora
more than 20 m tall have been seen but such exceptional plants are not accounted
for in the description of species, Modifications of the habit of plants subjected to
unusual conditions have also been noted. Plants for A. humifusa near the sea
at Cape Bedford, north of Cooktown, subjected to constant strong winds from
the sea are prostrate, as are associated plants of Grevillea pter idiifolia. Both are
usually erect plants.

' BARK. The bark of most tree species is hard and somewhat furrowed and offers ©
little help in identification. Some do have distinctive bark, however. A. harpophylla
has black, coarsely and deeply furrowed bark similar to species of Eucalyptus
known as ironbarks. The bark of the closely related A. cambagei is dark grey
and somewhat flaky. The outer bark of A. rhodoxylon which is thin and comes
off in small, more or less square flakes was likened by Maiden in the protologue
of the species to a French fowl. Four species, A. chisholmii, A. curranii,
A. cyperophylla and A. lysiphloia, section Juliflorae, and A. monticola in section
Plurinerves, have what is referred to as ‘“‘mineritchie” bark. Mineritchie is a
vernacular name for A. cyperophylla. The inner bark is reddish and the outer
bark peals off in thin narrow strips curling at the ends.

BRANCHLETS, Branchlets vary from terete or subterete to trigonous or even
ancipitous. Most species have unremarkable terete or somewhat angular. ones
but branchlets of others are distinctive and useful in identification, particularly as
the range of variation within species is not great. A. complanata and A. homaloc-
lada have flattened almost winged stems and A. calyculata is unique in the
Juliflorae in also having flattened branchlets. The colour of branchlets, though
subject to modification by factors such as degree of exposure to light, is sometimes
useful, A. leiocalyx has remarkably sharply 3-angled branchlets which are usually
red,

INDUMENTUM. The presence or absence of indumentum is sometimes constant
within a species, but at other times its occurrence is irregular. The distribution
of hairs on floral parts, especially on the calyx and ovary is more regular than
it is on vegetative organs and is useful in distinguishing some species. The
distribution of hairs on the phyllodes of such species as A. flavescens, A.
longispicata, A. neriifolia, A. polifolia and A. pubicosta is a useful diagnostic
character. A. flavescens and A. leptoloba are remarkable in having yellowish
stellate hairs on young shoots and at the base of the phyllodes. The indumentum
of the phyllodes determines to a great extent the overall silvery grey appearance
of A. aneura, A. cambagei, A. harpophylla, A. pubifolia and others. |

There is considerable variation between and within species in the texture
of the phyllodes and branchlets. Some species, especially in north-western
Queensland, are extremely resinous to the touch. Of note are A. asperulacea,
A, vernicifiua, A. monticola, A. phlebocarpa, A. viscidula, A. ixiophylla,
A, lysiphloia, A. chisholmii and A. hilliana. A. melleodora is resinous but not
cae sticky and has a distinctive fragrance that persists even on dried
material. A. laccata has a varnished appearance.

STIPULES. The presence of stipular spines is characteristic of subgenus Acacia
(see Guinet 1969; Ross 1973) and all the Queensland representatives of the
subgenus have them at least when young. There is no special relationship
between ants and plants as there is in some American and African species of
the subgenus.

86

The stipules of subg. Heterophyllum are, with some exceptions, small,
inconspicuous and often evanescent. A. paradoxa and A. victoriae are exceptional
among the Queensland species, in having stipular spines, those of A. victoriae .
being sometimes. reduced to blunt knobs. Stipular spines, which are also found
in some Western Australian species, do not indicate either close affinity with
Species of subgenus Acacia or, for the Queensland species at lcast, with each
other, The stipules of A. macradenia are rather membranous when young but
become hard, reflexed and almost spiny.

LEAVES. Mature plants of species of subg. Heterophyllum except sections
Botrycephalae and Puichellae have phyllodes while those of subg. Acacia, subg.
Aculeiferum and sections Botrycephalae and Pulchellae have leaves only.*
Seedlings of all species of the genus have true leaves, whether or not they
eventually develop phyllodes. Except in subg. Aculeiferum the first leaf developed
is always pinnate. Vassal (1972) in a detailed discussion of evolutionary trends
within Acacia has suggested that there is an evolutionary trend: Pinnate-bipin-
nate+phyllodes. Some evidence indicates however that section Botrycephalae
with bipinnate foliage evolved from section Phyllodineae with phyllodes,

The succession of juvenile leaves was investigated by Cambage (see refer-
ences 1915 to 1928) and by Vassal (1972) who distinguished four “modes des
succession foliaire’ based on the primordial pinnate foliage.

Vassal’s categories might be further subdivided to account for species
where the pinnate foliage is followed immediately, not by bipinnate leaves but
by phylodes—A,. confusa with one pinnate leaf (Cambage 1929; Li 1974),
and A, harpophylla (Cambage, l.c.) and A. georginae with two.

Cambage and Vassal found that most species of subg. Acacia and Aculeiferum
have seedlings of Vassal’s Mode 2 with a few Mode 18, and characters of
seedlings may be useful in elucidating the origin and relationships of major groups
of species.

Stebbins (1950) suggested that the retention of pinnate or bipinnate seed-
ling leaves has a selective advantage and that species in which the seedling
leaves persist the longest are native to regions which are moister than those
inhabited by most of the species in which the adult reduced type of leaf appears
at a relatively early age. Li who examined 433 seedlings of A. confusa suggested
that it may have originated in a very dry region and that it might be the most
advanced species of the genus. Both suggestions should be treated cautiously
though Stebbin’s hypothesis could prove to be substantially true.

In A. aneura temperature affected the development of phyllodes following
the seedling leaves (Carr and Burdon 1975) and it could possibly affect the
succession of pinnate and bipinnate leaves. Under field conditions some species
such as A. aneura, A. georginae and A. harpophylla have few pinnate leaves,
whereas others, especially A. attenuata and A. rubida, both of which may produce
flowers before phyllodes develop, A. nertifolia and A. pustula have many. Flower-
ing plants of A. attenuata with only juvenile leaves resemble those of A. pruinosa.

Of considerable interest is A. latisepala. In the protologue A. latisepala
was. compared with A. -spectabilis var. (?)stuartii and <A. botrycephala
(=A. terminalis). I have since seen plants which have well developed
phyllodes' as well as bipinnate leaves. Evidently only a small proportion of

* One species of the Botrycephalae and one of the Pulchellae sometimes bear phyllodes,

87

plants develop phyllodes and I think that A. latisepala is correctly placed in
section Botrycephalae though it has affinities with A. rubida and other species
of the Racemosae group of section Phyllodineae. The persistence of juvenile
leaves, the racemose inflorescences, the linear pods and longitudinal seeds with
clavate arils of the many species of the Racemosae group are also characters of
many species of the section Botrycephalae. The centre of development of both
groups is south-eastern Australia and it is likely that the Botrycephalae evolved
from the Phyllodineae. A. Xhanburyana, evidently a hybrid species of the
Phyllodineae and Botrycephalae also suggests that the two are closely related.

GLANDS, (Figure 7) The position and structure of glands are of significance
in the classification and identification of Acacias. They occur on the primary
axis and rarely on the secondary axis of adult leaves and sometimes of juvenile
ones, and on the dorsal margin or, in some species from Western Australia, the
dorsal surface of phyllodes. Hardy (1912) pointed out the taxonomic importance
of their number and position on phyllodes and Maiden (1916) drew attention
to the need to describe the glands, and he did so in many species he described
subsequently.

The structure of glands and their position along the primary axis varies
little within Queensland species of section Botrycephalae but there is considerable
variation between species. The number and size of pinnae and leaflets together
with the size and distribution of glands are enough to distinguish individual
species.

In other sections of Heterophyllum, too, the glands are of value in identifying
and classifying species. Glands of most species are inconspicuous, consisting
of a more or less circular orifice surrounded by a rim usually only slightly
different in colour and texture from the margin of the phyllode. Sometimes
as in A. falcata and A. macradenia they may be somewhat elongated. A. pubicosta
and A. polifolia have notably small glands with a small, often slightly distal,
orifice. The glands of A. pustula and A. neriifolia are prominent, with a
relatively large orifice and a well defined rim which projects from the margin
of the phyllode (Fig. 7c). Glands of this type are termed “pustular” in
the key to species (p. 102). The glands of A. perangusta project from the margin
of the phyllodes but they are small and lack a prominent rim while those of
A. bancroftii (Fig. 7f£) and A. wardellii are small and circular and are often
placed on projections of the phyllode. Neither type has been called pustular.

In most species the gland is at, or within a few millimetres of, the base of
the lamina of the phyllode. As noted previously by Hardy in some species
of Uninerves (=Phyllodineae) the single gland is some distance from the
base (Fig. 7c, d, g, h). Other species have several glands along the dorsal
margin. Some members of Bentham’s subseries Dimidiatae of Plurinerves,
eg. A. binervata and A. flavescens (Fig. 7j) have a small gland close to where
the uppermost major longitudinal nerves approaches the margin. When a
gland is some distance from the base it is sometimes connected to the midnerve
by a connecting nerve. This is considered a diagnostic character for

A. penninervis (Fig. 7g) but it also occurs in other species of section Phyllodineae,

even in A.. decora and A. pustula when they have broad phyllodes. The
nervature associated with the gland in A. penninervis is sometimes complex
(Fig. 7g). Some species of the section Phyllodineae have a small gland
at the tip of the phyllode as well as one or more conspicuous ones closer
to the base. It is found A. bivenosa and related Western Australian species
such as A. rostellifera, and in A. gnidium, A. hockingsii and A. calantha.

88

SHAPE AND VENATION OF PHYLLODES. (Figure 8). Pettigrew and Watson (1975)
though dubious of the usefulness of glands as key characters, demonstrated the
value of vegetative characters as a whole in identifying Acacias. The arrange-
ment of the phyllodes, their shape, size and venation, as well as their indumentum
and glands, already discussed, enable a large proportion of Queensland species
to be identified without reference at all to flowers and fruits. In the key
to species vegetative characters have been used not only to distinguish major
groups but also to distinguish related species. The use of vegetative characters
might be extended by using some utilized by Pettigrew and Watson.

Species of section Lycopodiifoliae have regularly whorled phyllodes. Species
of this section have a general appearance different from all other species
of the genus, and one might expect the taxon to have higher rank. The
species do not differ from others in the characters of the flowers and pods,
however, and other species not included in the section also have verticillate
phyliodes. A. verticillata is excluded because of its spicate inflorescence;
A. cedroides is rather arbitrarily excluded on account of its prominently ribbed
phyllodes; while A. baueri is included despite its phyllodes being sometimes
scattered, not verticillate, and its stipules being sometimes absent. Other
species, especially A. conferta, A. brunioides and A. ruppii otten have phyllodes
in groups and are somewhat intermediate between the Phyllodineae and
_Lycopodiifoliae.

A, triptera is the only Queensland species with phyllodes decurrent on the
’ stem,

There is a considerable range in the length of the pulvinus. The phyllode
corresponds to the petiole and rachis of a pimnate leaf (Boke 1940) and it is
more accurate to refer to the basal part as the pulvinus rather than the petiole.
The term has been used by Maslin (1974). In A. latifolia and A. cretata
it is hardly developed at all but it is, on the whole, of little value in distinguishing
species.

In contrast to species from Western Australia relatively few Queensland
ones have quadrangular or terete phyllodes. Those of A. cyperophylla and
A. rigens are always terete but in A. ramulosa, which has been poorly collected
in Queensland, and A. coriacea they vary from terete to flat, sometimes on a
single plant. It seems that the major and perhaps only difference between
A, arida and A. orthocarpa is that the phyllodes of the former are flat and
those of the latter terete,

There is considerable variation in the shape of phyllodes, not only within
species but also on single plants. Some species have juvenile phyllodes different
in shape and sometimes indumentum, from the mature phyllodes. Juvenile
phyllodes of A. juliflora and A. sparsiflora are straight, almost elliptic and
densely tomentose in contrast to the falcate, elongate glabrous adult phyllodes.
On the other hand juvenile phyllodes of A. maidenii are much longer and
narrower than adult phyllodes. A few species of the Juliflorae never develop
the mature foliage of the type that related species develop but retain what are
apparently juvenile phyllodes throughout their life. This phenomenon is well
known in eucalyptus such as Eucalyptus melanophloia and E. pruinosa. The
retention of juvenile phyllodes is difficult to demonstrate in Acacia where
most species do not have distinctive juvenile or mtermediate foliage characteristic
of Eucalyptus but the adult phyllodes of A. striatifolia are so like the juvenile
ones of A. blakei that they might be regarded as persistent juveniles, and the

59

same might also be true of the phyllodes of A. brevifolia and A. pubifolia,. The
indumentum of the latter might be considered analagous to the retention of
indumentum similar to that found on the juvenile phyllodes of A. julifera
and A. sparsiflora.

In the description of species the length, breadth, and leaf index (length/
breadth ratio) of phyllodes is given. There is a wide range of variation im
length and, to a lesser extent, breadth. The relationship between length and
width of phyllodes has been investigated for many species with large phyllodes
and the following equation has been found to hold for all species studied:

logit — abt oc
where b is the width and 7 the leaf index of the phyllodes and a and ¢ are
constants for each species,

_ This property of the phyllodes has been used in an attempt to elucidate
relationships among some members of the Microneurae group of the Plurinerves,
When three mature undamaged phyllodes of a number of herbarium specimens
were measured highly significant linear equations for species were derived.

‘As might be expected in a group of ‘closely related. species the regression
lines are with one exception close and more or less parallel. A. microsperma
has an exceptionally high value of c. The regressions therefore have only limited
application in distinguishing species but they may be useful in confirming that
Species are identical.

Since Bentham’s first dliedification of Acacia (1842) it has been recognised
that the venation of phyllodes is an important character in classification and
identification. It is significant that Australian workers, the latest being Burbidge
and Gray (1970) who constructed a key making use of vegetative, floral and
fruiting characters, Court (1972) and Pettigrew and Watson (1975). who empha-
sised or used vegetative characters exclusively, have all used the venation of
phyllodés as a major distinguishing character. In the key to the Queensland
species (p. 102) characters of the phyllode have been used as much as possible
but because of. the large number of species other menpholoeical characters have
been used where necessary.

Species of sections Plurinerves and, when A. dorothea is excluded, Juliflorae
have plurinerved phyllodes and those of Phyllodineae uninerved ones. It is
convenient to follow Black (1924) and treat tetragonous phyllodes as being
uninerved. In plurinerved phyllodes the major longitudinal nerves extend from
the pulvinus to the apex, except in species of the Dimidiatae groups of both
Plurinerves and Juliflorae where all but one of the major nerves terminate at or
near the dorsal margin below the apex.

Boke (1940) found that after the development of the first three vascular
bundles of the phyllodes of A. longifolia the formation of subsequent ones was
dependent on the growth of the lamina. That is, the number of longitudinal
nerves was related to the width of the phyllode. Measuring a large number of
phyliodes of A. maidenii revealed that the relationship between the breadth of
the phyllodes and the number of longitudinal nerves is statistically significant. It is
believed that such a relationship holds for most plurinerved species.

The venation of uninerved phyllodes is also affected by an increase in width.
Such species, such as A. decora, have markedly penninerved, broad phyllodes
in contrast to narrow phyllodes without any marked lateral nerves. In extra-
Queensland plants of A. verniciflua increasing breadth in phyllodes is ‘correlated
with the development of a second longitudinal nerve. The relationship between

90

width of phyllode and development of an accessory longitudinal nerve has been
investigated in A. bivenosa (Pedley, 1977). In this species phyllodes more than
10 mm wide has two longitudinal nerves; those less than 7 mm wide have one;
and phyllodes 7-10mm have one or two, A. deuteroneura and A. difformis
are apparently uninerved species with a second longitudinal nerve more or less
well developed. The second longitudinal nerve rarely extends the full length
of the phyllode, but in A. binervata and A. wardellii two longitudinal nerves
extend the full length of the phyllode. They are apparently Plurinerves though
their affinities are with A. penninervis and A. bancroftii, both Phyllodineae.

If, in plurinerved species, the width of phyllodes is correlated with the number
of longitudinal nerves, then the distance between longitudinal nerves would be
more or less constant. The distance between nerves of some species is markedly
greater in some species than it is in other. This was recognized by Bentham
who distinguished some subseries of the series Plurinerves partly on the disposition
of the nerves. The Nervosae group is rather heterogeneous but A. complanata,
A. excelsa and the related species mentioned on p. 84 have widely spaced
nerves, a character which sets them apart from other groups of the Plurinerves.
The distance between longitudinal nerves is also a character which separates
closely related species of the Juliflorae. In the key to species the number of
longitudinal nerve is expressed as a number per mm, the phyllode being measured
across its widest part. The differences are not great and there is an overlap of
values in related species but it is of value in distinguishing A. leptocarpa,
A. oligophleba and A. tropica which have widely spaced nerves from other
species with crowded nerves.

Species of the Microneurae group of the Plurinerves (A. calcicola, A. cambagei
and A. cana) and some of the Juliflorae (A. blakei, A. curvinerva, A. julifera,
A. striatifolia, etc.) have crowded longitudinal nerves without anastomosing nerves
between them (Fig. 8e), but many plurinerved species have anastomoses between
the longitudinal ones. Though the anastomoses of some species are so distinctive
that they are easily recognized (Fig 8c, h), on the whole the differences between
the patterns of venation of related species are slight and difficult to define. Only
the Dimidiatae group of the Juliflorae are distinguished in the key from other
species by their anastomoses. In the Dimidiatae group the ultimate vein islands
are more or less equilateral. Whereas in other species they are elongate, usually
more than three times as long as broad (Fig. 8d).

INFLORESCENCE, (Figure 9). The flowers of most species of Acacia are arranged
either in heads or in spikes and the nature of the inflorescence is a convenient
character to use in subdividing the genus. Ross (1973) discussed its usefulness
for African species, It is sometimes difficult to determine whether the inflorescences
of some species are in spikes or in heads. Though A. clivicola, A. curranii,
A. lysiphloia and A. granitica are all placed in the Juliflorae their inflorescences
are often reduced to only slightly elongate heads. One subspecies of A. nuperrima
has flowers in spikes (Fig. 9g), the other flowers in heads. The change from
spikes to heads and the reverse have probably occurred many times during the
evolution of Acacia and speculation as to what type is more primitive appears to
be fruitless, | ,

Tindale and Roux (1969), in discussing the occurrence of flavanols in the
heartwoods of Acacia spp. suggested that the Plurinerves and Juliflorae might be
more closely related than is generally believed. It may be significant therefore that
species with plurinerved phyllodes have either capitate or spicate inflorescences,
whereas those with uninerved phyllodes always have capitate ones.

91

The arrangement of heads and, to a lesser extent, spikes is another useful
character in defining groups of related Species, Bentham used the fact that heads
are arranged in racemes or single or in pairs in the axils in his circumscription
of subserics within his major series Uninerves (= section Phyllodineae) and
Plurinerves, Other morphological characters are correlated with those of the
inflorescence (Johnson 1973) and differences in inflorescences are therefore
important in the classification of the Phyllodineae.

As well as the division of species into one group with heads on axillary
peduncles and another with heads in racemes, there is considerable variation in
the structure of racemes, which permits some subdivision of the second group.
Inflorescences of various types (Fig. 9) are shown somewhat intermediate between
the axillary and racemose. The heads are on peduncles in the axils of reduced
phyllodes but these are borne on indeterminate, but usually short, branches, The
racemes of most species are determinate with all the heads opening together.
Those of A. penninervis, A. platycarpa, A. hemignosta and other species are
indeterminate and centrifugal. Consequently these species flower for a long period.
Occasionally the axis of the raceme of some species such as A. bivenosa and
A, blakei grows out into a leafy shoot and then the heads are lateral.

There is considerable variation between species in the size of racemes. Those
of A. penninervis are up to 12cm long with 15 to 30 branches. Sometimes the
branches are again branched so that the raceme is compound. On the other hand
the axis of the racemes of the Microneurae group of section Plurinerves are often
less than 1 cm long (Fig. 9c). The inflorescence of A. complanata, A. simsti and
related species (see p. 84) consists of four heads in two pairs (Fig. 9f). One
head of each pair opens before the other and at the same time as the first opening
head of the other pair. In the key to species I have regarded such an inflorescence
as a condensed raceme though it is impossible to determine from the gross mor-
phology whether the inflorescence has been derived from a raceme,

The arrangement of spikes is not of great importance in classifying and
identifying species, but the Icngth of the spike and arrangement of flowers (sparse
or otherwise) are somewhat more important. The longest spikes are those of A.
concurrens, A, leiocalyx and A. longispicata which are up to 10 cm long. Flowers
are often sparsely arranged along the rachis of long spikes.

Many Queensland species of Acacia are andromonoccious, Their inflores-
cences consist of both staminate and bisexual flowers—-a phenomenon noted for
A. baileyana by Newman (1932b) and for A. nilotica by Sinha (1971). Individual
spikes or heads may even consist wholly of male flowers but usually at least a
few bisexual flowers occur. Environmental factors during the development of the
flowers may determine the proportion of male flowers. It is noteworthy that a
rudimentary ovary is often found in functionally male flowers and is usually
glabrous, even in species where normally developed ovaries are pubescent.

COLOUR OF FLOWERS. Except for those of A. purpureapetala which are pink, the
flowers of Queensland species of Acacia range in colour from almost white (A.
calyculata and A, longissima) to orange-yellow (A. venulosa). The colour is
mote or less constant for each species. Ross (1971) dealing with species of
Acacia in Natal, considered flower colour to be a taxonomically important
character but in Queensland it appears to be useful only in distinguishing closely
related taxa, especially in the field. The flowers of A. venulosa and A. saxicola
are a deeper yellow than those of the closely related A. baeuerlinii and A.
ulicifolia respectively; and those of A. brunioides subsp. granitica are deeper than
those of A. brunioides subsp. brunioides, Colours of the flowers of some species

92

in south-eastern Queensland are given in Appendix 2. The colour of the flower
is due mostly to the colour of the staminal filaments which project from the flower.

BRACTS. Following Maslin (1972) I have referred to the bracts that subtend
individual flowers in either heads or spikes as bracteoles. Broadly there are
two types—one with narrow, more or less terete stipe and a peltate lamina at
about right angles; the other with a flat narrow claw and a somewhat broader
lamina in about the same plane as the stipe. Attributes of the bracteoles are of
only limited value in distinguishing species and are usually omitted from the
description of species.

Bracts also occur at the base of the peduncles of axillary heads or of branches
of racemes, or along peduncles, They are usually small and inconspicuous but
are occasionally useful in identification. A. suaveolens is unique among the
Queensland species in having heads completely enclosed before development in
ovate concave bracts. This is also a conspicuous character of A. subcaerulea and
some other species from Western Australia. Most species of subg. Acacia have
an involucre of bracts on the peduncles and the position of the involucre was the
basis of Bentham’s distinguishing three subseries of the series Guimriferae. The
character is not of great value however.

FLOWERS. The flowers of Queensland species show little variation in size or
structure and are of only limited value in classification or identification, All are
sessile. The flowers of most species have a calyx about 1mm long, the corolla
about twice as long and stamens 34mm long. Species with calyxes 0:6 mm or
less long are A. cincinnata, A. lineata, A, betchei, A. fimbriata, A. argyrodendron,
A, cana and A. aprepta. A few species have flowers markedly larger than the
norm. The corollas of A. megalantha and A. myrtifolia are 3-4mm long. The
flowers of A. baeuerlenii are exceptionally large mainly on account of the stamens
(up to 7mm long) rather than the corolla which is only about 2 mm long.

There is little variation in the number or structure of floral parts. Most
species have 5-merous flowers but those of A. maidenii, A. obtusifolia and their
allies (all placed by Bentham in subser. Tetramerae), and the unrelated A.
whitei are 4-merous,

The lobing of the calyx and corolla, and the indumentum. of the various parts
of the flower are sometimes useful in distinguishing species but do not appear to
be of much value in defining groups of related species. Some species of the
Lycopodiifoliae have corollas with distinct, sometimes anastomosing, longitudinal
herves prominent in the bud. A few species of unrelated subsections have similar
corollas—A, monticola and A. phlebocarpa (Plurinerves) and A. helicophylla
(Juliflorae), a species from the Northern Territory.

. Stamens vaty little, except in number, from species to species, None of
the Australian species examined has glandular anthers a character of some species
of subgenus Aculeiferum (e.g. A. willardiana Britton & Rose).

Guinet (1969) discussed the pollen of Acacia at considerable length and also
reviewed previous work of Coetzee (1955) and Cookson (1954). He found that
species of Filicinae and Vulgares (.e. subg. Aculeiferum) have pollen with pores,
as many as there are sides, placed towards the angles of the monads; species of
Pulchellae, Botrycephalae and Phyllodineae (subg. Heterophyllum) have pollen
with pores and furrows, the pores placed towards the angles; and the Guimmiferae
(subg. Acacia) with pores fewer in number than the number of sides, placed on
the distal faces of the monads. On pollen morphology alone a few species of
sub, Heterophyllum would be placed in subg. Aculeiferum but by and large
differences in pollen are correlated with other morphological characters,

93

The polyads usually contain 16 pollen grain, There are departures from the
norm, however, some of which may have some taxonomic significance. The polyad
of four large pollen grains found in A. baueri is specially interesting and further
investigation of Lycopodiifoliae is indicated. ' | :

pops. (Figure 10) A feature of Acacia is the great diversity of its pods. If undue
weight is given to differences in pods and the similarities in so many other
characters disregarded, then many segregate genera might be recognized for. the
genus in Australia, as was done by Britton and Rose (1928) for American species.
A classification based entirely on pods would lead to the dissociation of some
species which other morphological characters suggest are related. In some cases,
however, characters of the pod may prove useful in delimiting subserics,

Bentham (1864) commented that “in the majority of specimens gathered,
the pod is neglected by collectors”. Less than a fifth of the collections at BRI
include fruit. For some common coastal species which fruit regularly, such as
A, fimbriata and A. podalyriifolia, this is due to the neglect of collectors, probably
because flowering plants are conspicuous and fruiting ones are not. Fruiting
material of other species, have not been available to collectors. Johnson (1964)
and Preece (1971b) discussed the irregular fruiting of the widespread and con-
spicuous species A. harpophylla and A. aneura respectively.

The- great majority of the species of Acacia found in Queensland have flat
linear dehiscent pods with seeds arranged longitudinally. The valves are some-
times, as in A. concurrens, A. leiocalyx and A. maidenii, rather fleshy when
immature, but the valves of the pods of all species are corlaceous or woody when
mature, Linear pods are straight or coiled, usually irregularly so, but the pods of
A, solandri (Fig. 10e) are regularly coiled and the valves of those of A. cincinnata
(Fig. 10c) are fused, forming a solid spiral. Pods are sometimes constricted
where seeds have aborted but some species (e.g. A. coriacea, A. torulosa) have
regularly moniliform pods (Fig. 10g). The pods of A. stenophylla (Fig. 10h)
are tardily dehiscent and are strongly constricted between the seeds. The pods
usually break into single-seeded loments. The pods of A. pendula (Fig. 10k) and
at least some variants of A. aneura are thin and have a dorsal wing.

Species with flat pods with transversely arranged seeds are not common
but they occur in some Queensland species. Species closely related to each
other (A. brunioides and A. conferta; A. dictyophleba and A. melleodora;
A, flavescens, A. platycarpa and A. rothii; A. aulacocarpa and A. crassicarpa)
have pods with transverse seeds (Fig. 10j, 1, m). Other species with transverse
seeds are presumably taxonomically isolated, at least from other Queensland
species, though, considering the overall resemblance of A. podalyriifolia, with
transverse seeds, to A. jucunda and A. uncifera, with longitudinal seeds, this
may not always be true.

A. leptostachya has pods of two types—a narrow pod with longitudinal
seeds and a broader one with transverse seeds. The diversity of pods as well
as floral and foliage characters suggests that there are more than one species
may be included in A. leptostachya but so few specimens include pods that
it has not been possible to establish correlation among the different characters.

Flat pods either with longitudinally or transversely arranged seeds occur
in species throughout subg. Acacia and Heterophyllum, but two distinctive types
of pod are found mostly in section Juliflorae. A few species, notably A. stipuligera,
A, acradenia, A, julifera and A, curvinervia have linear more or less straight pods

94

terete in cross section (Fig. 10f) while the pods of A. brachystachya and
A. ramulosa are somewhat broader than thick but definitely not flattened.
The pods of A. umbellata are also more or less terete but short.

The other pod is flat, broadest at the top and tapers regularly to the base
which is often without seeds for some distance. The valves are hard, almost
woody and often transversely veined. At maturity the valves separate at the
apex and roll back releasing the seeds or leaving the seeds suspended on the
funicle, see figure of A. australis (= A. calyculata) in van der Pij! (1972). The
seeds are arranged longitudinally or obliquely in the pod. Species with such
triangular pods are: A. argyrea, A. brevifolia, A. limbata, A. calyculata, A.
conjunctifolia, A. hilliana and A. orthocarpa, A. whitei (Fig. 10d) and A.
hyaloneura have pods which dehisce in a similar way but they are not noticeably
tapered at the base.

SEEDS. Characters of the seeds are useful in the taxonomy of Acacia but they
have only limited value as only a small proportion of the small number of
specimens with pods have mature seeds, Vassal (1971) examined seeds of 127
species of Acacia, 84 of which occur in Australia, most of them in subg,
Heterophyllum. On the whole the seeds of species of subg. Heterophyllum were
found to be smaller than those of subg. Aculeiferum and Acacia. A. peuce has
exceptionally large seeds. Vassal found a wide range of sizes in the Juliflorae
and Plurinerves, but a narrower range in the Phyllodineae. Seeds of the
Botrycephalae are similar in size to those of the Racemosae group of the Phyllo-
dineae. The size of the areole, the area enclosed by the pleurogram (Corner
1951), in relation. to the size of the seed, and whether it is open or closed were
found to be more or less constant for each species. The areole has been found
to be a character of some importance in the taxonomy of Acacia (Brenan 1959),
Vassal defined four major types of funicle, depending on their thickness and the
extent of their encircling the seed, All four types are found in subg. Heterophyllum
and the funicle could be of great value in distinguishing species and in defining
relationships between groups of species.

Delimitation of Species
In his discussion of the species-concept in Quercus, Burger (1975) pointed
out that, ideally, the biological species and the plants included under a
binomial should be identical. Biological species consist of systems of populations
separate from each other by at least partial discontinuities which must have a
genetic base (Stebbins 1950). In many plants data, either field or experimental,
are insufficient for the adoption of the biological species-concept.

In the absence of genetic data I have tried to use the category of species
as it has been used over the past two centuries, I have been influenced by
the concepts of Morton (1966) and the discussion of Fisher (1965). It
should be specially noted that a subspecies has a geographical or ecological
range distinct from those of other subspecies, but that in part of its range
it may not be distinguishable from other subspecies.

In some cases a variant of a species may be considered worthy of recognition
but no decision can be made regarding its rank. Though this situation exists
it is not considered a valid argument for having only one infraspecific category
as was proposed by Raven (1974). I believe both the categories “subspecies”
and “variety” are useful and have used both. ai

95

Some wide ranging species show more or less clinal variation over a wide
area, variation difficult to deal with in an orthodox system of nomenclature.
An extreme example is A. bivenosa, the variation of which has been studied
mainly from herbarium specimens (Pedley 1977) but variation of a similar sort
occurs in A. arida. In the northern part of Western Australia A. arida has
flat minutely pustulate phyllodes up to 5mm wide, There is a more or less
regular reduction in width as one proceeds eastward. A. orthocarpa which is
a species to some extent maintained for convenience represents the extreme
of the variation. Variation of a similar type occurs in A. translucens and
A, wickharnii,

The variation of some species does not appear to be regular, possibly
because sufficient data are not available. One such species is A. aneura.
There is some suggestion (Pedley 1973) that on the eastern edge of its range
in Queensland the variation of A. aneura has some regularity, possibly linked
with polyploidy, but the variation of the species in Western Australia and the
Northern Territory is seemingly irregular. The. variation of other species
of arid areas, such as A. brachystachya and A. ramulosa and of tropical coastal
areas such as A. holosericea and A. torulosa, also require investigation.

Acacia leiocalyx is widespread, exhibiting a considerable range of variation,
particularly in length of flowering spikes, time of flowering and, to some extent,
indumentum of the calyx. Two subspecies have been recognised in Queensland
but the species extends southward to about the latitude of Sydney and other
subspecies may occur in the southern part of its range. A. penninervis also
has a wide range in Queensland and New South Wales and a variant from
south-eastern Queensland has been recognised as a variety, mainly because
there is a name for it in this rank. The species, however, is not well understood
and the range and geographical extent of variation should be studied, particularly
in inland parts of its entire range.

Naturally occurring hybrids of Acacia are rare in Queensland, One specimen
(Tugun, White 7112) probably represents a hybrid between A. obtusifolia and
A, sophorae in a habitat somewhat in between those of the parent species. The
area has been altered to such an extent since the specimen was collected that
it is unlikely that similar plants occur there now. Specimens (Johnson 893,
Young sn) collected between Mundubbera and Brovinia Creek, Burnett District,
appear to represent an A. bancroftii «x A. macradenia hybrid. In cultivation
hybrids of section Botrycephalae are frequently found. A. decurrens and A.
baileyana which are naturalized in cooler parts of southern Queensland, are
frequently involved in such crosses.

Cytology

. Most species of Acacia have a diploid complement. of 26 chromosomes
(Darlington & Wylie 1955) and, though less than one per cent of the species
have been examined, it seems that polyploids are much more common in subgenus
Acacia than in other subgenera. Ross (1973) discussed the significance of
this for African species, All species of subgenus Heterophyllum have 2n—=26
except A. koa, A. heterophylla, A. brachystachya, and A. aneura (2n=52),
A, sowdenii (2n= 38), and A. deanei subsp. paucijuga (2n=39) (Hamant
et al. 1975, Briggs in Tindale 1966, Pedley 1973). Except for the pantropical
A, farnesiana and the naturalized A. nilotica, both of which have 2n=—52, there
are no available data for Australian species of subgenus Acacia.

== EPR PSS PPG A EST EH AO RT

96

The relationship between chromosome number and ecological preference
demonstrated for Eremophila glabra by Ey & Barlow (1972) may also apply
to some species of Acacia. If postulations regarding the evolution and diver-
sification of A. aneura (Pedley. 1973) are correct then polyploids might be
expected not only in A. aneura and A. brachystachya but in other species with
wide ranges in arid parts of Australia.

Khan (1951) noted that the chromosomes of Acacia are small, between
ca 1 and 3 » long and that those of the few species of subg. Heterophyllum
studied tended to be longer than those other subgenera. Khan’s general findings
were confirmed by the more detailed studies of Vassal and Lescanne (1976).

Ecology

It is noteworthy that, though communities in which eucalypts predominate
are widespread in Australia, they are absent in northern areas where annual
rainfall is less than 600 mm, except where there is extra run-on water (Pryor
1959). In these semi-arid and arid areas Acacia spp. are the predominant woody
plants. Some species such as A. aneura, A. argyrodendron, A. cambagei, A.
georginae and A. harpophylla form extensive, almost pure stands. In a large
area of south-western Queensland studied by Boyland (1974) 25 species of Acacia
were found and only 12 species of eucalypts.

Acacia occurs virtually throughout Queensland, being scarce or absent only
in most rainforests and in grasslands on fine-textured soils, Though the range
of the- genus is not therefore limited by environmental factors, the distribution of
individual species or groups of species is sometimes correlated with environmental
factors. Some broad patterns of distribution (Juliflorae and Lycopodiifoliae
mainly in the north; Botrycephalae in the south-east) have been determined as
much by past climatic and edaphic factors as by present ones.

. One of the most important factors determining the distribution of perennial
plants is the availability of water. Species such as A. binervata, A. maidenii,
A, melanoxylon and A. oshanesii are confined to areas of high rainfall whereas
others including A. clivicola, A, ensifolia, A. peuce and A. tetragonophylla
occur’ in arid areas. The season when rain falls and the length and severity
of the dry season, as well as other climatic and edaphic factors, are also
Significant. Farmer ef al. (1947) related the distribution of A. aneura, A.
cambagei, A. cana, A. harpophylla and A. pendula to the incidence of summer
and winter rain, and Nix and Austin (1973) who used more complex systems
of analysis showed that A. aneura is absent from semi-arid regions with a regular
summer or winter drought. A feature of the climate of much of northern |
Australia is the marked seasonality of the rainfall, and the ranges of species
such as A. galioides and other Lycopodiifoliae, A. argyrodendron, A. simsii
and A, platycarpa may be determined by the length of the dry season.

The effect of rainfall is most pronounced in arid and semi-arid areas but
even in wetter parts of the state the distribution of some, Acacia mangium,
for example, is restricted to parts of north-eastern Queensland where rainfall
is high and there i is no appreciable period of drought.

Just as eucalypt communities (noteably, those in which Eucalyptus micro-
theca predominate) penetrate into arid and semi-arid regions in places where
extra water is available, species of Acacia also occur outside their normal ranges
where there are favourable “run-on” sites in arid regions. The availability of
water often determines the distribution of species within plant communities,

97

especially in arid and semi-arid areas (Perry 1970). Acacia cambagei is, on
the whole, a more xeric species than A. harpophylla and where the two occur
together, such as in the basin of the Suttor, A. harpophylla occupies moister
sites on stream lines or on the edges of gilgais.

Low and irregular rainfall is usually correlated with high average tem-
peratures and the effect of temperature alone is often not easy to determine.
There is evidence that high soil temperatures are possibly lethal to seedlings
of some Acacias and may inhibit seed germination (see Burrows 1973). In
arid regions regeneration may therefore be confined to areas protected from
direct solar radiation by leaf litter, logs, etc. Groving of A. aneura may be
maintained by the survival of seedlings within, but not between groves, and the
association of A. leptostachya and A. melleodora with groves of Eucalyptus

similis near Lake Buchanan may also be due to high soil temperatures between
groves.

The effect of low temperatures is not as obvious as the effects of high
temperatures. The coldest part of the state, the area with the highest incidence of
frost, is country above 750m in the vicinity of Stanthorpe. A. dawsonii,
A, filicifolia, A, rubida and A. stricta and other species widespread in temperate
Australia are confined to this part of Queensland but, as the area of high land
more or less coincides with an area of sandy soil derived from granite, edaphic
as well as climatic factors may be significant. Incidence of frost within a small
area may influence the local distribution of species, but the distribution of
Acacia generally is not known in sufficient detail for any inferences to be made.

In Queensland most species of Acacia favour coarse textured, well drained,
infertile soils and edaphic factors must therefore determine the ranges of many
species. A. bivenosa subsp. wayi and A. dictyophleba are more or less confined
to sand dunes in the south-western part of the state. Except for A. sophorae
which occurs south of about Maroochydore no species is restricted to coastal
dunes. Species such as A. flavescens and A. julifera which occupy this ecological
niche are widespread on free draining coastal sands generally. A few species,
e.g. A. baueri, A. pubirhachis and A. ulicifolia occur in coastal heaths on sandy
soil that is often water-logged for long periods. Despite the tendency of Acacia
to occur on coarse textured soils some wide ranging and economically important
species are restricted to clay soils. Notable are A. argyrodendron, A. cana,
A. cambagei, A. harpophylla, A. melvillei and A. pendula, all belonging to.the
Microneurae group of the Plurinerves, and A. victoriae and sometimes A. salicina,
both Phyllodineae. These species are often found in pure stands close to
grasslands and in some cases encroaching on grasslands.

Other soil characteristics, particularly parent material, seem at times to be
important in determining species distribution, though consideration of a single
soil factor distinct from others is impossible. Some species are associated with
deeply weathered rocks on scarps, remnants of the Tertiary land surface, that
are widespread in semi-arid parts of Queensland (Gunn 1967; Boyland 1973),
These species sometimes form short catenary sequences and their position
relative to other plant communities can often be predicted with some accuracy.
The best development of these catenas is along the Grey Range. A. clivicola
occurs on shallow lithosols on dissected tops of hills while down the scarps
there is a sequence: A. petraea, A. ensifolia, A. catenulata and A. microsperma,
Species of the catena have different geographic ranges so that different sequences
are found in different parts of Queensland. Other species that indicate deep
weathering of rocks are: A. aprepta, A. shirleyi, A. microcephala and possibly
A. rhodoxylon. |

98

Francis (1951) stated that only A. bakeri and, with some doubt,
A. aulacocarpa assumed the qualities of rainforest tree types in Australia. He
did however include in his work A. melanoxylon and A. fasciculifera, Webb and
Tracey (in Pedley and Isbell 1971) recorded A. aulacocarpa in drier and
depauperate rainforest types on steep upper slopes of the MclIlwraith Range,
and A. cincinnata and A. mangium also occur in similar situations in other
parts of northern Queensland. The absence of Acacia spp. from rainforests is
probably due to their intolerance of low light intensities. In south-eastern
Queensland A. melanoxylon is a pioneer regrowth species after rainforest has
been cleared (Williams et al. 1969) but it is not found as a consituent of mature
rainforest, That it does grow on sites previously occupied by rainforest indicates
that it tolerates relatively high soil fertility. Clearing of rainforest or eucalypt
forest often results in dense regrowth of A. aulacocarpa and A. concurrens in
the south, and A. crassicarpa and A. flavescens in the north. Such regrowth
may be due in part to the increased light intensity when the tree layer is removed.

_ Except in arid areas where not enough fuel accumulates to sustain them,
wildfires occur more or less regularly wherever Acacia grows. In many parts of
coastal Queensland fires are an annual occurrence. Severe fires kill all but the
largest trees but regeneration is usually rapid, from seed for most species, but
from root suckers for A. argyrodendron and A. harpophylla. Most species of
Acacia have hard seeds with a coat impervious to water (see Ching 1971, for
Acacia confusa). Germination depends on the breakdown of the seed coat,
usually over a period of years, with a consequent germination spread over a
long period. Heat treatment breaks the impermeability of the seed coat. After
a fire there may be a mass germination of seeds. Near Brisbane 75 secdlings
in an area slightly less than a metre square were seen in a recently burnt area
beneath a tree of A. podalyriifolia. A striking case of mass germination of
A, torulosa in a relatively undisturbed community has been reported by Webb
et al, (1974). The seeds of A. harpophylla and A. argyrodendron are unusual.
They lack an impervious testa and rapidly lose their viability (Johnson 1964).
Regeneration of both species is usually from regrowth with develops from roots.

Because. of mass germination of seed following fire and because many
species are heliophilous, dense stands of Acacia often form on newly cleared
and burnt land. Grazing by domestic animals may control this growth but dense
thickets are formed on roadsides. Often plants are much more. abundant on
roadsides than they are in adjacent undisturbed or grazed communities.

The activities of man have had a considerable effect on the abundance and
geographic range of some species. Possibly the most drastic .of these activities
has been the deliberate clearing of land for agricultural and pastoral activities.
In the period 1963-1968 about 190 000 hectares of vegetation dominated by
A, harpophylla was “pulled” (cleared by pulling with heavy machinery) in the
basin of the Fitzroy River (Anon. 1968). Undisturbed plant communities are
now difficult to find in such areas but many plants of A. harpophylla remain
along roadsides and in shade and shelter belts. There has been a great reduction
in the abundance of A. harpophylla with little reduction in the overall range of
the species. Clearing of. vegetation has most affected species that grow in
extensive, more or less pure stands, such as A. aneura, A. argyrodendron, and
A. cambagei and there is a need for conservation of untouched areas of such
species.

-In coastal near urban areas diminution of the ranges of a few species has
occurred where their habitats have been affected by clearing and drainage

aR RTT NI

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99

operations associated with housing developments. The persistence of A. baueri,
A, attenuata and other species of wet coastal heath south of Brisbane, is in
doubt.

Cultivation of some species has resulted in extension of their ranges.
A, decurrens is adventive near Toowoomba and Stanthorpe. Because of the
extensive cultivation of A. podalyriifolia it is now difficult to determine whether
some occurrences of the species in the Brisbane area are natural. This species is
also well established at Herberton probably the result of a garden escape. A few
plants of A. spectabilis, another species widely grown as an ornamental, grow
spontaneously on a roadside in the Brisbane area and further spread of. the
species is likely.

Reproduction and Dispersal

TIME OF FLOWERING. The majority of Queensland species of Acacia flower at
the same time each year regardless of weather conditions prior to flowering,
possibly a photoperiodic response, Many species flower in the period June to
September, the driest part of the year in most of the state. Most species flower
for a relatively short time, often less than six weeks, but some have long periods
of flowering. In south-eastern Queensland A. maidenii and A. penninervis, may
flower over a period of four months during the summer.

Some species flower in response to rain if temperatures are high enough.
In cultivation in Brisbane A. deanei and A. oshanesii flower almost continuously.
A. harpophylla usually. flowers from June to September, but if soil moisture is
low it may not flower at all. Other species of drier parts of the state have
similar behaviour. Preece (1971a) found herbarium specimens of A. aneura
with flowers for every month of the year but from experimental work he concluded
that at his study site, near White Cliffs, N.S.W. (30°5’S 143°04’E) rain ae
in spring and late summer induced flowering.

The strictly seasonal and more faculative flowering may be related in some
way to the two types of shoot growth phases reported by Maconochie (1973).
He found that one group of plants, including A. ligulata, A. murrayana,.A.
sowdenii and A. victoriae, seemed to produce new growth after spring flowering,
while a second group, A. aneura and A. kempeana included, exhibited seasonal
growth if soil moisture were available and also a growth response to summer
rain. All but one of the Acacias of the first group are Phyllodineae and both of
the second group Juliflorae. The two types of growth behaviour may reflect
either a difference in the geographical origin of the groups or a fundamental
physiological difference between the groups. Considerably more data are required.

Heithaus et al. (1974) suggested that andromonoecism which is character-
istic of many species of Acacia might be associated with specialization for
pollination by pollen vectors that are large relative to stigma size. Pollination in
Acacia, however, appears to be effected by insects pg large in relation
to the size of the stigma.

Solbrig and Cantino (1975) found that for several species of Prosopis, a
related mimosoid genus with spicate inflorescences, only two or three flowers
in every thousand developed fruit. This would also be true of many species of
Acacia in Queensland. They postulated that the production of a large number
of flowers is an adaption that serves to attract insects to individually small flowers.
They could only speculate why so few flowers produced fruit, though clearly there.

100

is an upper limit to the amount of photosynthate that plants can use to produce
seeds. If every hermaphrodite flower were to produce a pod the yield of seed
would be extremely high and beyond the capacity of the plant. Despite the
relatively few pods formed the seed yield of individual trees of Prosopis and
Acacia is high. In Central America Jantzen (1969a) found that nine plants of
A, farnesiana with canopies ranging in size from 0-5 to 1-8 m® yielded 83-6647
seeds (6—252 gr).

Despite the fact that insects are used in the control of undesirable plants,
plant ecologists have to a large extent ignored the effects of insects in determining
the composition of plant communities (Bullock 1967). The destruction of the
seeds of legumes is important in the regulation of adult plant population density.
The predation of bruchids (Bruchidae, “seed weevils”) on the seeds of Central
American legumes has resulted in different adaptive strategies among parasitized
and non-parasitized species (Jantzen 1969a). Bruchids are not significant parasites
of Acacia in Australia though seeds are, of course, eaten by other insects.

There has been considerable speculation but little data on the dispersal of
seeds of Acacia. Jantzen (1969b, 1974), in his study of the biology of. the
swollen-thorn Acacias of Central America, found some species to be effectively
distributed by birds. The seeds of these species are enclosed in a sweet white
to yellow pulp or aril and in most species the pod opens to expose the pulp
when ripe. The presentation of seeds on hanging funicles was considered by
van der Pijl (1972) as evidence that they. were dispersed by birds. He figured
A, australis (== A. calyculata) and A. falcata (with “juicy, folded funicles’’).
Middlemiss (1963) found that in South Africa seeds of A. cyclops, an Australian
species naturalized there, were eaten and passed whole by ten species of birds.
Some were wide ranging and likely to be efficient agents of dispersal. Four of
the ten were doves (Columbidae). In Australia seeds of Acacia are eaten by
some species of pigeon (Lea and Gray 1935, Frith and Barker 1975, Frith ef al.
1974, 1976) and probably are vectors in their dispersal. Parrots (Psittacidae)
eat seeds of Acacia (Lea and Gray 1935) but it is doubtful whether they would be
passed whole by most species. I have seen mature seeds of A. maidenii eaten
by lorikeets (Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus) which have tongues adapted to the
gathering of pollen and nectar and may therefore be less effective in crushing and
digesting seeds than other species that habitually eat seeds. If birds disperse seeds
then plants with red or orange arils, such as A. auriculiformis, A. oraria and
A. salicina, may have an adaptive advantage. On the basis of the observed
dispersal of five species and the study of the morphology of 13 other species
Berg (1975) considered about 300 species of Australian species of Acacia were
probably dispersed by ants. The data presented do not warrant such sweeping
conclusions. There is a suggestion (unpublished reports, Queensland Department
of Primary Industries) that seeds of A. nilotica are spread by cattle and goats.
More information is needed on the dispersal of seeds by herbivores, sespesially
native ones, as well as by birds and ants. :

The role of animals in the dispersal of Acacia is probably minor. Most seeds
fall to the ground beneath the parent trees or are projected a short distance by the
explosive dehiscence of the pods. Seeds of plants, such as A. aulacocarpa, A.
salicina and A. stenophylla, which grow along streams must be dispersed by
water, but they are not specially adapted for it. The lack of special dispersal
mechanisms supports the hypothesis that Acacia did not come to Australia from
Asia across rather wide sea barriers but it makes the presence of members of
subg. Heterophyllum in the Hawaiian islands difficult to account for.

arin rticret earane eno moncane pegs mel amiierrese

101

Common names

One of the aims of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature is
the stabilization of botanical names, and though this has not been completely
achieved, scientific names are more stable than common ones, In Australia
“Wattle” is the name gencrally applicd to species of Acacia especially those
with showy flowers, The name may be qualified in various ways e.g. black
wattle, silver wattle, green wattle, etc., but many specics have no common
name and some names are applicd rather haphazardly. ‘The names of even
common species are different in different parts of their ranges, and one common
name may be applied to more than one species. In New South Wales A. pendula
is known as “boree” and in Queensland as “myall” while the name “boree”
in Queensland refers to A. cana and “myall” in South Australia is A. sowdenii.
Lancewood is the name almost invariably associated with A. shirleyi but other
species such as A. burrowii, A. petraea, A. sparsiflora and A. torulosa which
sometimes form dense stands of slender’ unbranched trees are also known in
some arcas as lancewood., |

Many species from inland Queensland have well known common names
often derived from aboriginal names. Many are species of the Microneurae
group and are economically important; namely, gidgee (A. cumbagei), brigalow
(A. harpophylla), myall (A. pendula), Georgina gidgee (A. georginae), boree
(A. cana), bowyakka (A. microsperma) and womal (A. maranoensis). Equally
well known are mulga (A. aneura), bendee (A. catenulata) and mineritchie
(A. cyperophylla) which are all members of the Juliflorae.

Notes on text

The work is based largely on collections in the Queensland Herbarium
(BRI). Specimens from other herbaria have been examined but are only
occastonally cited. Where they are, the usual acronyms are used to indicate
herbaria, The type specimens cited have been examined, except where otherwise
indicated.

I have cited only a few specimens of each species. These are intended to
indicate broadly the geographic ranges of the species in Queensland, and are
as far as possible, specimens with duplicates in large European herbaria. All
collections at BRI are listed in the index to collectors, No distribution maps
are given but it is hoped that these will be presented in a separate paper on the
distribution of Acacia in Queensland.

In the citation of specimens localities are listed under pastoral districts (see
map on inside back cover). As well as these precisely delimited areas a number
of more general localities are mentioned—south-eastern Queensland: Leichhardt
district south of about 25°S Jatitude, Burnett, Wide Bay, Darling Downs and
Moreton Districts; north-western Queensland: Burke District west of about 141°E
longitude; north Queensland: Queensland north of about 20°S latitude; south-
western Queensland: Gregory South and Warrego districts west of about 146°E
longitude; Granite Belt: elevated granite country around Stanthorpe (see Pedley
1976).

102

Key to Queensland species of Acacia
Key to groups |
The groups to a large degree are equivalent to the sections and subgenera
recognized (see p. 81). The corresponding sections are indicated in parentheses.

1. Mature plants bearing phyllodes. Pinnate and bipinnate leaves found only
on seedlings or on “reversion” shoots on old plants, rarely persisting for ©
several years and then rarely flowering when only bipinnate foliage

present, 2s
Plants with bipinnate leaves only, never with phyllodes, he

2. Flowers in heads , 3.
Flowers in spikes . Group I. (Section Juliflorae)

3. Phyllodes + terete, in regular whorls of 5-27, whorls sometimes oblique;
prominent stipules alternating with the phyllodes
Group III. (Section Lycopodiifoliae)
Phyllodes not in regular whorls, occasionally in groups of 3-4, usually flat
when dry, occasionally terete or quadrangular in cross section

4. Phyllodes either + triangular, short (less than 1-5 em long) the lower
margin straight, the upper concave, often with a gland at the broadest
part, or broadest at the base and tapering gradually to a pungent point,
or broadest in lower quarter and upper margin + abruptly contracted so
that phyllode tapers into rather long pungent point; heads on axillary
peduncles. Group IV. (Sections Phyllodineae and Plurinerves, in part)

Phyllodes often more than 1-5 cm long, not triangular or if so, then heads
in racemes.

5. Phyllodes terete, subterete or quadrangular in section, or flat and narrow
without prominent nerves but sometimes with obscure translucent longi-
tudinal nerves, or longitudinally folded. Group V. (Section Phyllodineae,
in part)

Phyllodes terete or flat, with many longitudinal nerves when terete or with
at least one longitudinal nerve when flat 6:

6. Phyllodes flat, uninerved, sometimes with secondary longitudinal nerve
developed. Group VI. (Section Phyllodineae, in part)

Phyllodes plurinerved, terete or flat. Group II. (Section Plurinerves)

7, Stipules inconspicuous, not spinose; flowers in heads arranged in racemes
in the upper axils or forming terminal panicles.

Group VIi. (Section Botrycephalae)

Plants with either stipular spines (at least when young) or with prickles;
flowers in heads or in spikes on peduncles single or in Broups in the
axils 8.

8. Trees or shrubs with stipular s apities, flowers in heads or in spikes
Group VIII. (subgenus Acacia)
Lianes with prickles on the stems; flowers in heads
Group IX, (subgenus Aculeiferum)

sens corcpemviatettitteennreepmpeecaase

10.

Fi,

Be:

13.

103

GROUP I
. Phyllodes decurrent on stem for some distance, pungent pointed 1. A, triptera
Phyllodes articulate on stem, not broadly decurrent ~ 2.

Phyllodes terete or flattened, less than 2:5 mm wide and more than 20 times as long as
wide, longitudinally stniate or ribbed, nerves not anastomosing, or without nerves and
punctulate a

Phylicdes more than 2:5mm wide, or if narrower then less than 20 times as long

as wide, longitudinally striate, the nerves sometimes anastomosing 18.
Phyllodes Jess than 5cm long 4,
Phyliodes more than Scm long | | 6.

. Stipules prominent, branchlets very resinous; phyllodes with 2 prominent longitudinal

nerves . 2. A. chisholimii

Stipules. not prominent, early deciduous; branchlets not very resinous; many parallel
longitudinal nerves, all equally prominent or at least more than two nerves more
' prominent

Branchlets and phyllodes usually with silvery indumentum. Calyx with free spathulate

lobes; pod flat more or less winged 10, A. aneura
‘Branchlets glabrous (sometimes scurfy); calyx not deeply lobed; pod flat but raised
over seeds alternately on each side 45. A. clivicola

Phyllodes more or less terete, punctulate, resinous; pod flat and woody, attenuate at
the base and opening elastically from the top 3, A. orthocarpa

Phyllodes flat or terete, finely striate, or distinctly nerved, not punctulate; pod flat or
cylindrical, not opening elastically i

Branchlets with long silky hairs, becoming glabrous; phyllodes usually with similar
hairs at least at base and apex, rather flexuose, 13-18 cm long; spikes less than
icm long 4. A. curranii

Branchlets glabrous or with short appressed hairs; phyllodes without silky hairs, often
shorter; spikes (except in A. granitica)} longer 8,

. Phyllodes terete, rather sharp pointed 5, A, eyperophylla

Phyllodes subterete or flat, not sharp pointed .? ee

Calyx divided + to base; branchlets often with appressed ‘hairs or greyish bloom;
phylicdes often with minute appressed hairs 10

Calyx truncate sinuolate, or lobed, but not lobed to middle, branchlets glabrous, rarely
scurfy and sometimes glutinous, phyllodes glabrous 13.

Pods leaf-like, flat, winged (the wing up to 2mm wide, sometimes quite rudimentary);
calyx lobes free to base, linear but slightly thickened and expanded at apex
10. A. aneura

Pods not leaf-like and winged, sometimes cylindrical and thick; lobes of calyx shortly
united at base so that it can usually be dissected from flower intact Ai.

Phyllodes not particularly thick, one nerve distinctly more prominent than the rest
9, A. tanumbirinensis

Phyllodes thick, sometimes terete with many parallel equally prominent nerves 12,
PhyHodes often terete, occasionally flat but thick; pod cylindrical, 7-9 cm _ long,
longitudinally nerved 11. A, ramulosa

Phyllodes thick but flat (? never terete); pod rather turgid, thickened (up to 2:5 mm
thick), 3-6cm long 12, A. brachystachya

Spikes less than Icm long on peduncles 0: 5—2.mm_ long; . phyllodes 10-20 cm long
1

3, A. granitica

Spikes more than 1cm long or peduncles 5417 mm long; . shiviloies 5-18 cm. long
Cf .(2-)3-5 spikes on axillary axis 4-8 mm or more long—see couplet 43) 14,

58237—B

14,

15,

16.

17.

18.

13,

20,

21.

22.

23.

24,

25.

104

Phyllodes up to 1:6mm wide, all longitudinal nerves equally prominent or more than

one more prominent 15,
Phylodes more than 2mm wide, one longitudinal nerve more prominent than the
rest 16,
‘PhyHodes 0-7—-1-1(-1-3) mm wide, all nerves equally prominent; branchlets more or
less terete with resinous ribs 6, A. tenuissima
Phylilodes up to 1:6mm wide with distinct marginal nerves and 2 raised nerves on
each face with a faint nerve between them 7. A. jackesiana

Peduncles 1-1-5 cm long; calyx 0-6 mm long, ca 4 as long as corolla 8. A, guymeri

Peduncles less than 1 cm long; calyx 0-7-1:1 mm long, usually at least half as long as
calyx

Calyx 0:7-1:1mm long with lobes 0:2-0:3 mm doe peduncles 1-4 mm, long; elongate
areole # as long as seed 14, A. caroleae

Calyx 1:041+1 mm long truncate or slightly incurved at top; peduncles ca 7 mm long;
areole pale, semi-circular . 15. A. adsurgens

Phyllodes less than 4cm. long and less than 4mm wide ¥ 19,

Phyllodes either more than 4cm long or more than 4mm wide 22.

Branchlets glutinous sometimes with scattered appressed hairs often obscured by the
resin; phyllodes with secondary nerves obscure or translucent; spikes dense on
peduncles 12cm, long 20,

Branchlets glabrous; phyllodes with 1-3 prominent fnsiiudmal nerves, the secondary
nerves definite or absent, not translucent; peduncles often shorter 21.

Phylicdes with 2 prominent longitudinal nerves; pod fiat, obliquely veined, not
attenuate at the base nor opening elastically from the apex 16. A. lysiphloia
Phyllodes usually with many parallel nerves sometimes 3 slightly more prominent; pod

flat but woody, attenuate at the base and opening elastically from the apex
17. A. hilliana

Phyllodes single, in 2’s or 3’s; spikes not very dense on peduncles less than 7 mm long;
pod winged on adaxial margin 18. A. conjunctifolia
Phyllodes never .in groups; spikes dense on peduncles 6-17 mm jong; pod not winged
19, A. wickhamii

Phyllodes with parallel longitudinal nerves, not anastomosing, sometimes obscure (see
Fig. 8b) 23

_Phylicdes with definitely anastomosing nerves, usually conspicuously so but in A, brassti

and A. quriculiformis only slightly so (and in A. limbata usually only at base and
apex) (see Fig, 8d) _ . . 66.

Phyllodes 0:5-2cm x 2:5—7mm, 1-6 times as Jong as wide; margins more or less
undulate especially when broad, glabrous 19. A. wickhamii

Phyllodes either pubescent, or, more than 6 times as long as wide, or if less than 6
times as long as wide, then more than 2cm Jong or more than 6mm wide; margins
not undulate 24,

Phylilodes less than 6 times as long as wide, or if slightly longer then with indumentum
of rather spreading hairs; usually more than 1 cm wide, with numerous rather crowded
parallel longitudinal nerves (at least when dry), the nerves not hidden in the tissue
of the phyllode; pods usually narrow with longitudinal seeds, if broad and transversely
nerved then opening elastically from the apex 25,

Phyllodes more than 6 times as long. as wide, glabrous or with indumentum of
appressed hairs, if spreading hairs then more than 10 times as long as wide, nervature
various; pods various, including narrow and opening elastically from the apex and
‘broad sometimes transversely veined but not opening elastically from the apex 34, -

Phyllodes on mature plants markedly pubescent; spikes on pubescent peduncles up to
3mm long 26

Phyllodes on. mature plants glabrous or with rather sparse indumentum at base; spikes
usually on longer peduncles 27,

Ad. ne oomggantiomnas itachi

@

26,

27.

28,

29,

30.

31.
a2,
33,

34.

35,

36,

37.

38.

105

Spikes sessile; calyx 0-5mm long, more or less truncate; pods flat ca 4mm _ broad
20. A. pubifolia

Spikes shortly pedunculate; calyx ca 1mm long, shortly lobed; pods terete
21. A acradeénia

Branchlets terete, vernicose; phyllodes 10-16cm * 2:5—5 cm 22. A. laccata

Branchlets at least slightly angular, not vernicose; phyllodes usually less than 12cm
long . 28,

Flowers large, 3:5mm or more long; pod woody, ca 8mm wide opening elastically
from apex 23. A megalantha

Flowers smaller, to about 2mm long; pod usually narrow but if broad then not
woody 29,

Branchlets coarse, angular; phyllodes + upright paralleling the stem, usually 9-12 cm.

1-2-2 cm 24. A, emcee

Branchlets slender, sometimes angular; phyllodes usually spreading, usually 3:5—-10 cm
xX 0-6-3 cm 30,

Phyllodes 3-5~7 cm long, somewhat falcate (lower as well as upper margin curved);
young ones with reddish brown scurf 25. A. curvinervia

Phyllodes 2:5-10 cm long, more or less straight, not with red-brown scurf when young
31,

Phyliodes less than S5cm long, 1:3-1:8cm wide 26. A, spania
Phyllodes more than 5cm long, 1-5-3 cm wide 32.
Calyx 0:9-1-1mm long; spikes up to 3cm long 27. A. umbellata
Calyx shorter; spikes 3—5 cm long S35
Phyllodes + symmetrical, elliptic (both margins concave) 28. A, str iatifolia

- Phyliodes asymmetrical, lower margin straight or convex, upper concave

29. A. fenuinervis

Branchlets pubescent with short appressed hairs (rarely long and somewhat spreading);
mature phyllodes often silvery grey with indumentum of short appressed hairs or rarely
longer and somewhat spreading hairs; young tips not dark; phyllodes straight or
slightly falcate a5;

Branchlets of mature plants glabrous or rarely with scattered hairs; phyllodes glabrous

or with scattered hairs at the base; young tips sometimes dark; phylodes straight
or markedly falcate 39,

Spike sessile with hirsute rachis; pod papery ca 1cem wide with transverse seeds;
phyllodes not silvery 30. A. pubirhachis

Spike on short peduncle, hairs on rachis not long; pods various, but if broad with
transverse seeds then not papery

Branchlets angular with translucent ribs; spikes 3-4 com long; calyx membranous (0:4—)
0-6--0'75 mm long with short obtuse lobes; pods flat from 3 mm wide with longitudinal
seeds to 9mm wide with transverse seeds 31. A. leptostachya

Branchlets slender, angular; spikes 1-3 om long; calyx 0:4—-1-1mm long, deeply abe
pods flat, winged or constricted between the seeds, but seeds longitudinal

Pod flattened but thick, calyx deeply lobed but usually 2 or 3 lobes can be dissected
together 12. A. brachystachya

Pod flat, either winged or constricted between seeds, calyx deeply lobed, difficult to
dissect anything but separate lobes 38.

Calyx 0-6-1:1mm long; pod leaf-like, flat with a wing up to 2mm broad on the
dorsal edge 10. A. a@neura

. Calyx 0:4-0-7mm long, pod flat, constricted between seeds 32. A. catenulata

39.

40.

41.

42.

43,

44,

45,

46,

47,

48.

49,

106

Spikes subsessile, less than 1cm long; phyllodes more than 30 times as long as wide
13, A. granitica

Spikes more than 1cm long or not subsessile; phyllodes often less than 30 times as
long as wide

Phyllodes with distinct scarious mucro ca 4mm long; stipules scarious; spikes on rather
long peduncles (6-12 mm long) often with bracts or isolated flowers below the
main spike 52. A. hemsleyi

Phyllodes without scarious mucro; stipules not scarious; spikes without bract or isolated
flower

2—5 spikes on axillary shoot 4-8mm or more long, sometimes elongating into leafy
shoot; nerves of phyllode not running into margin at base nor phyllode pubescent;
phyliodes up to 2cm (rarely 2:5cm) wide 42.

Spikes usually single or in pairs on minute axis in axils usually not long nor elongating
but af so then nerves of phyllode running into margin at base or phyllodes pubescent
or more than lcm broad 44,

‘Phyllodes linear, 2-5 mm wide, 15-60 times as long as wide 14. A, caroleae

Phyllodes narrow elliptic or lanceolate, straight, or falcate, 4-18(—25) mm wide, 4-20
times as long as wide 43

Phyllodes 4-10(-12) cm x 410mm, 3:5—-16(-19) times as long as wide, leaves on

young plants elliptic; calyx pubescent at base 33. A. burrowii—
Phyllodes 8-16(-19) cm ™X 8-18(-25) mm, 6-15(-19) times as long as wide,
broader on young plants; calyx glabrous or pubescent at the base 34, A. blakei

Pods broad, woody, transversely veined, not opening elastically from. the apex, more
than 1:Sem wide with transverse seeds; phyllodes 7-20cm x 640mm, up to
12 times as long as wide; young tips not dark AS,

Pods usually mot woody but if so then up to 12mm wide and opening elastically from
the top; phyllodes usually less than 17mm wide or if wider than young tips dark 46.

Pulvinus 4—12(—16) mm -long; pods 2-5-3:5cm wide 35, A. crassicarpa
Pulvinus 4-7 mm long; pods 1-5S—2.cm wide 36. A. qulacecarpa:
Phyllodes with prominent midribs and 3-7 widely spaced conspicuous nerves on

each side of it; flowers sometimes 4—merous; calyx ca i mm long, corolla 2-3
times as long; peduncle less than 5mm long; pod linear ca 7mm wide with pale
raised margines 38, A. whitel

Not the above combination of characters. If midrib prominent then more secondary

nerves or secondary nerves obscure, or if about the same number then calyx notably
membranous and more than half as long as the corolla and peduncle more than
5mm long. Pod otherwise; if linear, then not with pale raised margins 47.

Calyx membranous, lobed almost to the base; phyllodes less than 5mm wide, more
than 8 cm long and more than 25 times as long as wide 9. A. tanumrbirinensis

Calyx not lobed beyond the middle; phyllodes either more than 5 mm wide, or
less than 8cm long and 25 times as long as wide 48,

Spikes on peduncles more than 5mm long; phyllodes often more than 15 times as
long as wide 49,

Spikes on peduncles up to 5mm long; phyllodes often less than 20 times as long
as wide 59.

Phyllodes more or less straight with midnerve slightly or markedly more prominent
than the rest, more than 10cm long; branchlets and neryes and margins of phyllodes
rather yellowish 50.

Phyllodes straight or falcate with more than 1 major longitudinal nerve; branchlets
on nerves and margins of phyllodes usually not yellowish; or less than 10cm
ong 53.

We cdi pts Scat east whet sl si enmleiti bo—snsncdneniaiaygitsonnne

107

50. Calyx ca 1mm long, corolla less than twice as long as calyx; phyllodes 1-5~3-5 mm
broad, 20-60 times as long as broad; spike dense 1-1:5cm long. Rare plants
from tropical parts of the State S31.

Calyx to 0:75mm long; corolla more than twice as long as the calyx; phyllodes
2°5-7(-9) mm broad, 15-45(—60) times as long as broad; spikes dense 1-5-2cm
long or only moderately dense 2-3-5cm long. Commoner species gee

51. Phyilodes with prominent midrib and 1-3 less prominent sometimes translucent nerves
on each side of it; gland small 4-10 mm from the base; calyx membranous glabrous,
loosely investing corolla 39, A. drepanocarpa

Phyllodes with many parallel longitudinal nerves, the middle one most prominent;
gland basal, large but with a small orifice; calyx tightly appressed to the corolla,
with a few hairs 15. A. adsurgens

52, Phyllodes with one longitudinal nerve the other obscure; spikes dense on glabrous
peduncles; calyx lobes fimbriate; pod woody, 12mm wide, attenuate at base and
opening elastically from top; seeds obliquely transverse, areole closed

40, A. ancistrocarpa

Phyllodes with many parallel nerves, the central one slightly more prominent; spikes
only moderately dense on peduncles sometimes appressed pubescent at the base;
calyx lobes hirsute; pod ca Smm wide, not opening elastically from top; seeds
longitudinal with small open central areocle 41. A. shirleyi

53, Phyllodes on mature trees falcate (i.e. both upper and lower margins curved), more
than 9cm long; on young plants sometimes ovate and pubescent; spikes up to
4cm long; pod 3-3:5 mm wide 54.

Phyllodes more or less straight, up to 16cm long; phyllodes on young plants not
pubescent; pods 3-5mm or more wide 55

54, Peduncles 10-15 mm long; spikes 10-25 mm long. Confined to Warrego and Gregory

South Districts 42. A. petraea
Peduncles 5-10 mm long; spikes 20-40mm long. More widely spread, known only
from a few places in Warrego and Gregory South Districts 43. A. sparsiflora

55, Phyllodes greyish with many fine parallel longitudinal nerves, none more prominent
' than-.the rest, up to 5-5cm long 56,

Phyllodes green or yellowish with usually two prominent longitudinal nerves or
nerves indistinct in coriaceous phyllode; phyllodes 5—-16cm long

56. Phyllodes 4-10mm wide; spikes 10-15mm long; pod 10-15mm wide with seeds

3-5 &* 3mm . 44, A, kempeana
Phyllodes 1--3 mm wide; spikes 3-7mm long; pod 4-6-5mm wide, rarely 10 mm,
with seeds 3 & 2-2:5mm 45, A. clivicola

57. Phyllodes less than 6mm wide; pod 8 mm wide with transverse seeds 46, A. hammondii
Phyllodes more than 6mm wide; pod up to 6mm wide with longitudinal seeds 58.

58. Nerves of phyllodes indistinct; spike dense 2-3 cm long; pod not coiled 37. A. rhodoxylon
Nerves of phyllodes distinct, two more prominent than the rest; spike open, 3-8 cm

Jong; pod coiled 47, A. solandri
59, FBwilodes with prominent nitdnerve and -+ parallel translucent secondary nerves;
. pod opening elastically from apex 48, A. hyaloneura

Secondary nerves not translucent; if pod opening elastically then branchlets flattened

‘

60. Branchlets flattened; flowers very pale, almost white; pods opening elastically from
- the top 49. A. calyculata

Branchlets not flattened; flowers not as pale; pods various, never opening elastically
61.

61. Phyllodes with 2 nerves more prominent, 5-10cm long; pod membranous, brown,

glutinous, shining, with transverse seeds 46, A. hammondii

Phyllodes either with many fine parallel equally prominent nerves or with 3 more
prominent (not consistently 2); pod with either longitudinal or oblique seeds or if
transverse then phyllodes Jess than 5*5cm long 62,

.

62.

63.

64.

65,

66.

67.

68,

69,

70.

71.

Ts

108

Pods flat 4-11 mm wide with traverse or oblique seeds; phyllodes tending to be

broadest above the middle, with many fine parallel longitudinal—nerves,-none—much————

more prominent than the rest, 3-8:5cem xX 2-9mm. Young plants more or less
glabrous 63,
Pods terete or flat, sometimes constricted between the seeds; phyllodes usually broadest
at or below the middle with fine parallel longitudinal nerves, usually 3 more
prominent than the rest, 7-25cm * 5-27 mm. ‘Young plants sometimes Eoin Oe

Spikes dense 5-12 mm long; calyx pubescent 0-6-1 mm long 56.
Spikes interrupted 6-25mm long; calyx sericeous or ribs becoming more or less
glabrous, 0:5 mm long 50. A. aprepta

Branchlets yellowish, sometimes glutinous; phyllodes straight or slightly falcate,
5—10(-13) mm wide, gland basal with rimmed orifice; pod moniliform, up to
10cm long, 4mm broad, narrowed to 1-5 mm S51. A. torulosa

Branchlets usually reddish, not glutinous; phyllodes 5-25 mm broad, strongly falcate
when narrow, gland basal, inconspicuous; pod terete or flat, not moniliform 65.

Young plants densely pubescent. Pods terete, obscurely longitudinally wrinkled when
dry; phyllodes 5-25 mm wide, strongly falcate when narrow (on. mature trees)

53. A. julifera

Young plants often with phyllodes different from those of older plants but not

pubescent; pod narrow but flat; phyllodes only occasionally strongly falcate; calyx

only sinuolately lobed 43.

Phyllodes up to 7-5 times as long as wide either sessile or abruptly contracted into-
stout pulvinus 2-3 mm long; all parts of flower glabrous

Phyllodes 2:5-35 times as long as wide not sessile not abruptly contracted into stout
pulvinus, or all parts of flower not glabrous 68.

Phyllodes sessile, 8-llem x 2:5-4:5cm, 2-4:5 times as long as wide; spikes on

peduncles 2-5 cm long 54. A. latifolia
Phyliodes 7-13 cm .x* 1-3:5cm, 2:5-7:5 times as long as wide on stout pulvinus
2-3 mm long; spikes on peduncles 1-2.cm long 55, A. cretata

Phyllodes with rather fine secondary nerves forming reticulum, the nerve islands elongate
(more than about 3 times as long as wide), occasionally the anastomoses infrequent
(e.g. A. brassii, A. auriculiformis and A. solandri) 69.

Phyllodes usually large and not elongate, with very conspicuous reticulum, the nerve
islands not elongate (less than 3 times as long as wide), the nerves often yellowish
and the major ones running together at the base near the lower margin; plants often

pubescent © OG,
Flowers predominantly 4—merous 70.
Flowers 5—merous ; 75,

Phylilodes coriaceous, 5-19cm x 8-22mm, 3-20 times as long as wide, with a
prominent basal gland, 2, 3 or 5 nerves more prominent than the rest and with
3-7 longitudinal nerves between the major ones; flowers at anthesis 2-5 mm or more

long; calyx glabrous 71.
Phylodes of thinner texture; gland not prominent. Flowers at anthesis less than 2 mm
long; calyx glabrous or pubescent 72.
Phyllodes 5-10 cm long, 3-6 times as long as wide; spikes sessile, dense, up to 3cm
long 56. A. sophorae
Phyllodes 8-19 cm long, 4-20 times as long as wide; spikes pedunculate, sparse,
4-6 cm long 57, A. obtustfolia

Phyllodes linear to linear-lanceolate, 6-16 cm * 1-19 mm, 14-70 fined as long as wide,
with a distinct midrib and 6 or fewer conspicuously widely spaced secondary nerves.
Calyx ciliate, otherwise glabrous 58, A. longissima

- Phyllodes 5-20cm long, 5-35 times as long as wide; secondary nerves not widely

spaced, more than 6 besides the midrib (if any) 73.

73;

74,

75.

76,

77.

78,

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84,

85,

109

Mature phyllodes more than 1cm wide, 10-20cm long, 5-16 times as long as wide:
branchlets lenticellate, sometimes golden pubescent. Calyx and rachis of spike
golden pubescent - 59, A. maidenii

Phyllodes less than 1cm wide, 8-35 times as long as wide; branchlets and rachis
glabrous or with white appressed hairs

Phyllodes 5-10 cm long, 8-18 times as long as wide; branchlets aa some phyllodes
with appressed hairs; rachis subglabrous; calyx more or less glabrous 60. A. floribunda

‘Phyllodes 10-20cm long, 15-35 times as long as wide, branchlets with few appressed

hairs, not lenticellate; rachis glabrous, calyx hirsute 61. A. orites

Phyllodes 2-5-6 times as long as wide; peduncles 1—2:4cm long; spikes more or
less dense 1+2—2:5cm long; pod attenuate at the base opening elastically from the
top 76,

Phyllodes usually more elanwate: peduncles shorter; pod neither attenuate at the
base nor opening elastically from the: itop 78.

Branchlets and pods pubescent; phyllodes finely reticulate, more or less pubescent

62. A. argyraea
Branchlets and pods glabrous; phyllodes coarsely reticulate; glabrous ; 77.
Phyllodes 4-5-6 cm long, 2—4 times as long as wide; pods 4-5 cm long 63. A. brevifolia

Phyllodes 5-8 cm long, 3+3-4:5 times as long as wide; pods ca 6cm long
64, A. limbata

Phyllodes less than 5cm long, never with densely pubescent branchlets
39, A. drepanocarpa
Phyllodes more than 5cm dong, or if shorter then branchlets densely pubescent 79.
Young tips golden-yellow; branchlets with indumentum of yellow hair; pods tightly
coiled with longitudinal seeds 65. AY -cincinnatas
Tips not golden-yellow (except A. cowledna); indumentum of ibiadichlets not yellow;
pods not tightly coiled 80,

Phyllodes yellowish, two longitudinal nerves most prominent, branchlets densely
pubescent 66. A. stipuligera

- Phyliodes usually not drying yellowish; if only two longitudinal nerves more prominent

than the rest then branchlets not densely pubescent and phyllodes more than 6cm

long 81.
Phyllodes up to 25cm x 5--10cm, 2—4 times as long as wide 67 As mangiunt
Phyllodes up to 25cm long and up to 5cm wide, rarely less than 4 times as long

as wide 82.
Spikes dense up to 2:5cm long 83,
Spikes sparse to dense, 3-10 cm long BA,

Branchlets, peduncles and phyllodes glutinous; phyllodes bent near the base so as to
be more or less parallel to the stem 24, A. gonoclada

Branchlets, peduncles and phyllades pubescent at least when young; phyllodes spreading
68. A. cowleana

Branchlets rather slender, angular, glabrous or occasionally pubescent, often with
conspicuous lenticels; flowers 4—5—merous; corolla 4 times as long as the short

(0:4-0:5 mm iong) calyx 59, A. maidenii
Branchlets, if with conspicuous lenticels, then stout and angular; flowers 5S—merous,
calyx 0- ‘6mm or more long, corolla 1:43 times as long as the calyx 85.

Phyllodes with 2 prominent longitudinal nerves, up to 16mm wide; spikes interrupted
up to 8cm long; pods flat but coiled 47, A. solandri

Phyllodes with usually 3 prominent longitudinal nerves or if only 2 then phyllodes
more than 16mm wide; spikes sparse. to dense, 3-8cm long; if pods flat then
sometimes loosely and irregularly coiled 86,

86.

87.

88,

89.

90.

91,

92.
93.

94,

93;

96.

97.

110

Secondary longitudinal nerves rather crowded, not very anastomosing, the major ones
not tending to run together in the middle of the phyllode at the base; phyllodes
15-30. mm wide, 4-8 times as long as broad, Plants of Cape York Peninsula 87,

Secondary nerves rather widely spaced anastomosing or if crowded then major ones
tending to run together in middle of phyllode at the base; phyHodes 6-30 mm. wide,
25-18 times as long as broad. One species occurring in Cape York Peninsula, but
not confined to it 88.

Spikes dense on densely pubescent peduncles; calyx deeply lobed; corolla 1:4—-1-6 times
as long as the calyx; pod narrow raised over seeds and constricted between them
with longitudinal seeds 69. A. brassti

Spikes interrupted on glabrous peduncles; calyx shortly lobed; corolla 2-3 times as
long as the. calyx; pod flat with undulate margins and transverse seeds
70. A. auriculiformis

Phyliodes with 2-3 major nerves longitudinal running together in the middle of the
phyllode at the base, secondary nerves rather crowded; spikes sparse; pod flat 6-8 mm
wide; seeds longitudinal, encircled by the funicle 71, A. polystachya

Phyllodes with usually 3 (sometimes only 2) major nerves concurrent with each other
or with the margin at the base or free, usually not running together in the middle
of. the phyllode; spikes rarely sparse; pod flat or subterete, up to ca 4mm wide,

funicle not encircling the seed 89,
Branchlets pubescent, hairs either short (0-1.mm) and appressed or long (0-2-0:4mm)
and spreading 90.
Branchlets glabrous or scurfy, not pubescent 92.
Indumentum, of branchlets short and appressed 91,
Indumentum of branchlets long and spreading 98.

Spikes 6-12 cm Jong on peduncles 6-8(-15) mm long; calyx pubescent
75a. A. longispicata subsp. longispicata

Spikes 3-4cm long on peduncles (5—)7-13 mm long; calyx glabrous or with a few

hairs at the base 73, A. oligophleba
Secondary longitudinal nerves widely spaced (less than 25/cm) 93.
Secondary nerves less widely spaced (more than 25/cm) 95,
Calyx 0:4-0:6mm long; ovary glabrous 72, A, tropica
‘Calyx 0:6-1:2 mm long; ovary pubescent 94,

Phylodes tending to be widest above the middle; spikes 3-4cm long on peduncles
7-13 mm long . 73. A. oligophleba
Phyllodes widest about the middle; spikes 4-5-7cem long on peduncles 5-8 mm
long 74, A. leptocarpa

_ Pulvinus short, less than 5 mm long: calyx glabrous or some flowers of the inflorescence

with a few hairs at the base 96.
Pulvinus more than 5mm long; calyx glabrous or with few or many hairs mainly at
the base

Branchlets glaucous; phyllodes abruptly contracted into pulvinus 2-3 mm long
55, A. cretata
Branchlets glabrous, often reddish; phyllodes tapering to pulvinus (2—)3-5 mm long
. 78, A. leiocalyx
Spikes dense; phyllodes 14-24 cm long, 9-20 times as long as wide; calyx glabrous or
with a few basal hairs 16. A, crassa

Spikes only moderately dense; phyllodes 10-16cm Jong, 3-5-9 times as long as wide;
calyx always with some indumentum 77, A. concurrens

98.

99,

100.

101.

102.

103.

111

Phyllodes with widely spaced longitudinal secondary nerves (16-24/cm), 1:3-4cem
wide, 4-8(—12) times as long as wide; spikes dense; calyx pubescent
715b. A. longispicata subsp. velutina
Phyllodes with crowded eb sudes nerves (30-45/cm), 0°8—2:2 cm wide, 5°5—18 times
as long as wide; spikes sparse, calyx glabrous or with a few hairs at the base
76b. A, crassa subsp. longicoma

Branchlets stout, very acutely angled 100,
Branchlets not particularly stout, terete or ribbed 102,
Phyllodes 1:5~9:5cm broad, 2-9 times as long as broad usually pubescent; rachis

glabrate; corolla at least partly pubescent 79, A. holosericea

Phyllodes 3-7cm broad, 1:5-5-5 times as long as broad; rachis tomentose or
sericeous; corolla glabrous

3—5 longitudinal nerves prominent, not running together near base of phyllode; corolla

1:4mm long 80. A. nesophila
3 longitudinal nerves prominent, running together near base of phyllode; corolla
—2-5mm long . 81. A. grandifolia
Phyllodes acute, usually with two prominent nerves, 4:5-6cm > 9-17 mm, spikes
2-3 cm long on peduncles 1mm long 66. A. stipuligera
Phyllodes obtuse, mucronulate with usually 3-4 prominent longitudinal nerves 103,
Trees; spikes 4cm Jong; corolla glabrous 82. A. dimidiata
Shrubs; spikes 1:5-3cm long; corolla with long hairs; bracteoles conspicuous before
anthesis 83, A. humifusa
GROUP IL

Nerves not at all reticulate, either fine and crowded with sometimes one more prominent
than the rest, or nerves - equally prominent and not crowded, or nerves obscure;
often with appressed hairs, usually not with spreading hairs and mot glutinous Di

Phyllodes with 1,2,3,5, or more prominent longitudinal nerves and anastomosing
secondary nerves, sometimes not conspicuous; sometimes glutinous and sometimes
with spreading hairs 7

-
Pao
}

L

Phyllodes terete, glabrous with ca 16 longitudinal nerves, JS-13 cm long; heads in
axillary pairs 84, A. rigens
Phyllodes flat, rarely terete and then pubescent and usually longer 3,

Phyllodes stiff and pointed, less than 7cm long with widely spaced equaily prominent
nerves; heads in axillary pairs 85. A. oswaldii

Phyllodes usually not stiff though sometimes with an innocuous brown point, either
with fine crowded equally prominent nerves or with 1-3 nerves more prominent than
the rest, or if more widely spaced + equally prominent then more than 10cm long 4.

Phyllodes less than 4°5.cm long, heads single’ in the axils 5.

Phyllodes more than 4-5cm long, heads in reduced, rarely elongate, racemes (see also
A, granitica which sometimes has flowers in extremely short sptkes in pairs in the
axils)

. Phyllodes 7-25mm x 1-5~4mm, curved, often sigmoid 86, A. nuperrima

Phyllodes 20-45mm x 3-9mm, straight, with an innocuous brown point
87. A. phiebocarpa
Axis of raceme | cm or more long; branchlets more or less glabrous; pods 1-2 cm wide 7,
Axis shorter, or if up to 12 mm jong then branchlets pubescent; pods usually narrower 8.
Phyllodes curved, tapering to each end from the middle usually 10-23 cm x 7~20 mm;
heads 15-30 flowered or more 88. A. harpopltylla

Phyliodes straight, more or less parallel-sided, 8-17cm x 4-8mm, heads of ca 12
Aawars 89, A. argyrodendron

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15,

16,

17.

18,

19.

20,

112

se more than 15cm long, usually less than 5mm broad; calyx more than 1 mm

ong

Phyliodes less than 15cm long, up to 12mm wide; calyx less than i! mm long or if
1mm then phyHodes less than 12cm long 10.

‘Phyllodes up to 4mm wide, sometimes terete, thick, densely appressed pubescent;
nerves fine and rather crowded 90. A. coriacea
Phyllodes to 5mm wide, sparsely appressed pubescent, glabrescent, nerves rather distinct
and widely spaced 91. A. stenophylla

Phyllodes more than 20 times as long as wide, up to 7mm wide, pods never winged 11.
Phyllodes less than 20 times as long as wide; pods sometimes winged 16.

Heads small, usually less than 15 flowers per head, phyllodes up to 2mm wide
92. A. microcephala

Heads larger, at least 10 flowers per head; phyllodes more than 1-5 mm wide 12
Heads large (30-60 flowers); phyllodes grey-green 4-7 mm wide; seeds possibly
transverse, not seen when mature 93, A. maranoensis

Heads smaller (20-30 flowers); phyllodes silvery grey, 1-5-5 mm wide; seeds
longitudinal 13,

Rounded shrubs or small gnarled trees (western part of Warrego and in Gregory South
district), young shoots bright green, contrasting with grey-green of older phyliodes;
phyllodes 7-ll cm x 2-5 mm; calyx 0-8-1 mm long 94, A, calcicola

Small trees often with rounded silvery crowns but young growth not markedly con-
trasting (from Warrego District eastward and northward); calyx to ca 0:9 mm long,
but if more than 0-8 mm long then phyllodes more than ‘11cm long 14,

Trees forming dense stands (associated with scarps of weathered rock in Maranoa and
Warrego districts); phyllodes sometimes slightly hooked; pods 2—-3mm wide, seeds
2°5-4 mm long 95, A, microsperma

Trees not forming dense stands on scarps; pods and seeds larger 15.

Calyx shortly lobed, corolla somewhat pubescent; pods with dense appressed hairs,
appearing silvery, little contracted between the seeds. Widely spread on calcareous
clay soils, sometimes forming dense stands 96, A, cana

Calyx deeply lobed; corolla glabrous; pods with sparse appressed hairs becoming glabrous,

not silvery. Restricted to small area near Thargomindah on sandy soil
97, A. ammophila

Phyllodes densely appressed pubescent when young, sparsely to moderately pubescent
when old 17.

Phyllodes at most sparsely pubescent though often with greyish bloom 18.

Phyllodes 4-8 mm wide, 15-20 flowers per head; pod (including distinct wing) 8-18 mm
wide with transverse seeds. Oipen tree with pendulous branches 98, A. pendula

Phyllodes 2-5-5 mm wide; 25-30 flowers per head; pod not winged, 5-6 mm wide with
longitudinal seeds. Rounded tree, branches not pendulous 96. A, cana

Phyllodes usually covered with greyish bloom; trees often forming pure stands (sometintes
thousands of hectares in area); heads of up to 25 flowers 19.

Phyllodes not covered with greyish bloom, usually somewhat yellowish, trees sometimes .
in groves but not forming extensive pure stands 20,

Pods more or less straight 9-12 mm wide with fongiticinal seeds; calyx 0-5-0-6mm
long: corolla with a few hairs on the back 99. A. cambagei:

Pods twisted and somewhat coiled 15-25mm wide with transverse seeds; calyx

0:7-0-9 mm long; corolla moderately to densely pubescent 100. A. georginae
Phyllodes 11-15cm x 4-7 mm; heads of 30-60 flowers 93. A. maranoensis
Phyllodes 5-8 cm long, if 4-7 mm wide then heads with less than 30 flowers 24”.

24;

22%

23.

24,

25,

26,

27,

28,

29,

30,

31.

32.

113

Phyllodes 5-7 mm wide; up to 30 flowers per head; pods 3-4 mm broad with longitudinal -

seeds 101. A. omalophylla
Phyllodes 7-12 mm wide; 30-50 flowers per head; pods ca 10mm broad with transverse
seeds 102: A, melvillei

Branchlets and phyllodes glutinous, phyllodes short (often jens than 5cm Icng), narrow
(often less than 10 mm wide), often less than 7 times as long as wide 23,

Branchlets and phyllodes not glutinous 28.

Phyllodes with 2 prominent longitudinal nerves and more or less translucent reticulate
nerves between them, 2-4cm x 2-:5—5-5 mm heads in pairs in the axils

103. A. montana

Phyllodes with at least 3 longitudinal nerves prominent or - if only 2 then anastomosing

nerves raised and very conspicuous 24,

Phyllodes 2-3 cm x 3-7 mm; heads in short axillary 2~3 branched racemes, sometimes
’ elongating into leafy shoots 104. A. ixiophylla

Phyllodes longer, or if shorter, then more than 7mm wide, heads single or in pairs
in the axils 25

Phyllodes 1:5-2:5cm long, 1-5—2'5 times as long as wide 105. A, monticola
Phyllodes 3-8 cm long, 3~30 times as long as wide 26.
Phyllodes 5-8 cm x 1-2-5 mm, 5-7 longitudinal nerves, anastomoses less conspicuous

106. A, visetdula

Phyllodes 3~7 cm * 7-18 mm, with 2—3 prominent longitudinal nerves and conspicuous
anastomosing secondary merves , 27.

Phyllodes 4-7 cm * (6—) 9411 mm; corolla 2:3-2:6 mm long 107. A. dictyophleba

Phyllodes 3-4-5 cm long, up to 12mm wide; corolla up to 2 mm long wal
108. A. melleodora

Phyllodes 3:5 (sometimes 6) cm long with ca 10 parallel nerves, few anastomoses; heads
of 4-6 flowers on peduncles ca 1 mm long in short axillary racemes 109. A. dawsonii

Phyllodes usually longer or with more definitely anastomosing nerves; inflorescences
different—heads with more flowers

Phyllodes 1-1-5 times as long as wide, with long spreading hairs or rarely glabrous,
with 3-4 longitudinal nerves and coarse reticulum between them, 3—5 cm long; heads
in terminal racemes due to reduction of phyllodes at end of branches

110. A. retivenia

Phyllodes more than 1°5 times as long as wide, not often as coarsely asa:
inflorescence usually not a terminal raceme of heads 30,

Heads in pans or in reduced racemes in the axils, the axis less than 1cm long; phyllodes
either glabrous with 3-6 or more conspicuously widely spaced nerves with few
secondary nerves, or with scattered hairs at least at the base when young and 3
longitudinal nerves and 6-12 hardly less prominent secondary nerves

Heads in axillary or terminal racemes or terminal panicles, the axis more than 3 cm
long, or if shorter then branchlets, young phyllodes and inflorescences covered in”
white bloom; phyllodes with 2,3,5 or more longitudinal nerves, secondary nerves
many, crowded

Branchlets densely pubeserth phyllodes with scattered hairs at least at the base when
young and with 3 prominent longitudinal nerves and 6-12 slightly less prominent

secondary nerves 32,
Branchlets glabrous; phy Hodes glabrous with 3-6 or more conspicuous widely spaced
nerves with few (only 1-2/mm in one species) secondary nerves between them 33.

Phyllodes 6-9 times as long as wide; flowers yellow, the stamens up to 4mm long’
111. A, venulosa

Phyllodes 10-15 times as long as wide; flowers pale, stamens 6~7 mm long
112. A. baeuerlenii

33.

34.

35,

36,

37,

38.

39,

40.

41,

42,

43,

44,

45,

46.

114

Phyllodes up to 7 mm wide ; . 34,
Phyllodes more than 7 mm wide 36,
Phyllodes 4—5 cm long, 9-12 times as long as broad 118b. A, excelsa subsp, angusta
Phyllodes 5-5-12 cm long, 13—35 times as long as broad 35.
Phyllodes broadest about the middle tapering equally to each end, acute, sometimes

apiculate; peduncles 5-8mm long; pod 4—5(—7)} mm wide 113. A. simsii
Phyllodes broadest above the middle tapering to the base, acuminate; peduncles

3-4 mm long; pod 8 mm wide 114. A, ramiflora
Phyllodes 2-4-5 times as long as wide; branchlets sometimes flattened 37.
Phyllodes 4-15 times as long as wide; branchlets not flattened. 38.

Branchlets flattened; phyllodes with ca 9 prominent longitudinal nerves
115. A. complanata

Branchlets slender and acutely angular but not flattened; phyllodes with 4-6 prominent

longitudinal nerves 116. A. fleckeri
Phyliodes rather thick, margin ribbon-like somewhat papillose with a prominent gland
at the base 117. A. multisiliqua
Phyliodes not markedly thick, margin not ribbon-like nor papillose 39,

Phyliodes 4-6:5cm long; pod narrowly winged, coarsely reticulately nerved, contracted
between the seeds and breaking Up, 6-12 mm wide; funicle of seed not folded or
thickened 118, A. excelsa

Phyllodes more than 6cm long; pod 8-10mm_ wide, occasionally slightly contracted
between the seeds but not breaking up, not winged but sometimes with a prominent
pale margin 40,

Branchlets flat; phyllodes usually with 3 prominent nerves; funicle half encircling seed
119. A. homaloclada

Branchlets angular, phyllodes usually with 7-10 prominent nerves; funicle sometimes

folded but not encircling the seed 41,
Phyllodes 5-10 times as long as wide; peduncles 5-10 mm long; pods without pale
margin 120. A. hylonoma
Phyllodes 9-14 times as long as wide; peduncles 10-25 mm long; a well defined pale
margin on mature pods 121, A. legnota

Phyllodes with two prominent longitudinal nerves with finer secondary nerves forming a
definite reticulum; racemes axillary, elongate 43,
Phyllodes with 3-6 prominent longitudinal nerves; racemes various sometimes terminal,
sometimes reduced to groups of peduncles in the axils 44,

Phyllodes about 8 % 2cm, rather thin, gland ca 1mm from base with prominent rim
and small orifice, sometimes linked to upper nerve by connective nerve

122. A. binervata

Phyliodes 11-16cm x 2-—3:5cm, coarser, basal gland prominent, elongated, other

projecting from marginal nerve (as in A. ‘baner oftii) 123. A. wardellii

Whitish bloom covering branchlets, young phyllodes and inflorescences before their
elongation; axis of raceme to 3 em Jong; phyllodes 5-10cm x 14cm, usually
2-3-5 times as long as wide 124, A. oraria

White bloom not conspicuous though sometimes branchlets pruinose; axis of raceme
often longer and phyllodes more elongate

Young tips golden, stellate hairs conspicuous on branchlets and base of phyllodes;
phyllodes 9-24cem * 2-4.cm, ca 3 times as long as wide 125, As flavescens
Tips not golden and stellate hairs either lacking or a few on bracts and at apex of
racemes 46,
Heads of 12-15 flowers on peduncles in about 4 pairs on axis 3-6cm long.
Rainforest tree of S.E, Queensland 126, A. bakeri

Heads of at least 20 flowers, If trees of rainforest margins then peduncles not in pairs
on axis of raceme 47.

spin ssttegteronesemenu et

47.

48.

49,

50.

a

115

Phyllodes less than 7 times as long as wide, secondary nerves forming fine reticulum,
the nerve islands small and approximately square. (If few secondary nerves. between
widely spaced prominent longitudinal nerves, see couplet 33) 48,

Phyliodes occasionally 5 but usually more than 7 times as long as wide, either with
many fine longitudinal nerves anastomosing to form nerve islands much longer than
wide or secondary nerves -& transverse forming rather open reticulum

Calyx lobes free; peduncles up to 12mm long; pod to 1cm wide -with longitudinal
seeds; funicle not folded or thickened 127. A. hemignosta

Calyx lobes united to above the middle; peduncles often more than 12mm long; pods

more than 1:5cm wide with transverse seeds; funicle thickened and folded beneath

seed 49,
Pod ca 2cm wide, valves thin; seeds + flat, 5-5-6 mm xX 3-3-5 mm; a few stellate hairs
at top of developing racemes and on bracts 128. A. leptoloba
Pod 2-3 cm wide; valves thick and woody; seeds thick 9-l0mm x 8mm; no stellate
hairs 129. A. platycarpa

Branchlets coarse, angular, glabrous; phyllodes curved, narrow oblong, 15-25cm xX
1-5-2:5cm; pod flat, transversely reticulately nerved, 3-4 cm wide, seeds transverse
130. A. rothii

Branchlets rather slender, terete and glaucous or angular with sometimes a few hairs;

phyllodes up to 16cm long and 3cm wide; pod linear, less than 7mm broad with
longitudinal seeds S51,

Branchlets angular, usually with some hairs; phyllodes with rather crowded secondary
nerves, rather straight; funicle passing completely around the seed and folded back
on itself 131. A. melanoxylon

Branchlets terete, glaucous; phyllodes with more -widely spaced secondary nerves;
prominent curved, markedly attenuate at the base; funicle once folded beneath
seed 132. A. implexa

GROUP III
Corolla striate, ie. with distinct longitudinal ribs (sometimes branched), peponent
in ‘bud
Corolla not striate . i:

Pods with stipes more than 7mm long; hairs on phyllodes less than 0:1mm long
or absent; phyllodes in whorls of 5-9, 2-8 mm long on fertile shoots (longer on
sterile ones) 135. A. galioides

Pods sessile, rarely apparently on stipes up to 5mm long; hairs on phyllodes usually
at least 0:2 mm long or absent; phyllodes in whorls of 6-15, 2—15 mm long

. Phyllodes 10-15 per whorl, 6-11 mm long, strongly recurved towards the apex; branchlets

glabrous or subglabrous; calyx with linear or subulate, thick, often incurved lobes
2/3 to as long as prominenty ribbed tube 136, A. asperulacea
Phyltodes 7-11 per whorl, 2-5-9 mm long, straight; branchlets with hairs 0-2-0-3 mm
long; calyx with short broadly triangular, obtuse acuminate or laciniate lobes
3-0-4 mm broad at the base, the tube obscurely ribbed 137, A. chippendalei

Phyllodes slightly laterally compressed, recurved at the apex, in whorls of 6-8; stipules
absent or up to 0:8mm long 138. A. baueri

Phyllodes somewhat vertically flattened, in whorls of 8-27; stipules always present, at
least 1 mm long 5,

Phyllodes 6-10 mm long, 8-12 per whorl; corolla 1:8—-2:2 mm. long
139, A. spondylophylla

Phyllodes 10-25 mm long, 12~27 per whorl; corolla 2—2:8 mm long
140. A. longipedunculata

116

GROUP IV
Phyllodes plurinerved, lowest nerve -& straight running into the apex, other nerves
running on to the curved upper margin a
Phyllodes uninerved, the nerve running to the apex Li
. Phyilodes 3-7 mm xX 3-7 mm, about as long as wide; peduncle often as long as or
longer than the phyllodes 133. A. pravifolia

Phyliodes 4-limm x 1:°6-3:'2mm, 2-4:5 times as long as wide; peduncle usually
shorter than the phyllodes 134. A. amblygona

. Phyllodes 3-6mm wide, s°m ‘mes oblong, not particularly pungent; heads in axils

of reduced phyllodes c{'.: . short lateral branches 141. A. hubbardiana
Phyllodes up to 3mm \ base and tapering to pungent point at apex 4,
. Flower ‘heads with bracteoles with long points projecting beyond buds; peduncles stout;
phyllodes up on 3mm _ broad 142, A. saxicola
Flower heads without bracteoles projecting beyond buds; peduncles slender 5.

Peduncles 1-2 mm long; pod 1-3 seeded; phyllodes to 1-1 mm wide 143. A. brachycarpa
Peduncles 8-15mm long; pod with more than 3 seeds _ 6.
. Phyllodes 6-11mm x 0+6-1-6mm; calyx deeply lobed with oblong or spathulate
lobes, 1:2-1-7 mm long 144, A. ulicifolia

Phyllodes 4-6:5mm 2-2:5mm; calyx ca 1mm long, with broad sinuses and broad
deltoid lobes . 145. A. gunnii

GROUP V
. Phyliodes quadrangular in cross-section. (at least when dry), ribbed at angles and, in
A, allenidna, on opposite faces, sometimes pungently pointed P
Phyllodes terete or flat (sometimes thick), without ribs or with obscure longitudinal
folds, not pungently pointed
Phyllodes 12-20cm long, flexuose, punctulate; flowers in groups in axils; pod linear
ca 4mm wide 146. A. alleniana

Phylicdes up to 12cm long but if more than 8cm then stiff; flowers single or in pairs
in the axils ;

. Phyllodes 8-12cm long, stiff pungent; pods up to 4cm wide 147, A. pettce
Phyllodes (1—-) 2-8cm long, pungent, not particularly stiff; pod much narrower (see
also A. tetragonophylla in Group VI) . 148, A. quadrilateralis
Some heads in axillary racemes, some (on same plant) on axillary peduncles 5,
Heads only on axillary peduncles 6.
. Heads of ca 20 flowers; corolla 1:4-1:6 mm long 149, A. gittinsti
Heads of 30-35 flowers; corolla 1:8-2-4mm_ long 150. A. ruppii

. Flowers small; calyx 0-6-0-8 mm long, corolla 1-4-1:6mm. long; phyllodes 1-1-4 mm
wide with 1, 2, or rarely 3 obscure raised nerves, apical mucro oblique or sometimes
perpendicular to the lamina 151. A. johnsonii

Flowers larger; calyx 0-8-1 mm long, corolla 1-6-2mm long; phyllodes less than
0:8 mm wide or without nerves or with 1(-2) obscure longitudinal folds and straight
mucro ;

. Phyllodes often in groups, subterete, 2:5-10 mm long 152. A. brunioides
Phyllodes scattered or occasionally in groups, flat or, if subterete, then more than
15mm _ long 8,

. Phyllodes 0-5-1-S5cm * 1-1-6mm 153. A. conferta
Phyliodes 1°5-3:5cm xX 0:3-0°8 mm 9,
. Stipules persistent; phyllodes filiform 0-:3-0-4mm wide 154, A, islana

Stipules deciduous; phyllodes 0:6—-0-8 mm wide 155. A. burbidgeae

a pails

10.

11.

12.

13.

117

GROUP VI

. Heads single on axillary peduncles; phyllodes less than 15cm long, or if longer then

less than 4mm wide

Heads in axillary racemes, sometimes condensed so that they appear to be in axillary
clusters; stipules not spinose or knob-like; sometimes heads both axillary and in
racemes but then phyllodes more than 15 cm long and more than 5 mm wide 25.

Phyllodes with only one longitudinal nerve prominent a

Phyllodes with one longitudinal nerve prominent with a well developed second
(accessory) longitudinal nerve in the lower half

Stipules spinose; phyllodes 1-2cm long, undulate 156, A. sthadous
Stipules not spinose-- 4,

Phyllodes Jess than 18mm, long, always more than twice as long as wide, or if up to
4cm long then phyllodes pungent pointed and sometimes on short lateral shoots 5.

Phyllodes more than 18 mm long, or if shorter then less than twice as long as wide 9,

Phyllodes pungent pointed; peduncles 1-2cm long. Plants of inland southern
Queensland

Phyllodes not pungent; peduncles shorter (rarely to 12mm long in one species).
Subcoastal southern Queensland

Phyllodes linear subulate crowded on to short lateral branches, more than 10 times
as long as broad 157, A. tetragonophylla
Phyllodes linear lanceolate, not crowded on to short lateral branches, 6-8 times as long
as broad | 158. A. maitlandii

Branchlets with prominent yellowish ribs sometimes broken up into bead-like particles;
mid-rib markedly raised, close to the upper margin, and -+ decurrent with it towards
the apex; heads 4-6 flowered 159. A. flexifolia

Branchlets sometimes definitely ribbed, but ribs not breaking up into bead-like particles;
midribs translucent not raised; heads of more than 12 flowers

Branchlets glabrous with resinous somewhat tuberculate ribs; phyllodes broadest at
the base 5:5-1l mm * 0-8—-1:6 mm; heads 20-30 flowered 160. A, resinicostata
Branchlets definitely or slightly ribbed only below the insertion of the phyllodes;

phyliocdes broadest near the top, 6-18 mm x 1~3 mm; heads 12-15 flowered
161. A. lineata

Phyllodes uneven at the base, midrib excentric, less than twice as long as wide, a
prominent gland at the base, (See also A. leichhardtii which occasionally has heads
on axillary peduncles) 162. A. uncinata

Phyllodes -_ symmetrical at base, more than twice as long as wide 10,

Phyllodes more than 2mm wide with an oblique mucro, sometimes on the dorsal
side of it a small gland as well as. a basal gland; a few small tubercles on the
margins; obscurely penninerved when broad, with subparallel nerves, or with obscure

longitudinal folds when narrow 11,
Phyllodes either without apical gland though sometimes mucronate or less than
1mm wide; tubercles on margin very large or nil 13.

Phyllodes 69cm x 2-3mm, 20-40 times as long as wide; calyx 1:25mm_ long

: 163. A. hockingsii
Phyllodes 2-5-5 cm long; calyx ca 0-7 mm long : _)

Phyliodes 2-5-5 mm broad, 8-14 times as long as wide 164. A. ixodes
Phyllodes 1-2 mm broad, usually more than 20 times as long as wide 165. A. gnidium

Phyllodes 2-3 cm 1:5—2:5 mm, the midrib yellowish, translucent 166, A. latita

Phyllodes longer, or if only 2-3cm long then more than 2:5mm broad and the
midrib not translucent 14,

14,

15.

16,

17.

18.

19,

20.

21,

2s

23.

24,

25.

26,

27.

118

Phyllodes less than 3cm long, up to 7mm wide, or up to 5:5cm long and 2cm
wide, rather coriaceous or fleshy and only indistinctly penninerved 15.

Phyllodes always more than 5cm long, 5-20mm wide and prominently penninerved,
or narrower and sometimes apparently longitudinally folded. Flowers sometimes
in axillary clusters 17.

Branchlets glabrous, neither hirsute nor tuberculate, phyllodes rather fleshy 3-6-5 cm
x 7-18 mm; pods curved, linear up to 6cm long 3 mm wide 167. A, myrtifolia

Branchlets tuberculate or hirsute; phyllodes less than 3cm up to 7mm wide; pod
short 16.

Tuberculate branchlets and phyllodes; pods up to 4-5cm X 1cm; flowers pale, almost

white 168. A. hispidula
Hirsute branchlets, sparse pubescence on phyliodes; pods 17min xk 7mm; flowers
mauve pink 169. A. purpureapetala

Phyllodes long and narrow (always more than 30 times as long as wide) sometimes
obscurely longitudinally folded, but not distinctly reticulately penninerved 18.

Phyllodes less than 30 times as long as wide, prominently penninerved 20.
Phyllodes 13-23 cm x 1:5-—3-5mm; heads on peduncles, single, in pairs, or in 3’s
occasionally peduncles branched at about the middle 170. A. dietrichiana
Phyllodes 7-20cm x 0:6-1mm; heads on peduncles, single or in pairs; peduncles
not branched 19,

Gland 2-10mm from the base and phyllode sometimes bent at the gland; sepals
spathulate, at length free; funicle not folded 171. A. juncifolia

Gland ‘basal, inconspicuous or absent; sepals united; funicle folded 172, A. calantha

Phyllodes closely conspicuously reticulately penninerved sometimes an accessory nerve
in the lower half; heads in groups of 2—7 in the axils; pod linear to 7em * 2:5mm
173. A. stricta

Phylicdes penninerved and reticulate, but coarsely so, no accessory nerve; heads
either single or in clusters; pod usually at least 5mm wide 21,

Heads single; phyliodes 10-15cm xX 5-8mm; pods 9cm xX 2cm, seeds transverse
174, A. crombiet

Heads in groups, racemose or single; phyllodes 5-13cm x 7-19 mm; pods up to

12-5cem * 13cm; seeds longitudinal 175. A. fasciculifera
Phyllodes with prominent glandular dots 176, A, verniciflua
Phyllodes without prominent glandular dots 23.

Phyliodes closely .and conspicuously penninerved; prominent gland near the base
173. A. stricta

Phyllodes not conspicuously penninerved, sometimes rather thick, becoming + wrinkled

when dry, gland at some distance from the base 24.
Phyllodes glaucous, not particularly thick; seeds transverse - 210. A. deuteroneura
Phyllodes thick wrinkled; pod moniliform with longitudinal seeds 184. A. bivenosa

Racemes short (axis less than 15mm long) or flowers apparently in clusters, never
enclosed before development by imbricate scarious bracts 2

Racemes elongate, if less than 15mm long then enclosed before development by

imbricate bracts, occasionally heads on axillary peduncles Ze.
Phyllodes less than 3mm wide, not penninerved 170. A. dietrichiana
Phyllodes more than 5mm wide, penninerved 27,

Phyllodes conspicuously closely reticulately penninerved, 7-5—-10-5 cm long, 9-13 times
as long as wide . | 173. A. stricta

Phyllodes penninerved but not finely reticulate — 28,

28.

29,

30.

#1.

32.

33,

34,

35,

36.

37,

38.

395

40,

41.

119

Phyllodes coarsely penninerved and reticulate 5-13cm x 7—-19mm, 4-12 times as

long as wide 175. A. fasciculifera
Phyllodes penninerved, the nerves prominently arched near the margin, 10-15cm x
5—8 mm, 9-23 times as long as wide . 174, A. crombiei

Phyllodes distinctly penninerved more than 1 cm wide, glabrous and often glaucous 30.
Phyllodes Jess than lcm wide, glabrous or with some indumentum, sometimes
penninerved or more than 1cm wide and pubescent at least at base 39,
Phyllodes 2:5—8-5 cm wide, 1:5-4:5 times as long as wide 177. A. bancroftii
Phyliodes narrower or more than 4:5 times as long as wide 31.
Phyllodes less than 9cm long, gland basal or if some distance from the base then
not with a nerve connecting it to the midrib 32,
Phyllodes more than 9 cm long, gland basal or if some distance from the base then a
prominent nerve connecting it to the midrib 34,
Gland basal; phyllodes variable in shape and size often on same plant, linear to
elliptic, acute, 4-5-16-5 cm long 185. A. salicina

Gland 7-30mm from base; phylodes not particularly variable in size and shape,
usually broadest above the middle, -- obtuse, usually less than 10cm long 33,

Phyllodes 5-5-10cm long, 6-12(—15) mm wide, (5—)7—-14 times as long as wide;
racemes 7-10 branched with axis 2-5-3 cm long 178, A. hakeotdes

Phyllodes 2:5—-5(-6) cm long, 10-20 mm wide, 2—-4:5 times as long as wide; racemes
12-24 branched with axis 3-8 cm long 192, A. everistii
Phyllodes usually broadest above the middle, attenuate at the base, often more than
2:5cm wide; stipules inconspicuous 35.
Phyllodes not markedly attenuate at the base, or if so then margins undulate and
irregular 37.
Prominent slit-like gland at the base 179. A. falcata

Gland usually prominent, at some distance (at least 5mm, usually more) from the
base, often with a connecting nerve and a distinct change in curvature at the
margin 36,

Axis and branches of inflorescence with moderate to usually dense appressed golden
pubescence; corolla 2—2:5mm long usually pubescent 180. A. falciformis

Axis and branches of inflorescence glabrous or moderately appressed pubescent (not
golden); corolla up to 2 mm jong rarely with scattered appressed hairs

181, A. penninervis

Phyllodes with + parallel sides, 10-25mm wide; stipules conspicuous, reflexed and

hard 182, A. macradenia
Phyllodes usually tapering to base and apex, 3-25mm wide; stipules not becoming
hard, inconspicuous 38,
Pod 10mm wide, constricted only where seeds aborted; aril red 185. A. salicina
Pod to 6mm wide, slightly constricted between seeds; aril yellow. Species naturalized
on coastal sands of south-east 186. A. saligna

Phyliodes often with aAtuinenham of spreading hairs; not more than 4 times as long
as wide; flowers not Jarge (corolla up to 2-2mm Jong)

Phyllodes not with the above dimensions, more elongate; flowers sometimes large
(corolla 2-5-3 mm. long)

Phyllodes with complete covering of rather long (0-5mm or more long) spreading
hairs (hairs not appressed) 41,

Phyllodes glabrous or with short (0:1mm long) spreading hairs on the margin at
the base or with covering of short appressed hairs

Phyllodes 12-15 cm long; stipules indurated, up to 1cm long 187, A. holotricha

Phyllodes up to 5cm long; stipules not indurated, inconspicuous 42,

42.

43,

44,

45.

46.

47,

48.

49,

30.

S1.

52.

53.

120

Branchlets' with dense rigid hairs ca 0-5mm long; foliar gland inconspicuous 8-20 mm
from the base 188. A. podalyriifolia
Branchlets with spreading hairs ca 1mm long; gland on dorsal margin (often difficult

to see because of indumentum) ca 1mm from base, usually with two more distal
glands 189, A. uncifera

Phyllodes 2-3:5cm long, crowded along branchlets; lower margin straight or slightly
curved upper margin sharply curved with a gland at or below broadest part of
phyllode 190. A. cultriformis

Phyllodes 4-6cm Jong, not crowded along branchlets -+ symmetrical with short hairs
on the margin at base or rarely glabrous; gland close to base 191. A. jucunda

Phyllodes more than 20 times as long as wide, never with pustular glands, or if jess
elongate ‘then hairs on margins 45,

Phyllodes less than 20 times as long as wide, or if more elongate then with pustular*
glands 52.

Racemes enclosed in. bracts before development;—heads with less than 10 flowers; pods

13-17 mm wide; seeds transverse 195, A. suaveolens
Racemes not enclosed in bracts; heads of more than 10 flowers seeds not transverse
in rather wide pod 46,
Phyllodes 15-26 cm long; heads either in pairs in axils or in racemes 196, A. entsifolia
Phyllodes shorter; heads in racemes only 47.
Phyllodes with some indumentum, with cither rather long hairs on margins or short
and appressed ones on surface | 48.
Phyllodes glabrous 49,

Hairs confined to the margin, sometimes sparse and at the base only, phyliodes
2-Sem X 2-4:5mm 197, A. fimbriata

Hairs on surface of phyllode; phyllodes 4:5-7-5om xX 2:5-4mm 198, A. pubicosta

Phyliodes 10-14cm x 1-:5—6mm, wrinkled (especially when broad); flowers large,
calyx 1-1-1:3 mm long, corolla 1°8—2:1mm long 199, A. murrayana
Phyllodes 5--12em & {-3(-4) mm, not wrinkled; flowers smaller—calyx to 1mm and
corolla to 1-7 mm 50.

Apex of phyllodes ofien hooked, 1 or 2 glands conspicuous on dorsal margin; calyx

0-9-1 mm Jong, golden pubescent at apex 200. A, adinca
Apex of phyllode not hooked; calyx 0-5—0-7 mm long, less pubescent $1.
Phyllodes 1-1-5 mm broad always with a well marked gland 7-15 mm from the base;

heads of usually fewer than 10-12 flowers 201, A. perangusta
‘Phylodes 2—3mm broad, rarely narrower, with a well marked gland but this often.

absent; heads of 12-20 flowers 202. A. betchei

Gland pustulate; phyllodes more than 5cm long; small trees or shrubs often retaining
juvenile foliage for considerable period; e.g. up to 2m tall a5:
Gland not pustulate; phyllodes often shorter; juvenile foliage persistent only in
A, attenuata (with phyllodes 10-14cm x 7-16mm which is restricted to swampy
coastal areas in northern part of Moreton and southern part of Wide Bay districts)

Phyllodes glabrous, up to 2-5mm wide with 1, 2 or 3 marginal glands, the lowest

2-3 mm from base 203. A. angusta
Phylodes usually more than 2:5 mm wide, usually with only one gland but if more
then lowest more than 10mm from base; phyllodes glabrous or pubescent 54.

*Pustular glands have a prominent distinct thickened rim and project from the marginal
nerve of the phyllode (see Fig 7c).

ede sa eaten yy ese ree pn nieettie waheracnnig “Sree Ade eng

54.

55.

56.

57.

38,

59.

60.

61,

62.

63,

64,

65.

121

Phyllodes with indumentum of short appressed hairs when young, persistent at base
and apex and along each side of midrib rarely glabrous, more than 5cm_ long,
5-12 mm wide; ovary pubescent; branchlets and phyllodes not reddish |

204, *A. nertifolia

Phyllodes glabrous or with some appressed hairs at base, less than 8mm wide, or if

wider then glabrous and with distinct reddish tinge; ovary glabrous

Phyllodes 6-9cm x 8-15mm, gland (somewhat less prominent than in A. pustula)
10-20 mm from base; branchlets and phyliodes usually reddish (confined to Granite
Belt) 205. A. rubida

Phyllodes less than 7mm broad or plants not reddish 56.

Phyllodes 4-7cm XX 4-7mm, rather coriaceous with 1, 2 or 3 glands, the lowest
usually 10mm or more from base. Bipinnate leaves not persistent 207, A. semirigida

Phyllodes 5-5-13 cm & 2-7mm, a pustular gland 0:25-0:5 way along margin. Plant
often retaining bipinnate leaves until 2-3 m tall 208. A. pustula

Phyliodes more than 7 times as long as wide or if slightly less elongate then branchlets
and margins of phyllodes with long hairs and phyllodes reflexed

Phyllodes less than 7 times as long as wide 67.
Phyllodes less than 3cm long, often refiexed; branchiets and margins of phyllodes

with jong hairs 209. A, letchhardtii
Phyllodes more than 3 cm long, not reflexed . 38,

Phyllodes thick, wrinkled when dry, obscurely penninerved when wide; pods rather
woody 60

Phyliodes not thick or wrinkled when dry; pods not woody 61.

Phyllodes extremely variable in size and shape, 4-17cm xX 3-25 mm, penninerved
with undulate margins when wide; pod parallel-sided not moniliform. “Widespread,

in interior usually on alluvium 185. A. salicina
Phyllodes linear 4-10cm x 4-7 mm; pod constricted between seeds. Restricted to
interior, often on sandhills 184. A. bivenosa
Phyllodes with indumentum of moderate to dense white appressed hairs even when
old; young tips golden 62.
Phyllodes glabrous when old or hairs few or confined to margin or base or rarely
with spreading hairs 63.

Phyllodes densely appressed pubescent or with appressed hairs confined to midribs
or base, acute, 2-5-4:5 mm wide, (12—) 15-30 times as long as wide 198. A. pubicosta

. Phyllodes moderately to densely appressed pubescent even when old, obtuse mucronulate,

5-10 mm wide, 7-10(-14) times as long as wide 211. A. polifolia

Phyllodes less than 7mm wide; juvenile leaves not persistent for long periods 64.

Phyllodes more than 7mm wide; juvenile foliage often persistent till plants more
than 1m tall

Axis and branches of inflorescence moderately or densely appressed golden pubescent;
phyllodes rather membranous, penninerved when wide with a gland 5mm from.
the base and a second gland sometimes present 212. A. decora

Inflorescence glabrous or with spreading hairs; phyliodes rarely penninerved 65.

Phyllode with 1, 2 or 3 glands on margin; peduncles 3-5 mm long; calyx shortly lobed;
pod up to 8mm wide with longitudinal seeds 207. A, semirigida

Phyllode with only one gland; peduncles in pairs 10-14mm long; calyx lobed +
to base; pods 12--16mm broad with transverse seeds 183. A. victoriae

“Including a variant from basalt country from Toowoomba to about Hampton which is
somewhat transitional to A. pustula.,

66.

67.

68.

69,

70.

122

Phyllodes 5-8 times as long as wide; branchlets and phyllodes with distinct reddish

tinge; pods ca 6mm wide 205. A. rubida
Phyllodes 7-14 times as long as wide; branchlets and phyllodes not. particularly
reddish; pods 10~-13.mm wide 206, A. attenuata

Phyllodes thick, not penninerved, wrinkled when dry, more than 6mm wide; phyllodes
glaucous or green 68.
PhyHodes not thick, penninerved when wide, not wrinkled; glaucous, sometimes less

than 6mm _ wide 69.

Corolla 2:5-3mm long, 4-5 times as long as the calyx 167. A. myrtifolia
Corolla 2-6-2:7 mm long, up to 2:5 times as long as the calyx 184, A. bivenosa
Phyllodes slightly curved, tapered equally to each end; branchlets with spreading

hairs 193, A. semilunata

Phyilodes more or less straight, often broadest above the middle; branchlets glabrous
or with sparse appressed hairs 70.

Phyllodes less than 3cm long . | 194. A. buxtfolia
Phyllodes more than 3 cm long 212. A. decora

‘GROUP VIL

. Leaflets large, 4-20 mm long and more than 2mm wide or if slightly less than 2mm
2.

wide then not more than 10 pairs of leaflets per pinna

Leaflets up to 7:;S5mm long and less than 1:6mm wide, or if 20mm long then
petiole winged ‘De

Branchlets with indumentum of dense crisped hairs, leaflets 15-25 pairs per pinna, +
acute 213. A, glaucocarpa

Branchlets glabrous or with indumentum of spreading hairs, leaflets usually not
more than 18 pairs, but up to 24 pairs per pinna, obtuse 3.

. Axis of pinnae up to 3cm long; petiole Jess than 2cm long; usually less than 8
4,

pairs of leaflets per pinna (up to 10), up to 11mm long, rarely to 13 mm

Axis of pinnae 3-8cm long; petiole 1:5-5(—7-5) cm; 6—-18(—24) pairs of leaflets
per pinna, 9-20 mm long 3

Pinnae 2—-3(—4) pairs on rhachis 4-15 mm thee leaflets 48mm x (1:5~)2—3 mm
214. A, polybotrya

Pinnae 3-5(—7)} pairs on rhachis 2-7(-9-5) cm long; leaflets 6-11(-13}) mm x
2°5~—5 mm 215. A. spectabilis

Gland on petiole elongate with a slit-like aperture; 6-8 leaflets per pinna, 4-7 mm
wide 216. A. latisepala

Gland on petiole + depressed globular with a circular aperture; 8—18(—24) leaflets
per pinna, 2:5-4mm wide 6,

. Flower heads large—calyx 1-2-1-5mm long divided to the middle into spathulate

lobes 217. A. pritinosa
Flower heads smaller—calyx 0-6-0'8mm long with short obtuse lobes 218. A. debilis

. Petiole with a distinct dorsal wing; usually 1, rarely 2, pairs of pinnae; leaflets 10-20 mm

long 19. A, muellerana
Petiole without wing; more than 2 pairs of pinnae; leaflets up to 7:5 mm long 8.

. Leaves only shortly petiolate, pinnae markedly unequal in size, the lowest shortest.
22

Species naturalized near Stanthorpe. 0. A. baileyana

Leaves usually with petioles more than 2cm long; all pinnae of about equal
length ;

10.

11.

12,

13.

14.

15.

16.

—

123

Branchlets and usually primary axis of leaves with indumentum of long spreading hairs
up to 1mm long 10.

Branchlets glabrous or pubescent, hairs appressed and less than 0-5 mm long. il
Leaves uy uaa 9-16 pairs of pinnae each with 25-40 pairs of leaflets 3-4-5 mm

x 0-5-0°'8m 221. A. oshanesit
Leaves not ae aa 3-5 pairs of pinnae each with 6—14 pairs of leaflets 4-6 mm

x 0:6-0-9 mm 222. A, chinchillaensis
Leaflets 5-7:5mm x 0:4-0:6 mm 12.
Leafiets less than 5mm long, often more than 0°6 mm wide 13.

Branchlets pubescent, not strongly ribbed; 3-4 glands on axis between pinnae, none

at base 223. A. filicifolia
Branchlets glabrous, strongly ribbed; gland on petiole as well as 1-2 between pinnae.
Species naturalized in cooler parts of Darling Downs District 224, A. decurrens
Leaflets 40-60 pairs, up to 4mm long, 0:4-0:6mm wide . 14,
Leaflets up to 40 pairs, 0-4—-1-2 mm wide 15.
Pinnae 9-12 pairs, their axes 25—35mm long, leaflets 2-5-4 mm long; gland between
uppermost (1-)3 pairs of pinnae only 225. A. irrorata
Pinnae 12-18 pairs, their axes 35-45 mm long; leaflets 2-2-5 mm long; gland at base
of each pair of pinnae and 2 between them 226. A. storyt
Glands on axis of leaf absent or small and inconspicuous; axis of pinna 2-5-5 cm
long 227. A. leucoclada
Glands conspicuous; axis of pinna up to 3:5cm long 16.
Pinnae 6-12 pairs; leaflets 2-4-3 mm long 228, A. deanei
Pinnae 11--18 pairs; leaflets 1-2 mm long 229. A. loroloba
GROUP VII |
. Axis of leaves more than 10cm long with more than 10 pairs of pinnae 2.

Axis of leaves less than 8cm long with up to 14 pairs of pinnae; flowers always in
heads 3

Flowers in spikes; pinnae 15—20 pairs 230. A. sutherlandii
Flowers in heads; pinnae (?10-)45-50 pairs 231, A. ditricha
Spreading shrub; leaves with (1-)2-5 pairs of pinnae, gland small and inconspicuous

about midway along petiole; involucre at summit.of peduncle, usually hidden by the
flowers; pod subterete and turgid 232, A. farnesiana

Tree; leaves with 4—-15(—25) pairs of pinnae, gland sometimes conspicuous; involucre
in middle or in lower half of peduncle; pods not subterete and turgid

Pods narrowly and regularly constricted between the seeds, tomentellous; leaflets not
discolorocus, Naturalized species — 233. A, nilotica

Pods not constricted between seeds, glabrous; leaflets somewhat discolorous
234. A. bidwillii

GROUP IX

Only one Australian representative 235, A. albizioides

124
subg. HETEROPHYLLUM Vassal

JULIFLORAE (Benth.) Maiden & Betche

Phyllodes often broad and plurinerved, occasionally narrow and uninerved or
terete and striate or punctulate; phyllodes sometimes decurrent on stem. Flowers
arranged in spikes on peduncles single or in pairs in axils or racemose on a short
axillary axis. Type species: Acacia julifera Benth.

1. Acacia triptera Benth., London J. Bot. 1:325 (1842). Type: Barren land
north of Arbuthnot Range, Fraser (K, holo).

A spreading intricately branched shrub or small tree to 4m_ tall.
Phyllodes straight or curved, diverging from the stem, pungent pointed, broadly
decurrent for some distance along branchlets at the base, longitudinally striate,
‘2-5 cm long (from angle of stem), 2—3:5 mm wide. Spikes axillary, rather open,
ca 1:5 cm long, rachis glabrous, peduncles 2-5-3:5 mm long. Flowers 4-, rarely
5—merous; calyx glabrous 0:6-0-7 mm long with broad obtuse lobes 0-2—0-3 mm
long; corolla glabrous, lobes ++ free, acute |-7—1-8 mm long, 2-5-3 times as long
as the calyx; stamens ca 2:5 mm long; ovary glabrous. Pods linear, slightly
moniliform, -faintly longitudinally nerved, with slightly thickened margins, curved
or coiled, 4 om long, 2:5 mm broad. Seeds longitudinal, ca 4mm long, 1-5 mm
wide, |

Sourn KENNEDY District: Collinsville, Sep 1972, McMurtrie (sterile), [L8ICHHARDT
DISTRICT: Top of range W of “Mt Playfair”, 90 miles [145 km] SW of Springsure, Aug 1966,
Gittins T59 (sterile). MARANOA Districr: Roma, Scortechini (sterile), DARLING Downs
District: Miles, Sep 1959, Everist 6142.

Acacia triptera occurs as far north as Collinsville and Springsure and inland
as far as “Mt Playfair” but it is commonest in the Miles-Chinchilla area where it
forms dense thickets in eucalypt woodland on shallow, hard-setting soils. It
flowers in September and the single specimen with fruit that I have seen from
Queensland was collected in April.

2. Acacia chisholmii F. M. Bailey, Qd Agric. J. 4:47 (1899); Pedley, Proc.
Roy. Soc. Qd 75:29 (1964). Type: Prairie, Torrens Creek, Chisholm
(BRI, holo).

A. costinervis Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:267 (1926). Type in frutice apud
opp. Cloncurry, Feb 1910, Domin (PR, holo).

Viscid shrub to 2-5 _m tall with reddish bark, the outer grey bark curling off
in strips as in A. cyperophylla (“mineritchie”’); branchlets angular, resinous with
scattered appressed hairs ca 0:4 mm long; stipules prominent brown, reflexed ca
~ 0-2 mm long. Phyllodes glabrous though with scattered appréssed hairs when young,
linear with a distinct point, slightly narrowed at the base, (1:5—)2:5~—4 cm long,
0:7-1-6mm wide, (12—)20-35(—45) times as long as wide, two longitudinal
nerves raised and prominent, a third less prominent one on broad phyllodes; gland
small and inconspicuous 3-8 mm from the base; pulvinus short. Spikes dense,
8—20 mm long, in pairs in the upper axils, on peduncles (5—) 10-20 mm long,
glabrous, sometimes slightly longer than the spike. Flowers 5—merous, calyx
lobes 0-6—1 mm long, acute, free almost to the base, with a few scattered hairs;
corolla (1:2~)1:4-1-6 mm long; 1:5-2 times as long as the calyx, divided to
about the middle, glabrous; stamens 2—-4mm long; ovary with rather variable
indumentum—scurfy to densely pubescent. Pod 6-12 cm long, 6-8 mm wide, flat,
not particularly woody, glutinous, slightly raised over the seeds and slightly

a eR

125

contracted between them, transversely reticulately herved; seeds oblique, ca 4-5 mm
long, 3-5-4 mm wide, 1-5 mm thick, with small, -- closed areolo with a pale area
in the middle of the seed; funcile folded twice and expanded into a cupular aril.

Burke Disrrict: “Lawn Hill”, May 1940, Jensen 84; “Riversleigh”, Apr 1935, Blake
8701. Cook Districr: Georgetown Beef road, 18°17’'S 143°33’E, May 1967, Dansie 3883.
GREGoRY NorrH Disrricr: Black Mountain, “Warenda”, ca 50 miles [80 km] E of Boulia,
Jan 1937, Everist & Smith 126. Mircue tt Disrricr: “Corinda”, ca 85 miles [135 km] N of
Aramac, Jun 1949, Everist 3858. ;

In Queensland A. chisholmii extends from about Aramac north to Georgetown
and Normanton and westward into the Northern Territory. It is particularly
common in the Cloncurry-Mt Isa area in eucalypt-spinifex communities on shallow
gravelly soils. Flowering specimens have been collected from May to September
but the peak of flowering appears to be in June and July, and fruit in September
and October.

A. chisholmii can be distinguished from A. lysiphloia which it closely
resembles, by the raised nerves of its phyllodes. Both species have reddish outer
bark that curls off in narrow strips. The flowers of A. chisholmii like those of
A, tenuissima are often heavily galled by insects.

3. Acacia orthocarpa F, Muell., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3:136 (1859); Pedley,
Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd 75:34 (1964). Type: Gulf of Carpentaria, Mueller 4
(K, iso). |

A. xylocarpa A. Cunn, ex Benth., London J, Bot. 1:370 (1842) non Willd.

asie Cunningham (K, holo; BM, iso),

A. pityoides F. Muell., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3:135 (1959); Pedley, Proc.
Roy. Soc. Qd 75:34 (1964). Type: Sturts Creek, Mueller 5 (MEL; K,
iso; lecotypus novus).

Type: Dampiers Arch., Feb

Shrub to 2m tall; branchlets =: terete, resinous, punctulate. Phyllodes
+: terete with a lateral groove or somewhat laterally compressed with a groove on
each side, merging into the pulvinus, glutinous, punctulate (except on older
phyllodes of one specimen), 5-10 cm long, 0-6-0-8 mm wide, 50-200 times as
long as wide, not longitudinally striate. Spike 1-2(-—2-5) cm long on peduncles
1-5—9 mm long in pairs in the upper axils, small vegetative bud between the spikes
sometimes elongating into leafy shoots. Flowers 5—merous; calyx membranous
with widely spreading +: free, somewhat irregular, lobes 0:7-0:9 mm. long;
corolla lobes 1-1-4 mm long, (1-2—)1-6—-1-9 times as long as the calyx, glabrous,
united to the middle; stamens 2—2-5 mm long; ovary glabrous, somewhat mealy.
Pod thick, rather woody, tapered to the base, opening elastically from the top, up
to 7-5 cm long, 3-5 mm wide, the lower 1:5—2 cm without seeds, resinous with
longitudinal nerves. Seeds longitudinal or somewhat oblique ca 4mm _ long,
1-5—2-7 mm wide, rather thick; areole large, open; funicle thick, only slightly
folded, expanded into cupular aril. |

BurKE District: 20 miles [32 km] N of Mt Isa, Nov 1962, Pedley 1138. Coox Districr:
Newcastle Range, Feb 1928, Brass 1759, SouTH KENNEDY Districr: 11 miles [18 km] NNW
of “Epping Forest”, Jul 1964, Adams 1209,

Acacia orthocarpa has a limited and discontinuous range in Queensland.
Specimens have been collected from north-west of Clermont, near Forsayth and
Mt Isa, and north of Camooweal, all on shallow. gravelly soils. Flowers have been
collected in March and November.

126

If one were to take a broad view of species and consider A. arida Benth.
(with which I would include A. subrotata Domin) as a single variable species then
A. orthocarpa might be considered merely as a variant of that species. Though the
flowers and pods of the two are similar, the phyllodes of A. arida are flat, up to
4mm wide with a distinct midrib and two obscure longitudinal folds while those of
A. orthocarpa are more or less terete and less than 1 mm wide.

Specimens from north-western Queensland previously identified by me as
A. arida, should be referred to A. hilliana (q. v.)

4, Acacia curranii Maiden, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. 49:492 (1916); Pedley,
Proc, Roy. Soc. Qd 74:53 (1964); Tindale, Telopea 1:79 (1975). Type:
Cobar, in 1887, Curran (MEL, holo; not seen).

Shrub to ca 3 m tall; inner bark reddish, the outer bark grey, curling off in ©
narrow strips as in A. chisholmii and A. cyperophylla (“mineritchie bark’):
branchlets somewhat angular, glabrous to silky pubescent. Phyllodes flattened,
linear, rather flexuose, thick, depressed along the midline, glabrous or with
appressed silky hairs, the indumentum sometimes restricted to the base and apex,
13~18 cm long, 1-1-1:5 mm wide, 90-150 times as long as wide; ca 5 longi-
tudinal nerves conspicuous or all nerves inconspicuous; gland basal, not prominent;
pulvinus short. Spikes 5—7mm long on peduncles ca 1-5 mm long with an
ovate obtuse silky-pubescent deciduous bract, the peduncle and rachis densely
pubescent; bracteoles concave, longer than the mature buds. Flowers 5—merous;
calyx 1-1-3 mm long with densely pubescent lobes ca 0-6 mm long, the sinuses
broad and obtuse; corolla 1-5-1-8mm long, 1-:4-1-8 times as long as the
calyx, with pubescent lobes; stamens 3-4 mm long; ovary densely pubescent.
Pod flat with rather coarse long hairs, ca 6 cm long, 3mm wide. Seeds longi-
tudinal, ca 3:5 mm long, 1-2 mm wide; areole small, open, with a pale area
between it and the hilum; funicle small, forming a basal aril.

Dariing Downs Disrrict: 3 miles [5 km] W of Gurulmundi, Sep 1963, Pedley 877.

No collections of A. curranii have been made between Cobar, the type
locality, and near Gurulmundi, north of Miles, where it forms groves on poorly
drained soil overlying sandstone. It flowers in August and September.

Maiden pointed out the confusion with A. cyperophylla. The mixture of
A. curranii and A. cyperophylla in specimens cited within the protologue of the
latter is discussed under A. cyperophylla. The two species do look alike, but even
sterile specimens can be distinguished with certainty.

5. Acacia cyperophylla F. Muell. ex Benth., Fl. Aust. 2:400 (1864). Type:
Stony ground, Cooper’s Creek, A. C. Gregory (MEL; lectotypus novus).

Spreading tree to 10 m tall; outer bark grey, thin, peeling off in curly narrow
strips to reveal inner reddish bark; branchlets angular, slightly resinous, glabrous
or with sparse minute appressed hairs. Phyllodes terete, usually tapered into a
sharp point, 5-13cm long, 1-1-5 mm thick, 35-90 times as long as thick,
longitudinally nerved (ca 25 per phyllode), glabrous or with very short appressed
hairs associated with nerves; gland basal, small. Spikes interrupted, ca 2 cm
long on peduncles 1-3 cm long, single or in pairs in the upper axils. Flowers
5—merous; calyx densely pubescent ca 1-5 mm long with obtuse lobes ca 0:2 mm
long; corolla lobes glabrous, 2-2:3mm long, united to the middle, 1:3-1-6
times as long as the calyx; ovary glabrous. Pod flat, glabrous, obscurely longi-

127

tudinally nerved, without.a marginal nerve, glabrous, ca 8-5 cm long; 7 mm wide.

_ Seeds flat, ca 6:5 mm Jong and 4mm wide with a small central areole; funicle

slightly thickened but not folded.

GREGORY NortH District: “Currawilla”, ca 100 miles [160 km] W of Windorah, Feb
1949, Everist 4009. GreGorY SoutTH District: “Marama” about S of Windorah, Jul 1936,
Blake 12023.

Acacia cyperophylla (mineritchie) is restricted to arid parts of Queensland,
the southern half of Gregory North District and adjacent parts of the Gregory
South District, usually along creeks in grassland and among stones on the edges
of scarps. It flowers spasmodically throughout the year, probably in response
to high soil moisture.

Typification of A. cyperophylla has presented difficulties because the proto-
logue description applies to a mixture of A. currqnii and A. cyperophylla and
there seems to have been some error in the labelling of specimens. One would
expect the collections cited in the protologue to be in herb. Kew. A specimen
collected by Leichhardt is at Kew, but I could not locate Gregory’s specimen,
Unfortunately the Leichhardt specimen is A. curranii. It was probably collected
north of Miles in November 1844, At BM there is a specimen (ex National
Herbarium of Victoria) labelled “Acacia cyperophylla F. v. M./Stony Ground
Cooper’s Creek/Sth Australia/A. C. Gregory”. This is also A. curranii. It is
most unlikely that A. curranii occurs near Cooper Creek, and it is presumed that
the specimen is wrongly labelled. At MEL, however, a specimen bearing a
similar label is certainly A. cyperophylla (as described here) and it is chosen as
the. lectotype.

6. Acacia tennuissima F. Muell., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3:135 (1859);
Pedley, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd 75:33 (1964). Type: Sturts Creek,
Mueller 72 (MEL, holo; K, iso). ' .

A, xylocarpa A, Cunn. ex Benth. var (7) seninisiina Benth., FI. Aust.
2:401 (1864). Based on A. tenuissima F. Muell.

A, luerssenii Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:267 (1926). Type: in collibus
arenosis Dividing Range dictis apud opp. Jericho, Mar 1910, Domin
(PR, holo).

Shrub to ca 4m with smooth grey or brown stems; branchlets + terete,
glabrous with resinous ribs. Phyllodes thick but flat, linear, glabrous, 6:5—15 cm
long, 0:7-1-1(-1:3) mm wide, 60-220 times as long as wide, striate with ca 8
nerves on each face, the nerves usually inconspicuous, but occasionally with raised
ribs and resinous margins; gland basal, small; pulvinus very small. Spikes ca 1 cm
long, rachis glabrous, on glutinous peduncles 5-10 mm long in pairs in the upper
axils, the rudimentary shoot between them occasionally growing out into a leafy
shoot and then the spikes lateral. Flowers 5—merous; calyx 0:-8(—1) mm long,
membranous, glabrous, - truncate, slightly incurved at the top and splitting
irregularly into lobes; corolla 1-2-1:4mm long, 1:5-1°8 times as long as the
calyx, glabrous, lobed to the middle; stamens ca 1:5 mm long; ovary mealy.
Pod irregularly coiled, flat, somewhat constricted between the seeds and convex
over them, ca 5cm long, 3mm wide. Seeds longitudinal, 2:5—3-:5 mm long,
1:5-1-8 mm wide; areole small, open; funicle folded to form basal aril.

BuRKE District: 27° miles [59km] EE of Camooweal, May 1948, Perry 758; near
Hughenden, top of Mt Walker, May 1936, Blake 11636. GREGORY Nortsx District: “Barkly
Downs”, 20°43’S 138°26’E, May 1947, Blake 17953, MircHELL Disrricr: Delta near

Barcaldine, Feb 1936, Everist 1493. Souts KENNEDY District: 7 Miles fli km] NE of
“Mirtna”’, Jul 1964, Adams 1139 (BRI, CANB),

128

Acacia tenuissima is a common shrub in eucalypt woodland on sandy soils
from the Jericho—Barcaldine area northward to the Torrens Creek—Hughenden
area. It is also found about Mt Isa and extends to the Northern Territory and
Western Australia. The main period of flowering appears to be from March to
June, and pods mature from August to October.

Flowering specimens are difficult to distinguish from A. orthocarpa, but the
pods of the two are quite different.

7. *Acacia jackesiana Pedley. Type: North Kennedy District: near Argentine
Mine, 60 km WSW of Townsville, Oct 1976, EF. M. & B, R. Jackes
(BRI, holo; BRI, A, CANB, K, L, MEL, MO, NSW, PR, iso).

Shrub procumbent, up to ca 1m tall; branchlets glabrous, angular, reddish
brown; stipules persistent linear, 1 mm long. Phyllodes glabrous linear, 12—22 cm
long, from less than 1 mm to 1-6 mm wide, prominently ribbed, distinct marginal
nerves and two raised ribs on each face with a faint nerve in rather a deep
groove between them; gland small, basal; pulvinus less than 1mm long. Spikes
rather open, 2—2-5 cm long, the rachis glabrous, on glabrous peduncles 1-1-7 cm
long in pairs in the upper axils. Flowers 5—merous; calyx glabrous ca 0-7 mm
long, sinuately lobed; corolla rather stout, ca 2:2mm long; stamens ca 3mm
long; ovary glabrous. Pod flat, ca 8cm long, 8mm wide; old valves only seen,
similar to those of A. whitei with conspicuous marginal nerves.

Because of the length of the phyllodes, peduncles and spikes Acacia
jackesiana resembles A. cyperophylla but the strongly raised ribs of the phyllode
distinguishes it from A. cyperophylla and all other Queensland species. The
fragments of old weathered pods that I have seen suggest that the species may
have some affinity with A. whitei, but the rationship is not close. A. jackesiana
is known only from the type locality.

8. Acacia guymeri Tindale, Telopea 1(5) (in. press). Type: Cook District: 36 km
~ WNW of Mt Carbine, Laura road, Jan 1977, Guymer 898 (NSW, holo).

Single or multistemmed glabrous shrub 1-5—2-5 m tall; bark smooth, silvery
grey; branchlets slender, angular, soon becoming terete, somewhat resinous at the
tips. Phyllodes linear, 10-15 cm Jong, 1:3—1-:7 mm wide, 70-90 timés as long
as wide, thickened margins, one prominent longitudinal nerve (uninerved) and
1(—2) obscure longitudinal nerves of folds on each side of it; gland basal,
inconspicuous; pulvinus 1-1-5 mm long. Spikes only 10-20 flowered, sparse when
mature, to 1-5 cm long on peduncles 1-1-5 cm long subtended by basal bract

*Acacia jackesiana species nova, a speciebus ceteris Queenslandicis bene distincta, fortasse
A, whitei Maiden affinis. Typus: FE. M. & B. R. Jackes (BRI, holotypus; A, BRI, CANB,
K, L, MEL, MO, NSW, PR, isotypi). |

Frutex procumbens usque circa 1m altus; ramuli glabri angulares; stipulae persistentes
lineares 1mm longae. Phyllodia glabra linearia, 12-22cm longa, 1-1*6mm (vel minus)
lata; prominenter costata, nervis marginalibus conspicuis et utringue costis duobus elevatis
et nervo inconspicus in sulco aliquantum profundo imter eos praedita; glans parva basalis;
pulvinus minus quam 1mm longus. Spicade + sparsifforae, 2~2'5cm longae rhacidi glabra
in pedunculis glabris binatim in axillis superis portatae. Flores 5~meri; calyx glaber circa
0:6mm longus sinuate lobatus; corolla aliquantum crassa circa 2:2mm ‘longa; stamina
circa 3mm longa; ovarium glabrum. Legumen planum circa 8cm longum 8 mm latum;
valvae veteres siccae nonnisi visae, earum Acaciae iwhitei similis, nervis marginaltbus
conspicuis ornatae.

129

ca 1mm long. Flowers glabrous, pale yellow, 5—merous; calyx shortly lobed
0:6mm long; corolla 2mm long; stamens ca 3mm long; ovary glabrous. Pod
(immature) shortly stipitate, straight, long pointed, 6-7 cm. long ca 5mm wide,
margins yellowish strongly thickened. Seeds probably longitudinal.

The only collection of A. guymeri I have seen is an excellent one from the
type locality which includes flowers and immature fruits. The collector’s notes and
photographs indicate that it occurs in a disturbed community on a skeletal soil
on a rocky hill.

The affinities if the species are not clear. It resembles A. jackesiana, especially
in the size and shape of the phyllodes and the structure of the flowers, but
differs in the venation of the phyllode and the extremely open spike.

9, Acacia tanumbirinensis Maiden in Ewart & Davies, Flora Nth Terr. 338 (1917)
(“tanumbirinense”’). Type: Northern Territory: near “Tanumbirini” Stn,
Mar 1911, Hill 802 CNSW, holo; K, MEL, iso).

Tree to 6m tall with hard stringy bark; branchlets slender angular, some-
what glutinous; stipules triangular, brown ca 0:5 mm long. Phyllodes slightly
falcate, linear, glabrous, 7-18 cm long, 1-5-4 mm wide, (25—)30-80 times as
long as wide, one nerve prominent, the rest crowded, not anastomosing; gland
small basal; pulvinus ca 1mm long. Spikes becoming rather open, 3-4 cm long, |
on: peduncles 3-5 mm long, the rachis pubescent. Flowers 5—merous; calyx
membranous 0:5-0:8 mm long divided almost to the base into narrow-oblong
pubescent lobes; corolla 1-1:2mm long, 1-5-2 times as long as the calyx,
glabrous, the lobes broad and strongly recurved; stamens 2+2—2-5 mm _ long,
ovary pubescent. Pod not known, probably similar to that of A. plectocarpa.

Burke District: 16 Mile Creek, 22 km from “Westmoreland” Stn on-road to “Corinda”
sin, 17°30’S, 138°24’E, May 1976, Simon & Farrell 3109.

A, tanumbirinensis is restricted to an area extending from the Roper to the
Nicholson River in the western part of the Gulf of Carpentaria. It occurs on
sandy soils along creeks and flowers in April and May.

The species may prove only subspecifically distinct from A. plectocarpa which
has flowers similar in size and indumentum, but broader (more than 5 mm)
phyllodes. The geographical ranges of the two do not overlap. The question
of the status of A. tanumbirinensis may be resolved when mature pods and seeds
-are available. A. plectocarpa has resinous undulate pods up to 9cm long and
8-10 mm wide with transverse seeds with small depressed closed areoles and a
conspicuous white aril.

10. Acacia aneura F, Muell. ex Benth., Linnaea 26:627 (1855). Type: Cudnaka,
Oct 1851, Mueller (MEL, holo; BRI, photo).

Tree to ca 15m; branchlets angular with appressed curved silvery hairs,
some brown scales on young shoots, occasionally resinous. Phyllodes coriaceous,
extremely variable in size and shape, varying from narrow-elliptic to linear, flat
to terete when very narrow with silvery scurf and + adpressed hyaline hairs ca
0:1 mm long, the surface sometimes hidden, 2-17 (—24) cm long, 0:9-8(—-12) mm
wide, 3—90(-180) times as long as wide; many parallel non-anastomosing
- longitudinal nerves (up to 30 on broad phyllodes), half of them prominent,
margins yellowish; gland small basal; pulvinus ca 1mm long. Spikes dense,
(1—) 1-5-2 cm long on scurly peduncles 3-8 mm long, rachis puberulent, single
or rarely in pairs in the upper axils or more rarely apparently lateral on short

130

axillary shoots. Flowers S—merous; calyx lobes + free, spathulate, sometimes
broad, (0-6~)0:7-1-1 mm long, usually with a few hairs at the top; corolla
lobes free or united to the middle, glabrous, 1-2—1-8 mm long, (1:3-)1-8-2-2
times as long as the calyx; stamens 2:5-3:5mm long; ovary usually with
indumentum of close dense silvery hairs, sometimes sparse, rarely glabrate. Pods
flat, glabrescent, obliquely reticulately nerved, 2-5-5 cm long, 7-13 mm wide,
usually with a prominent wing 1-1-5 mm wide along the upper margin. Seeds
longitudinal or slightly oblique, flat, ca 5mm long and 3mm wide, areole
extremely small, open, with a pale area extending to the hilar end of the seed;
funicle filiform.

BurkE District: 6 miles [10km] SE of “Barkly Downs”, May 1948, Perry 743.
GrReGoRY NortrH Districr: near Boulia, Jul 1936, Blake 12376, MITCHELL DISTRICT: ca
16 miles [26km] NW of Longreach, Jul 1963, Everist 7295, 7296 & 7298. GREGORY
SouTH Districr; 43 miles [69km] W of Windorah, Jul 1936, Blake 12109, WarREGO
Districr: Charleville, Apr 1936, Blake 11051. MaraNnoa Disrrict: 12 miles [19 km]
N of St George, Sep 1959, Everist 6112. Dartinc Downs Districr: “Woodlands”,
SW of Westmar, May 1959, Pedley 388.

Acacia aneura (mulga) is of considerable economic importance and there
is a large body of literature on mulga and mulga lands. See, for example,
papers in Tropical Grasslands vol. 7 (1973) and many of the papers cited there.
It extends from Shark Bay, Western Australia to a little east of St George.
In Queensland it forms dense, almost pure stands, often of considerable extent,
on sandy or loamy soils, particularly in the St George-Quilpie area, with isolated
stands almost as far north as Mt Isa. Flowering occurs throughout the year,
possibly in response to high soil moisture, but pods appear to mature only in
the period September-December. |

There is an extremely wide range of variation in habit, the size and
shape of the phyllodes, and the degree of winging of the pod. Because of
the complexity of this variation the recognition of infraspecific taxa, such as
A. aneura var. latifolia, is not at present warranted. A. aneura is similar to
A. brachystachya and A. catenulata, both of which have pods of different types,
and to A. clivicola which has different pods and less deeply lobed calyxes.

Cudnaka, the type locality of A. aneura is probably near Lake Torrens,
South Australia, possibly Kanyaka near Hawker.

11. Acacia ramulosa W. V. Fitzg., J. West. Aust. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1:15 (1904).
Type: Western Australia: Lennonville, Sep 1903, Fitzgerald (PERTH,
holo). .

Shrub to 3 m tall; branchlets angular, ribbed, glutinous with matted appressed
silky hairs. Phyllodes linear, straight or slightly curved, appressed silky pubes-
cent, mainly in the grooves between the numerous parallel longitudinal nerves
(cf. A. cyperophylla), 11-12:5 cm long, 1-5-2 mm wide, 60-80 times as long
as wide. Spikes dense 1-5—2cm long on peduncles 7-10 mm long, single in
the axils. Flowers 5—merous; calyx 0-8-1 mm long, membranous, deeply divided
into obtuse oblong lobes with some hairs at the top and on the margins, always
united into a tube, as little as 0:2 mm long, so that the calyx can be dissected
off in one piece; corolla ca 1:5 mm long, lobed to the middle; ovary pubescent
all over or at the top only. Pods cylindrical, 7-9 cm long, 5-8mm _ wide,
greyish with yellowish glutinous longitudinal nerves without prominent margins.
Seeds longitudinal, 7-5 mm long, 4:5mm wide; areole open, extremely small.

Grecory Norru District: Bedourie, Jul 1936, Blake 12325, Grecory Soutu District:
ca 90 miles [145 km] WNW of Birdsville, Sep 1966, Boyland 292. Warreco DISTRICT:
‘“Dynevor Downs”, Mar 1941, White 12088.

131

I have seen little material from Queensland that I can refer with certainty
to A. ramulosa, It is closely related to A. brachystachya which always (?)
has flat, though thick, phyllodes and flat pods, whereas the phyllodes of A.
ramulosa are often terete and the pods are always terete.

12. Acacia brachystachya Benth., Fl. Aust. 2:403 (1864); Maiden, For. Fl.
N.S.W, 7:9 (1917); Pedley, Trop. Grassl. 7:5 (1973). Type: Mutanie
Ranges Mootwingle, [31°10’S 142°10’E, ca 110km NE of Broken
Hill], Jan. 1861, Victorian Expedition. (K, holo; MEL, iso).

A, aneura F, Muell. ex Benth. var. (?) stenocarpa Benth., Fl. Aust. 2:403 ©
(1864). Type: Yaginya Mtn [Scrope Ra., approximately 32°S 142°R, ca
65 km E of Broken Hill], Nov 1860, Victorian Expedition (K, holo).

A, cibaria F. Muell., Melb, Chemist & Druggist 5:26 (July 1882). Type:
Yayinya Mountains, Nov 1860, Beckler (MEL, lectotypus novus).

Tree to 5m with ascending lateral branches; branchlets angular, ribbed,
with brown and silvery appressed hairs ca 0-15 mm long. Phyllodes coriaceous,
curved linear, silvery with short appressed hairs, 8—-10(-13) cm _ long,
(1:5—)2—-3 mm wide, (25—)30-50(-75) times as long as wide, with up

-to 16 parallel longitudinal non-anastomosing nerves; gland basal, rather prominent.

Spikes rather dense, ca 1-5 cm long on axillary peduncles ca 5 mm long. Flowers
5—merous; calyx lobes shortly united at the base, broad spathulate, concave,
0-5-—0:7 mm long; corolla lobes united to the middle, ca 1-5 mm long, 2-3-3
times as long as the calyx; stamens ca 2 mm long; ovary pubescent. Pod neither >
flat nor winged nor the margin prominent, 3-6 cm long, 3—5 mm wide, 2—2:5 mm
thick, longitudinally reticulately nerved with silvery indumentum between the
nerves. Seeds longitudinal, 5-7 mm long and 3—4 mm wide; areole small open, -
with a pale sunken area surrounding it, its funicle expanded into small clavate
aril.

WARREGO DistricT: Quilpie, Nov 1957, Everist 5905; “Bowalli”, ca 75 miles [120 km]

SSW of Quilpie, May 1952, Everist 5035; “Mooning”, ca 30km S of Eulo, Nov 1954,
Smith 6010.

Acacia brachystachya (turpentine mulga) occurs in south-western Queens-
land between the Warrego River and the Grey Range. It usually forms small
stands on shallow gravelly soils on low rises within mulga communities. It
flowers from June to about August and mature fruits have been collected from
October to December.

It is a rounded shrub with stiff, more or less erect phyllodes. Unless they
bear fruit, herbarium specimens are frequently confused with both A. aneura -
and A. ramulosa. The three species are not often confused in the field however. |

I have discussed the typification of A. cibaria previously, but as it could
affect the use of the name A. ramulosa, it should be considered in more detail.
All three syntypes of A. cibaria at MEL were evidently used by Mueller in his .
description of the species. They are:

1, Gasgoyne River, Oliver Jones, The specimen consists of pod and seeds in
an envelope with the note: “A great food of the natives at the Gasgoyne
called the Wonuy”.

2. Murchison River, Gray. The specimen is mounted on a sheet and is accom-

panied by the note: “15 to 20’ flowers Oct. and Nov. Sandy soil. Sceds
eaten by natives”.

132

3. Yayinga Mountains, 6 November 1860, Beckler.

The first specimen is neither A. ramulosa nor A. brachystachya. The
vernacular name in the note suggests that it is A. wanyu. I am not familiar
with that species, however, and the identity of the specimen requires further
investigation. The second specimen is A. ramulosa. The third is A. brachystachya.
Maiden implied that nomenclatural problems would be solved by selecting the
last as lectotype and I have therefore made this choice. It is noteworthy that
the holotype of A. aneura var. (?) stenocarpa and the lectotype of A. cibaria
were both collected by Beckler at the same place on 6 November 1860.
It is likely they are parts of a single collection.

13. Acacia granitica Maiden, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. 54:230 (1921). Based

_ on Acacia doratoxylon A, Cunn. var. ovata Maiden & Betche, Proc. Linn.

Soc. N.S.W. 30:362 (1905). Syntypes: Howell, near Tingha, in 1904,
Maiden & Boorman (NSW); Stanthorpe, Jul 1904, Boorman (BRI, K,
iso).

Flat-topped spreading shrub to ca 1m tall and up to 3m in diameter
or rounded to 3m tall, branchlets slender angular, glabrous and somewhat
resinous. Phyllodes + erect, coriaceous, linear, (8—) 10-22 cm long, 1:5—3-5 mm
wide, (20—)35-140 times.as long as wide, with 12-18 fine parallel non-
anastomosing nerves, the middle one slightly more prominent than the rest;
gland small or absent, + basal, pulvinus 1-1-5 mm long. Spikes dense, 3-8 mm
long on glabrous peduncles 0-5-3 mm long in pairs on a rudimentary axillary
‘axis, the rachis pubescent. Flowers 5—merous; calyx truncate to shortly lobed with
a few brown hairs at the top and long white hairs at the base, 0:5-0°8 mm
long; corolla lobes 1-4—-1'8mm long, united to the middle, 2-2-3 times as
long as the calyx; stamens ca 3mm long; ovary hirsute. Pod linear; glabrous,
flat slightly convex over seeds and sometimes slightly contracted between them, to
6cm long, 2:5~3 mm wide. Seeds longitudinal, ca 3 x 1-5 mm; areole elongate,
open; funicle thickened, folded 2—3 times beneath seed.

DaRLING Downs Disrrict: Fletcher, 8 miles [13 km] SW of Stanthorpe, Oct 1963,
Pedley 1462. MorETON Districr: Crows Nest, Oct 1921, White.

Acacia granitica is restricted to shallow sandy soils derived from granite
in the vicinity of Crows Nest and Stanthorpe and from sandstone near Plunkett.
It flowers in August and September. The distribution of A. granitica is similar
to that of A. ruppii. The major occurrences of both are in elevated granite
country with minor occurrences on sandstone near the coast. In Queensland
A, ruppii is confined to granite near Stanthorpe whereas A. granitica extends
north to Crows Nest and to coastal sandstone at Plunkett.

As Maiden suggested, its nearest relative is probably A. caroleae (A.
doratoxylon var. angustifolia), though it bears a superficial resemblance to
A. brachystachya.

14, Acacia caroleae Pedley, nom, et stat. nov. Based on Acacia doratoxylon
A. Cunn. var. angustifolia Maiden, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. 53:217
(1920). Type: Eidsvold, Aug 1918, Bancroft (NSW, holo; K,. iso).

Rounded shrub or slender tree to ca 6 m tall; branchlets angular, glabrous,
glutinous, sometimes mealy, Phyllodes' linear, straight, glabrous, 5—14(-—21) cm
long, (1:5—)2-5(-6:5) mm wide, (10—)15-60(-90) times as long as wide,

133

striate with rather crowded parallel longitudinal non-anastomosing nerves, the
central one prominent; gland small, basal; pulvinus ca 3:5 mm long. Spikes
dense (interrupted on one specimen), 1-3 cm long on peduncles 1:5-4 mm long
on a scurfy, rarely pubescent, axillary axis 5-20 mm long, sometimes growing
out into a lateral shoot. Flowers 5—merous; calyx membranous (0:6—)0:7-
1:1 mm long, the tube usually glabrous, lobes 0:2-0:3mm long with short,
blunt, brown hairs at the top; corolla lobes glabrous, united to the middle,
1:2-1-5(-1-8) mm long, 1:3-2(—2:°5) times as long as the calyx; stamens
2-3 mm long; ovary slightly scurfy, rarely with some short stiff hairs at the
top. Pod flat, convex over the seeds and somewhat contracted between them,
ca 8cm long, 2—2-5mm wide, longitudinally wrinkled. Seeds longitudinal,
4mm long, 1:7 mm wide; areole open, elongate, more than # as long as the
seed; funicle folded ca 4 times, forming basal aril. (Fig. 9i, inflorescence).

LEICHHARDT Disrricr: 5km + E of “Mantuan Downs”, 24°25’S 147°20’E, Aug 1973,

Pedley 4114; “Bedourie”, 45 miles [72 km] SW of Rolleston, Sep 1962, Story & Yapp 280.
Maranoa Disrricr: Clayhole Creek, 20 miles [32km] S$ of Yuleba, Nov 1958, Johnson
650. DarLinc Downs Disrricr: Gurulmundi, Sep 1961, Pedley 880; 10 miles [16km] $
of Kogan on Tara Road, Aug 1958, Johnson 551;.5 miles [8 km] W of Thane, Oct 1959,
Pedley 491,

. Acacia caroleae is an attractive shrub or small tree widely distributed in
inland south-eastern Queensland on sandy soil. It flowers from about mid-
August to mid-October.

Acacia caroleae is more closely related to A. burrowii than it is to
A. doratoxylon, which does not occur in Queensland. It has somewhat narrower
phyllodes, more than 15 times as long as wide, usually longer calyxes and
shorter corollas. It also lacks the broad juvenile phyllodes characteristic of
A. burrowit.

15. Acacia adsurgens Maiden & Blakely, Proc. Roy. Soc. West. Aust. 13:28
(1928), Syntype: 40 miles W of Camp 4, Lander Creek, June 1911,
Hill 360 (K, iso).

Erect shrub to 2:5 m; bark brown flaky; branchlets pale, angular, resinous.
Phyllodes coriaceous, linear, glabrous, 6—-17cm long, 2—3mm wide, 30-60
times as long as wide, with many parallel longitudinal nerves, the middle one
slightly more prominent; gland basal with a large swelling but a pale orifice.
Spikes dense, 1-1-5 cm long on peduncles 7~10mm long single at the base
of a rudimentary axillary shoot which sometimes grows out. Flowers 5—merous;
calyx narrowly cylindric, ca 1 mm long, truncate or slightly incurved at the top
with only a few hairs; corolla 1-5~1:7 mm long, divided to the middle; stamens
ca 3:5mm long; ovary slightly mealy. Pods linear, ca 9cm long, 2:5—3 mm
wide, raised over the seeds and slightly contracted between them. Seeds linear,
ca 4mm long, 1-5-2 mm wide; areole small, semicircular, central, pale (cf.
A. shirleyi); funicle thickened with about five folds forming basal aril extending
a quarter up each side of seed. -

GREGORY NorrH District: Brenda Bore, “Oban” Stn, ca 62 miles [100 km] SW of
Mt Isa, Dec 1947, Everist 3372. Grecory SoutH District: Windorah, Ju!-Aug 1969,
Cockburn BPS 20. MircHett DisrrictT: Jericho, May 1946, Clemens. -

Acacia adsurgens is widespread in the Northern Territory, but in. Queens-
land it is scattered and uncommon, occurring only south-west of Mt Isa, near
Windorah, and in the vicinity of Jericho, always on sandy soil.

134

16. Acacia lysiphloia F. Muell., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3:137 (1859). Syntypes:
Sturts Creek, Mueller 84 (K, MEL, iso), & Mueller 80 (MEL); Gulf .
of Carpentaria, Mueller 3 (MEL).

Shrub to ca 5m tall with reddish bark, the outer grey bark coming off
in narrow curly strips as in A. cyperophylla (mineritichie); branchlets angular,
glutinous with scattered appressed hairs largely hidden in resin; stipules persistent,
brown, 1-2-2 mm long, somewhat reflexed. Phyllodes narrow, but broadest in
the uppermost. quarter, obtuse, mucronulate, glabrous or subglabrous, 2—3 cm
long, 1-5~4(—6) mm wide, 4-10(—15) times as long as wide; two longitudinal
nerves prominent, other longitudinal nerves obscure, occasionally translucent;
gland not conspicuous, with a thin rim and a small orifice ca 3mm from the
base; pulvinus short. Spikes dense, 5-20 mm long, rachis glabrous, on glutinous,
sometimes somewhat pubescent peduncles 1-2 cm long, sometimes forming a
terminal raceme because of reduction of phyllodes; bracteoles exceeding the
buds. Flowers 5—merous; calyx cylindrical, 0-5—0:8mm long, membranous,
divided to the middle or almost to the base, the lobes acute, pubescent or at least
with some scattered hyaline hairs; corolla 1:2—1:8(—2-3) mm long, 2—3 times
as long as the calyx, lobed to the middle, glabrous; stamens 4-5 mm long; ovary
scurfy, sometimes with scattered long hairs. Pod flat, curved, slightly convex
over the seeds, up to 7-5 cm long, 7~8 mm wide, obliquely nerved, glutinous,
neither particularly woody nor opening by coiling back from the top. Seeds
oblique, 4-4:5 mm long, 3mm wide, ca 1-5 mm thick; areole small, closed,
pale; funicle forming a cupular aril.

Burke Districr: Settlement Creek, Jun 1923, Brass 347; 27 miles [43 km] SSW of
Mt Isa, May 1948, Perry 786.

In Queensland A. lysiphloia is found in the western part of the Burke
District, on sandy soils. It flowers from May to about August.

Variants with broad phyllodes and short spikes sometimes occur. They
bear a striking resemblance to A. monticola. Both species have a “mineritichie”
bark and they may be more closely allied to each other than their placement
in different sections suggests.

17, Acacia hilliana Maiden in Ewart & Davies, Fl. Nth Terr. 340 t.27 (1917).
Type: 140 miles N of C74, Northern Territory, Jul 1911, ili (BM, K
iso).

Misapplied name: 4. arida auct. non Benth.; Pedley, Proc.. Roy. Soc. Qd
75:34 (1964).

Flat-topped viscid shrub to 3 m tall; branchlets + terete, glabrous, glutinous.
Phyllodes coriaceous, glabrous, linear, sometimes tapering gradually to the base,
obtuse mucronulate, straight or curved, 2—5 cm long, 2~3-5mm wide, 6-20
times as long as wide, 3-5 longitudinal nerves sometimes visible, often obscure
in tissue of phyllode; gland extremely small, merely a small orifice on the margin,
5-10 mm from the base; pulvinus ca 1mm long. Flowers in dense spikes
1-2:5cm long on glutinous, glabrous peduncles 1-2 cm long, single in the
axils, 5—merous; calyx 0:9-1-2mm long, divided almost to the base, the
lobes membranous, widely spreading, narrowly oblong, obtuse, glabrous, the
sinuses obtuse; corolla (1:2—)1-:4—-2 mm long, (1-2—)1-+5-1-8 times as long
as the calyx, divided to the middle, glabrous; stamens ca 4mm long; ovary
glabrous, sometimes slightly scurfy. Pod flat but thick, with prominent margins,
obliquely nerved, rather glutinous, opening elastically from the top, 2-5-5 cm

135

long, 4-6 mm wide; seeds oblique in depressions in the woody valves, 3:5—4 mm
long, 1: 7—2 mm wide, rather thick with a large open pale areole; funicle straight,
not folded, expanded into a cupular aril.

Burke Districr: 90 miles [145 km] from Camooweal on Burketown Road, 19°05'S
138°SWE, Jun 1966, Pediey 2053: 40 miles [64km] NNW of Mt Isa, May 1948, Perry
765 (BRI, K),

Acacia hilliana has a range similar to that of A. spondylophylla extending
from Hamersley Range through central Australia to Queensland. It is a
common plant on gravelly soils in the Mt Isa-Camooweal area. It evidently
has an extended period of flowering and fruiting. Flowers have been collected
from May to September and mature pods in May, June and September.

Specimens from Queensland have broader phyllodes than specimens from
the Northern Territory (including the type) have. Previously I identified
the Queensland material as A. arida. |

18. Acacia conjunctifolia F. Muell., Fragm. 11:68 (1879). Type:. Victoria River,
Gulliver (MEL, holo).

Shrub ca 1 m tall, usually spreading; branchlets prominently angled, glutinous
with resinous ribs; stipules ca 0-5 mm long. Phyllodes single, in pairs or in
3’s, linear curved with slightly oblique mucro, narrowed into a pulvinus, glutinous,
glabrous, punctulate, 1:2-1-8cm long, 1~-1:7 mm wide, 8—11 times as long
as wide, with three longitudinal nerves, one prominent, the others less so,
translucent; gland basal, small but obvious. Spikes moderately dense 0:5—1:5 cm
long on peduncles 3~7 mm long, single in the axils. Flowers 5—merous; calyx
with very thin, widely spreading, glabrous lobes 0-6—0:8 mm long ca 0:2 mm
wide; corolla rather thick, 1-2-1:5 mm long, twice as long as the calyx, lobed
to the middle; stamens ca 3 mm long; ovary slightly scurfy. Pod flat but thick,
winged on the adaxial margin, obliquely nerved, 4cm long, 4mm wide, widest
near the top, opening elastically from the top, glabrous and glutinous. Seeds
oblique in depressions in the woody valves, ca 5mm long, 2:2mm wide, ca
1-5 mm thick, with a large open areole; funicle filiform, abruptly expanded into
a hoary, neat cupular aril.

Burke District: 9 miles [14km] W of “Westmoreland”, Jun 1948, Perry 1341.

Acacia conjunctifolia is known only from the type locality and from the
extreme north-western part of Queensland where it occurs on sandy soils. It
flowers from June to about September. The arrangement of the phyllodes |
similar to that found in A. conferta is unusual in section Juliflorae.

19, Acacia wickhamii Benth., London J. Bot. 1:377 (1842). Type: Swan Bay,
West coast, Voyage of the “Beagle”, in 1827, Wickham (XK, holo).

A, wickhamiit Benth. var. viscidula F. Muell., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3:141
(1859). Type: Sturts Creek, Mueller (K, iso).

A. calligera F. Muell., loc. cit. 141 (1859), pro syn. Type: Gulf of Car-
pentaria, Mueller 38 (MEL, holo; K, iso).

Resinous spreading shrub ca 1m tall; branchlets, glabrous and glutinous
with translucent ribs; stipules ca 0:6mm long, Phyllodes glabrous, + sessile,
ovate with undulate margins or oblong-ovate, with an oblique mucro, 5-15 mm
long, 4-7 mm wide, 1-2-5 times as long as wide,. 1-3 prominent longitudinal
nerves and other obscure ones, not reticulate, margins prominent; yellowish; gland

58237-—C

136

subbasal, extremely small, Spikes dense, 5-20 mm long on glabrous peduncles
(3—)8— 16 mm long in the upper axils. Flowers 5—merous; calyx 0-7-1-1 mm
long, glabrous or slightly scurfy, prominently ribbed, with blunt triangular lobes
up to 0:2mm long or sometimes calyx merely undulate; corolla 1-3-1:7 mm
long, glabrous or slightly scurfy, lobes with prominent midribs, 1-6-2 times
as long as the calyx; stamens ca 3-5 mm long; ovary glabrous, sometimes
minutely papillose. Pod flat, woody, broadest near the top, opening elastically
by coiling back of valves from the top, prominently transversely nerved, up to
5 cm long, 6-7 mm wide. Seeds oblique, about 3mm long and 1:5 mm wide
on a rather stiff straight funicle thickened into cupular aril; areole rather large,
open.

Burxe Districr: 20 miles [32km] W of Gregory Downs, Jun 1948, Perry 1411.
Coox DiIsTRicT: Stannary Hills turn-off 16km from, Herberton, Sep 1960, Smith 11239.

Acacia wickhamii extends from the northern part of Western Australia
through the central part of the Northern Territory to the north-western part
of Burke district in Queensland. Plants from the eastern part of its range
have decidedly broader phyllodes than those from the west. In Queensland
A, wickhamii occurs on gravely soils in eucalypt woodland. Flowering appears
to extend from March to July and flowers and well developed fruits are often found
on the one plant. Most fruit mature about August.

The relationships of the species are obscure. It is rather isolated in the
Juliflorae but it is similar, particularly in characters of the pod, to A. nuperrima
subsp. cassitera in n. the Plurinerves.

20. Acacia pubifolia Pedley, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd 74:59 (1964). Type: Darling
Downs District: Wyberba, Oct 1958, Pedley 318 (BRI, holo).

Tree 8m tall with dark fibrous bark; branchlets angular, pubescent,
sometimes glaucous. Phyllodes subsessile, straight, elliptic or obovate with
glandular apex, pubescent becoming puberulent, 2-10 cm long, 8-30 mm wide,
2:5-6'5 times as long as wide, many fine slightly prominent nerves, neither
anastomosing nor running together; pulvinus often less than 2 mm long. Flowers
5—merous in dense subsessile axillary spikes 2~—5 cm long with puberulent peduncle
and rachis; bracteoles concave, longer than the calyx, pilose on the back; calyx
0-5 mm long, cylindrical, truncate. or undulate, white-pubescent but the tops
of the lobes with a few short brown hairs; corolla 1-6-1-8 mm long, the ovate-
deltoid prominently ribbed lobes twice as long as the tube; ovary villose. Pod
linear, pubescent, a little compressed, to 8cm long and 4mm wide. Seeds
_ arranged longitudinally, black, rectangular, 4mm * 2mm; funicle twice as long
as the seed, 2-3 times folded, forming small aril beneath the seed; areole
indistinct, narrow and apparently closed.

DarRLInGc Downs District: Wyberba, Oct 1933, White 9379.

Acacia pubifolia is restricted to the Wyberba district south of Stanthorpe.
It flowers in September. As mentioned in the protologue it has an affinity to
A. pycnostachya from the New England region of New South Wales but there
is also a relationship with A. blakei which has glabrous phyllodes, more elongate
except on young plants, and usually less pubescent calyxes.

137

21, Acacia acradenia F. Muell., Icon. Aust. Sp. Acacia dec 11. (1888), J. Proc.
Linn, Soc. Bot, 3:142 (1859), pro. syn. Type: Hepat Stee Mueller 6
(MEL; K, iso; lectotypus novus).

Shrub to 4m tall with dull green foliage; branchlets angular, glutinous, ribs
somewhat resinous, with indumentum of moderate to dense felty hairs. Phyllodes
rather thick, elliptic to obovate, obtuse, glutinous, with moderately dense appressed
hairs or glabrate, 4:5-11 cm long, 1-3 cm wide, 2-5-6 times as long as wide,
with ca 5 longitudinal nerves prominent and many other secondary parallel
nerves, not anastomosing but concurrent with lower margin near the base, not
very conspicuous, nerves and margins yellowish, gland basal, a distinct swelling
with a small orifice; pulvinus up to 6mm long, pubescent. Spikes moderately
dense, 2—-4cm long in pairs in the upper axils, sometimes a rudimentary shoot
between them, on moderately pubescent peduncles 1-3 mm long, the rachis
densely pubescent. Flowers 5—merous, calyx stout, rather broad at the base,
1-1-1 mm long with obtuse lobes ca 0: 25 mm. long, densely pubescent throughout;
corolla 1-6-1:8 mm long, ca 1:5 times as long as the calyx, glabrous, lobed to
about the middle; stamens 3~4mm long; ovary pubescent. Pod + terete, ca
7cm long, 3:5 mm wide, curved, glutinous and with scattered hairs. Seeds
longitudinal, 4mm long, 1-5 mm wide; funicle thickened and about twice folded
beneath seed; areole narrow, closed.

BURKE DiIstRicT: 6 miles [10 km] S of Mt Isa, Oct 1962, Pediey 1117. GREGORY NORTH
District: “Tranby”, 45 miles [72 km] SW of Winton, May 1936, Blake 11440. NorrH
KENNEDY District: Bullock Creek, near Pentland, 20°32’S 145°24’"E, Aug 1970, Correll 107.
MITcHELL District: 8 miles [13 km] NNW of Prairie, Jun 1954, Lazarides 4538.

Acacia acradenia, which flowers from about March to June, occurs on stony
hillsides and ranges from the Northern Territory eastward to Prairie but does not

appear to be common except in the Cloncurry-Mt Isa area.

It was first described by Mueller (1859) but Bentham in editing the paper
placed the name in synonymy under A. umbellata, and the name is therefore
not validly published. The specimens cited by Mueller were referred by Bentham
in .Flora Australiensis to A. umbellata though he had some reservation about
the correct placement of Mueller’s flowering specimen from Depot Creek. Mueller
(1888) published the name A. acradenia again, validating it by reference to the
original 1859 description.

There appear to be only two syntypes. The Seven Emu River locality is
apparently the same as the Gulf of Carpentaria one. Bentham cited it as “Seven
Emu, and Robinson River” though the specimen at Kew is labelled “Gulf of
Carpentaria”. The specimen referred to by Bentham as “Depot Creek,
F, Mueller” is cited by Mueller as “ad originem fluminis Victoriae”,

Mueller’s description (1859), plate (1888) and syntypes represent two
species. The fruiting specimen, Mueller 10 from the Gulf of Carpentaria, is
A. umbellata. To preserve usage current in Queensland for the last 20 years
and to prevent nomenclatural complications the flowering specimen (Depot Creek,
Mueller 6) is selected-as lectotype of A. acradenia.

A. acradenia differs from A. umbellata in having usually pubescent branchlets
and phyllodes, longer spikes with pubescent rachises and longer terete pods.
A, curvicarpa from the Kimberley district of Western Australia is possibly
conspecific with A. acradenia.

138

22. Acacia laccata Pedley, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd 75:31 (1964). Type: Mitchell
District: “Corinda” ca 85 miles N of Aramac, Jun 1949, Everist 3860
(BRI, holo).

Shrub to 3 m tall; branchlets coarse, + terete, vernicose. Phyllodes straight,
vernicose, 10-16cm long, 2:5—Scm wide, 3-5 times as long as wide, obtuse;
longitudinal nerves crowded, not anastomosing, with about six slightly more prom-
inent than the rest and sometimes running into the dorsal margin at the base;
gland basal; pulvinus 6-7 mm long. Spikes 2-5 cm long, dense, on peduncles
1—1:5 cm long. Flowers S—merous; calyx ca 1:2 mm long with short vernicose
lobes; corolla glabrous 2:2mm long; ovary villose. Pods linear, glabrous,
5—6 cm long, ca 7mm wide. Sceds longitudinal, ca 5mm long and 3 mm wide;
funicle folded beneath seed.

BurKE Districr; Settlement Creek, Nov 1934, Brass 375. Norru KENNEDY DISTRICT:
47 miles [75 km] S of Charters Towers, Jun 1966, Ped/ey 2126, MuircHeLt District: 43
miles [69km] S of Prairie, 21°28’S 144°39°R, May 1970, Hind 16. SoutH KENNEDY
Districr: 3 miles [5 km] E of “Laglan”, May 1964, Pedley 1717 (BRI, CANB),

Acacia laccata is fairly common on sandy soil in the western part of the
Belyando basin and adjacent sandy areas to the west. It has also been found
in the far north-west of Queensland, in the Northern Territory and Western
Australia, It flowers about May or June,

The species does not appear to be closely related to any other. It differs
markedly from A. megalantha to which it was compared in the protologue in
having a flat linear, not markedly woody pod. A. gonoclada, which has smaller
phyllodes without resin, appears to be its closest ally.

23. Acacia megalantha F, Muell., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot, 3:143 (1859); Pedley,
Proc. Roy: Soc. Qd 75:35 (1964). Type: Sturts Creek, Mueller 98
(MEL, holo; K, iso)

Medium shrub; branchlets angular, glabrous or scurfy, glutinous. Phyllodes
coriaceous, elliptic with + straight lower margin and curved upper, 6-7 cm long,
1-5-2-2cm wide, 3-4-5 times as long as wide, 3 longitudinal nerves prominent
and a number of crowded, parallel, obscure secondary nerves, neither anastomosing
nor concurrent with each other at the base; gland basal, prominent; pulvinus to ca
3mm long. Spikes of few (ca 15) flowers, up to 2:5cm long on peduncles
ca 1cm long, rachis and peduncles glabrous. Flowers 5—merous; calyx stout, broad
cylindric, glabrous, 1-3 mm long with obtuse lobes ca 0-3 mm long; corolla lobes
ca 4mm long, ca 1:3 mm wide, thickened at the end, united in the lower fifth,
strongly recurved; stamens ca 5 mm long; ovary densely pubescent. Pod glabrous,
woody, flat with prominent margins, ca 8 cm long, 8 mm wide, neither attenuate
at the base nor opening elastically from the top. Seeds longitudinal or slightly
oblique; funicle thickened but not folded, seen only when immature.

BurkE Districr: 17 miles [27 km] from Mt Isa on Camooweal Road, May 1963,
Gittins 750.

In Queensland Acacia megalantha is found in the Mt Isa area on shallow
stony soil but it is not at all common. It has the largest flowers of all Juliflorae
and does not appear to have close relatives.

139

24. Acacia gonclada F. Muell., J, Proc, Linn. Soc. Bot. 3:140 (1859). Type:
Victoria River, Mueller (K, iso).

Misapplied name: A. leptostachya auct. non Benth.; Maiden, Proc. Roy. Soc.
Qd 30:41 (1918).

Shrub to 4m tall; branchlets coarse, angular, sometimes flattened with
yellowish angles, scurfy or glabrous, somewhat resinous; internodes short.
Phyllodes coriaceous, oblong obtuse mucronulate, curved near the base so as to
lie -+ parallel to the stem, (6-)9-12cm long, (8—-)12-20(-35) mm wide,
(3—)4-5-7-5(-10) times as long as wide; 2 (or 3 when phyllode is broad)
prominent longitudinal nerves and many parallel less conspicuous secondary
slightly anastomosing nerves on narrow phyllodes + concurrent towards
ventral margin at the base, young shoots dark; gland basal, prominent, the rim -
raised; pulvinus 3-5 mm long. Spikes dense, 1-2cm long, single or in pairs in
the upper axils on glutinous peduncles 3-6 mm long, occasionally in terminal
panicles due to the reduction of subtending phyllodes, Flowers 5—merous; calyx
broad-cylindric, densely pubescent 1-1:25 mm long with obtuse lobes 0:2—-0+3 mm
long, often persisting at base of developing fruit; corolla stout, glabrous, 1-5-2 mm
long, 1-5-1-7 times as long as the calyx; stamens 2-5-3 mm long; ovary with
indumentum of dense short silvery hair. Pods flat glutinous to 4.cm long, 3-4 mm
wide. Seeds longitudinal, ca 4mm long, 2mm wide with a narrow oblong open
areole; funicle folded and thickened into pale aril.

Burke Disrricr: 10 miles [16km] E of Donors Hill, 18°41’S 140°21’E, Jun 1966,
Pedley 2100. Coox Districr; Gilbert River, Jun 1925, Brass 429, SouTH KENNEDY DISTRICT:
7 miles [11 km] NE of “Mirtna” Stn, Jul 1964, Adams 1140.

Acacia gonoclada commonly occurs on stony shallow soils with Eucalyptus
leucophloia in north-western Queensland and in the Northern Territory, but in
the eastern part of its range south of Charters Towers it is found on loamy or
sandy soils with E. drepanophylla or E. melanophioia, It flowers from May to
July and fruits about September.

A. gonoclada and A. cowleana are closely related. The latter is usually
pubescent, but when glabrous it is difficult to distinguish from A. gonoclada. -Its
nerves are more widely spaced, its calyxes have only a few hairs at the base of
the calyx and the pods are longer. |

A specimen (Normanton, Macdonnell) was referred by Maiden to A. lepto-
stachya but the affinities of A. gonoclada lie with A. brevifolia and A, striatifolia
rather than with A. leptostachya.

25. Acacia curvinervia Maiden, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd 30:34 (1918). Type: Beta,
Jul 1913, Boorman (NSW, holo; K, iso).

Spreading shrub to ca 3 m tall; branchlets angular, scattered hairs. Phyllodes
curved, elliptic, - acute, juveniles densely pubescent and some brown scurf on
young ones, 3:5—7(--10) cm Jong, 6-16(-23) mm wide, 2-5-5(—8) times as
long as wide, 3-7 longitudinal nerves and many fine parallel nerves neither
anastomosing nor concurrent with each other; gland basal, prominent, with a
definite trim; pulvinus yellowish, ca 2mm long. Spikes moderately dense,
25-3 cm long, rachis pubescent, on axillary peduncles 4-10 mm long. Flowers
5—merous; calyx membranous, pubescent with long hairs except for short brown
hairs on the lobes, ca 0:9 mm long, lobes free almost to the base, or 0-2-0:6 mm
long with broad sinuses; corolla glabrous, 1-:2-1-:6 mm long, 1:3-1-:7 times as
long as the calyx, lobed to about the middle; stamens 2:5-3:5 mm long; ovary

140

densely pubescent. Pod + terete, scurfy, 5-10 cm long, ca 2:5 mm wide. Seeds
longitudinal 3-5-4:5 mm long, 1:3-1:8mm wide, ca 1mm thick; areole +
closed, pale; funicle 2-3 times folded, forming short aril beneath seed.

NorTH KENNEDY District: 45 miles [72 km] from Charters Towers on Clermont Road,
May 1960, Johnson 1859, MiTrcuetr, District: Torrens Creek, May 1974, Abell; Helenvale,
25 miles [40 km] NE of Yalleroi, May 1937, Everist 1508. SoUrH KENNEDY District: Mt
Coolon—Collinsville Road, May 1960, Johnson 1810*. L&ticHHARpr Duistricr: Denham
Range, Clermont—Nebo Road, Jun 1966, Johnson 1922*; Zamia Range, 3 miles [5 km] NNW
of Springsure, Mar 1960, Johnson 1402.

Acacia curvinervia is common on sandy soil in the Alpha-Barcaldine area
where it forms dense stands usually in woodland of Eucalyptus similis. There are
isolated occurrences elsewhere. The usual period of flowering is May-June.

On the eastern edge of its range it intergrades with A. julifera. Specimens
representing intermediates are indicated by an asterisk (above). The area of
intergrade is small in relation to the individual ranges of the species and they
should be treated as distinct,

26. *Acacia spania Pedley. Type: “Fairhill”, 56 km NE of Emerald, Aug 1973,
Daniels 6 (BRI, holo).

Tree ca 7m tall; branchlets angular, scurfy; stipules small deciduous,
Phyllodes slightly scurfy (when young), straight, obtuse, broadest above the
middle, 2-5-4:5 cm long, 13-18 mm wide, 2-3 times as long as wide, parallel
longitudinal nerves numerous crowded, 3—5 perhaps slightly more prominent than
the rest; gland basal, small; pulvinus | ca 1mm long, strongly wrinkled. Spikes
2-5-4 em long, dense, on short peduncles (up to ca 3mm long) in upper axils.
Flowers 5—merous; calyx ca 1mm long divided almost to the base with obtuse
lobes broadest near the top, a few hairs at base and a little brown scurf at the
top, sinuses broad, obtuse; corolla ca 1-5mm long, glabrous; stamens 2 mm
long; ovary glabrous, Pod unknown. |

Acacia spania is known only from the type locality where it is reported to
occur on shallow red soil in semi-open country. Its nearest relatives appear to be
A.umbellata and A. striatifolia but it has much smaller phyllodes and deeply lobed
calyx. The structure of the calyx suggests a possible relationship with A. curvi-
nervia. Pods are required to elucidate its affinities.

27. Acacia umbellata A. Cunn. ex pe London J. Bot. 1:378 (1842).

Syntypes: Cleveland Bay, June ai , Cunningham (K, BM, iso); Cape

Flinders, July a , Cunningham (CK); Australia, Bauer (ex herb. Mus.
Vine. 1837) (K).

Rather dense shrub ca 1:5 m tall; branchlets = terete or angular, somewhat .
resinous; young shoots reddish. Phyllodes glabrous, elliptic, obtuse, sometimes
mucronulate, straight or somewhat curved at the base so as to parallel the stem,

*Acacia spania species nova affinis A. striatifoliae Pedley et A. umbellatae A. Cunn. ex Benth.
phyllodiis parvioribus, spicis longioribus et calycibus profunditer lobatis differt, Typus:
Daniels 6 (BRI, holotypus).

Arbor circa 7m alta; ramuli furfuracei angulares; stipulae parvae caduceae. Phyllodia
leviter furfuracea ubi juvenia, recta obtusa latissima supra medium 2:5—4:Scm_ longa,
13-18 mm lata, 2-3~plo longiora quam latiora, nervis crebris longitudinalibus numerosis
parallelis, 3~5 quam ceteris forte leviter prominentioribus praedita; glans parva basalis;
pulvinus valde rugosus circa 1mm longus, Spicae densae 2:5-4cm longae in pedunculis
usque 3mm _ longis semel in axillis supernis portatae. Flores 5—meri; calyx 1mm longus: in
lobos subglabros obtusos versus apicem latissimos profunde lobatus: corolla circa 1:5 mm
longa glabra; stamina 2mm longa; ovarium glabrum, Legumen ignotum.

141

6-10(-14) cm long, (12—)16-30(—35) mm wide, 2—5:5(-8) times as long as ©
broad, with 1, 2 or 3 longitudinal nerves prominent, often yellowish, and many
fine parallel secondary nerves, not anastomosing, occasionally, when phyllodes
are narrow, concurrent with lower margin near the base; gland basal, with some-
what protruding rim and small orifice; pulvinus 3-5(—7) mm long. Spikes
dense, 1(—2) cm long on often slightly scurfy peduncles 1-2(—3-5) mm long, two
or rarely three. on short axillary branches up to 1 cm long, sometimes growing
out into leafy shoots. Flowers S—merous; calyx (0:7—)0:9-1 mm long,
moderately or sparsely pubescent, lobes usually 0-1-0:2 mm long, obtuse,
fimbriate; corolla 1-2—-1:4(—1:6) mm long, glabrous, lobed to about the middle;
stamens ca 3-5 mm long; ovary glabrous or sometimes scurfy. Pod = terete,
curved, 3-4-5 cm long, ca 3mm wide, longitudinally wrinkled and with rather
prominent margins. Seeds longitudinal, shining black, ca 3-5 mm long, ca 2 mm
wide and 1 mm thick; areole small, open; funicle ribbon-like, folded ca 5 times
to form basal aril. _— =

BURKE DisTricr: “Riversleigh”, Jun 1966, Pedley 2065. Cook Duisrricr: 10 miles
[16kmj] W of Dimbulah on Petford Road, Apr 1962, AdcKee 9419. Norta KENNEDY

District: Bowen, Shirley, SouTH KENNEDY DistrricT: “Disney” ca 90 miles [145 km] N
of Clermont, Jul 1964, Pedley 1726.

Acacia umbellata is found in coastal and subcoastal districts of Queensland
though it is apparently absent from Cape York Peninsula north of about Cook-
town. It is found usually on stony or shallow sandy soils. Flowers are borne
erratically during the wet season (summer).

A, umbellata and A. acradenia are closely allied and are often confused in
herbaria (see A. acradenia). The two may be sympatric north of Mt Isa but I
have not seen them growing together. A. acradenia is usually spindly and little-
branched whereas A. umbellata is a low spreading densely branched shrub—
hence Cunningham’s epithet.

I have not selected a lectotype, but if one is chosen the Bauer sheet at Kew
should be excluded. This is a mixture of A. umbellata and probably A. julifera.

28. “Acacia striatifolia Pedley. Type: Darling Downs District: 20 km NE of
Chinchilla, Aug 1973, Pedley 4128 (BRI, holo; A, CANB, K, L, MEL,
PR, iso).

Tree to 8m tall; branchlets angular, minutely pubescent or mealy; young
shoots reddish. Phyllodes glabrous straight, elliptic, obtuse mucronulate, 5—8 cm
long, (13—)18-30(-40) mm wide, 2-4-5 times as long as wide; 3, rarely 5,
longitudinal nerves more prominent than the rest with many fine crowded
secondary nerves, not anastomosing; gland basal; pulvinus 2—5 mm_ long,

* Acacia striatifolia Pedley, species nova affinis A. umbellata A. Cunn ex Benth. phyllodiis
brevioribus latioribus et calyce pubescentiore breviore differt. Typus: Pediey 4128 (BRI,
holo; A, CANB, K, L, MEL, PR, iso).

Arbor usque 8m alta; ramuli angulares minute pubescentes vel farinosi; surculi juvenes
tubelli. Phyllodia glabra recta elliptica obtusa mucronulata, 5-8 cm longa, (13—}18—30(—40)
mm lata, 2—4-5—plo longiora quam lata, 3(raro 5) nervis longitudinalibus ceteris prominentio-
ribus et nervis secundariis tenuibus congestis non anastomantibus praedita; glans basalis;
pulvinus 2-5 mm longus, interdum minute pubescens. Spicae 3—5cm lJongae densae vulgo
in pedunculis solitariis furfuraceis ca 2mm longis ca 5mm supra basin axis brevis axillaris
portatae, spicae ut videtur laterales quum axis axillaris in surculum foliaceum interdum
crescit, Flores 5—meri; calyx 0:6-0°'8mm longus, membranaceus lobis latis obtusis ca
0-1 mm longis interdum solummodo sinuolatis, apice aliquot pilis brunneis vel margine
pilis aliquis hyalinis obsitus; corolla 1:3-1-5mm longa 2-2+2-plo lJongiora quam calyx;
stamina ca 3mm fonga; ovarium leviter farinosum glabrumve. Legumen maturum non
visum.

142

occasionally minutely pubescent. Spikes 3-5 cm long, dense usually on single,
scurfy peduncles ca 2mm long about 5mm along a short axillary axis which
sometimes elongates into a leafy shoot, then the spike appears to be lateral.
Flowers 5—merous; calyx 0:6-0:8mm long, membranous with broad obtuse
lobes ca 0:1 mm long and sometimes merely sinuolate, a few brown hairs at
the apex or.some hyaline hairs on the margin; corolla 1:3-1-5 mm long, 2—2°2
times as long as the calyx; stamens ca 3mm long; ovary slightly farinose or
glabrous. (Fig. 8b, phyllode.)

DarLING Downs District: 45 km (28 miles) N of Chinchilla on Auburn road, Ang
1975, Coveny 6821 & Hind (BRI, NSW). |

A, striatifolia occurs in State forests north of Chinchilla. It usually forms
dense stands on roadsides or in eucalypt woodland (Eucalyptus maculata, E.
nubila, E. bloxsomei, etc.) on shallow gravelly soils. It flowers in August and
September. Herbarium specimens suggest a relationship to A. umbellata, but
the structure of the inflorescence and the facies of the plant in the field indicate
that A. blakei is a near relative.

29, *Acacia tenuinervis Pedley, Type: Glenmorgan, Sep 1961, Pedley 862
(BRI 220861, holo; BRI 030325, A, CANB, K, L, MEL, PR, iso).

Tree to 9m tall, often developing root suckers; branchlets slender angular,
soon becoming terete, orange-red, glaucous, particularly in axils, young shoots
reddish, drying black. Young plants with velutinous branchlets and - straight
tomentose phyllodes, ca 7-9 cm long, ca 2. cm, wide. Phyllodes straight, the lower
margin straight, the upper curved, glabrous or slightly scurfy, 9-12-5 cm long,
2-3 cm wide, 3-5-6 times as long as wide; 3 or sometimes 5 longitudinal nerves
more prominent than the rest, secondary nerves fine, crowded, not anastomosing;
gtand basal, rather large; pulvinus 3-6 mm long. Spikes dense 3-5 cm long, on
puberulent peduncles 4—5 mm long, 1-2(-5) along axis of axillary shoot
(S—)10—25 mm long, the axis sometimes elongating into leafy shoot and then
spikes lateral, Flowers (4—)5—merous; calyx 0:7—-0:8mm long glabrous or
with a few long ‘hyaline hairs towards the base, sinuolate or truncate; corolla
1:3-1-5 mm Jong, 1-6—2 times as long as the calyx; stamens ca 2:5 mm long;
ovary glabrous. Pods straight, scurfy, raised over the seeds ca 2:5 cm long,
2:3-2:5 mm wide; areole narrow, elongate, open; funicle 2—3 times folded into
basal aril. |

BURNETr District: “Impey” Pastoral Holding, ca 40 miles [64 km] NE of Wandoan,
Jun 1959, Johnson 792; near Boondooma 70km S of Mundubbera, 26°16’S 151°17’E, Sep
1969, Pedley 2890. Dartinc Downs Districr: Glenmorgan, 27°15’S 149°41’E, in 1968,
Gordon 4065, Sep 1961, Pedley 862. ;

*Acacia tenuinervis Pedley, species nova affinis A. striatifolia Pedley plantis juvenibus
pubescentibus et spicis in surculis axillaribus longis lateraliter dispositis differt. Typus: Pedley
862 (BRI 220861 holo; BRI 030325, A, CANB, K, L, MEL, PR, iso).

Arbor usque 9m altus, saepe surculos radicibus emittens; ramuli tenues angulares
mox teretes, rubiginosi glauci praesertim in axillis; surculi juvenes rubelli, siccitate atri.
Phyllodia recta margine infera recta supera curvata glabra vel leviter furfuracea, 9-12-5 cm
longa, 2-3cm lata, 3:5—6-plo longiora quam lata, 3(interdum 5) nervis longitudinalibus
ceteris prominentioribus et nervis secundartis tenuibus aggregatis non anastomantibus praedita;
glans basalis aliquantum magna; pulvinus 3-6 mm longus. Plantae juvenes ramulis velutinis
et phyllodiis + rectis tomentosis, ca 7—9 cm longis, ca 2.cm latis instructae. Spicae densae
3-5 cm longae in pedunculis puberulis 4-5 mm longis secus axem surculi axillares (5~)10—25
mm longam dispositae, interdum axe in surculum foliaceum elongata et tum spicae laterales.
Flores (4-)5—meri; calyx 0:7-0-8mm longus glaber vel versus basem aliquot pilis longis
hyalinis sinuolatus truncatusue; corolla 1:3-1:-5mm longa, 1:6—-2-plo longiora quam
calyx; stamina ca 2°5mm longa; ovarium glabrum. Legumina recta furfuracea, elevata
super semina ca 2:5cm longa, ca 2:5mm lata; areola tenuis elongata aperta; funiculus
2—3—plo plicatus basilem arillem faciens, '

143

A. tenuinervis is known only from the three localities noted above. It
flowers in September. It is closely related to both A. blakei and A. striatifolia,
but is sufficiently distinct from each to warrant recognition as a species. Unlike
those of A. blakei the branchlets and phyllodes of young plants are densely
pubescent, it has more elongate broader phyllodes and shorter pods. It differs
from A. striatifolia in young plants being pubescent and having rather long
axillary shoots with lateral spikes.

30. Acacia pubirhachis Pedley, Contrib. Qd Herb. 15:15 (1974). Type: Cook
District: “Starke” ca 45 miles NNW of Cooktown, Nov 1965, Pedley
1909 (BRI, holo).

A small branched tree up to 7m tall; branchlets rather angled, pubescent;
stipules ovate, acute, scarious, deciduous. Phyllodes straight or slightly falcate,
with a covering of long white hairs when young, afterwards subglabrous, 10~12
cm long, 5-8 mm wide, 12—25 times as long as wide; 1 or 2 conspicuous longi-
tudinal nerves, crowded parallel secondary nerves, neither anastomosing nor
running into each other or into the margin at the base; gland basal; pulvinus
pubescent glabrescent ca 2mm long. Spikes moderately dense, up to 6 cm long,
subsessile, in pairs in the upper axils, with densely pubescent rachises and concave
acute bracteoles. Flowers 5—merous; calyx 0-7 mm long with pilose obtuse lobes
0:2 mm long and broad sinuses; lobes of the glabrous corolla obtuse 1-6 mm
long with a conspicuous rib, united to the middle; stamens ca 2 mm long; ovary
with a covering of hairs 0-2mm long. Pod glabrous, 5~7.cm long, ca 1 cm
broad, the valves thin; seeds transversely arranged, 5mm long, 2mm broad,
with the funicle folded 4 times into a basal aril.

Cook Districr: Hopevale Mission, 15°14’S 145°07’E, Sep 1970, Gittins 2181. Nort
KENNEDY Distrricr: mouth of Tully River; Nov 1965, Webb & Tracey 8152.

Acacia pubirhachis is confined to coastal districts from about Tully to north
of Cooktown, It often occurs on poorly drained sands with heath. It flowers
in August and September, and mature fruit have been collected in November.

A, pubirhachis is closely allied to A. delibrata which however has a pequltarly
winged pod and longitudinal seeds.

31. Acacia leptostachya Benth., Fl. Aust. 2:406 (1864); Pedley, Proc. Roy.
Soc. Qd 74:55 (1964). Syntypes: Newcastle Range, Mueller (K); Port
Denison, Dallachy (K; MEL, iso); Port Denison, Fitzalan (K; MEL,
NSW, iso): Broadsound, Bowman, herb Mueller (MEL, iso). ,

A, argentea Maiden, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd 30: 41 (1918). Type: Alma-den,
Aug 1913, Cambage 3893 (BRI, iso).

A. capillosa Pedley, Proc. Roy. Soc, Qd 75:29 (1964). Type: Cook District:
Upper Emu Creek, S. of Irvinebank, Jun 1962, Whitehouse (BRI, holo).

Misapplied name: A conspersa auct. non F. Muell.; Domin, Biblioth, Bot.
89:268 (1926).

Shrub or rounded tree to 5m tall; branchlets angular with translucent ribs,
appressed pubescent except on ribs, Foliage and branchlets of young plants
hirsute. Phyllodes coriaceous, straight or curved, lower margin + straight, curved,
broadest above the middle, subglabrous or pubescent with silvery appressed hairs
(3-5—)4-5-8-5(-12) cm long, 3~11(-15) mm wide, 6-20(—-25) times as long
as wide, numerous rather close parallel nerves not anastomosing, 2-3 more
prominent than the rest, yellowish, the minor ones translucent, the major ones

144

tending to run into the lower margin at the base; gland basal, inconspicuous;
pulvinus ca 1mm iong. Spikes moderately dense 2—4cm long with glaucous.
rachis on peduncles 1—2(—4) mm Jong in pairs on rudimentary axillary axis (in
one case axis with 7 spikes). Flowers 5—merous; calyx membranous, (0-4—)
0:6-0:8mm long with obtuse lobes 0:1-0-2 mm long, varying greatly in indu-
mentum, from uniformly golden pubescent to subglabrous with ciliate lobes;
corolla deeply lobed, 1:2—1-7mm long, glabrous or with a few short hairs at the
apex, 2—3 times as long as the calyx; stamens 2—3-:5 mm long; ovary densely
pubescent. Pod varying from: flat, convex over the seeds, glabrous, 6 cm long,
3mm wide, with longitudinal seeds 2:7 mm long, 1-5 mm wide with large, open
areole and funicle folded 2~—3 times beneath seeds; to flat, raised over seeds,
glaucous 4cm long, 9mm wide with transverse seeds ca 4mm long and 2mm
wide with large open, elongate areole and funicle folded ca 4 times.

Burke District: 10 miles [16 km] SE of Croydon, Jul 1954, Lazarides 4696. CooK
District: 29 miles [45 km] S of “Forest Home”, Jul 1953, Lazarides 3890, NortH KENNEDY
Districr: 11 miles [18 km] NE of “Wyandotte”, Jul 1953, Perry & Lazarides 3752, MiIrcHELL
Disrricr: 20 miles [32 km] E of Barcaldine, Sep 1956, Burbidge 5532; ‘““Helenvale” ca 10 miles
[16 km] ESE of Jericho, Oct 1940, Smith & Everist 963, SouTH KENNEDY DisTRIcT: 2:5 miles
[4km] E of Mt Coolon, Jul 1964, Adams 1108.- LEtcHHARDT DisrricT: Planet Creek, ca
30 miles [48 km] NE of Rolleston, Sep 1962, Story & Yapp 308; Isla Gorge, Sep 1968,
Everist 8027. Porr Curtis District: Canoona, Sep 1943, Blake 15321; Gladstone, Jan
1920, White. Warreco District: Glenbar ridge, 50 miles [80 km] SE of Charleville on

“Boatman” Road, Aug 1969, Sileock. MARrANoA District: “Boatman”, Oct 1957, Everist
5624, BuRNetTT District: Eidsvold, Bancroft.

Acacia leptostachya ranges from the southern part of Cape York Peninsula
through coastal and subcoastal districts as far as the southern part of the Fitzroy
River basin with isolated occurrences south-east and north-east of Charleville.
It is particularly common on sandy soils in a large area extending from Pentland
and Torrens Creek south to Lochnagar and Jericho. As well as on relatively
deep sands it is also found on skeletal soils on sandstone; for example, on the
Blackdown Tableland and Isla Gorge. In the northern part of its range A.
leptostachya flowers in June and July, but in the south August and September
appear to be the main months of flowering. |

A. leptostachya is a variable species which like A. aneura is difficult to
subdivide in a logical or useful way. The variation is marked in:

(a) Habit—from subshrub ca 0-5 m tall to small tree ca 5 m tall.

(b) Dimensions of phyllodes. The distribution of frequency of widths is bimodal
with peaks at 3-4mm and 9-10 mm.

(c) Indumentum of calyx—from glabrous to densely pubescent.

(d) Breadth of pod and arrangement of seeds—from 3 mm wide with longitudinal
seeds to 9 mm wide and transverse seeds,

In general pods of species of Acacia do not show a great range of variation.
The variation in what is considered a single species is therefore unexpected.
Unfortunately less than a tenth of the specimens examined bear pods so that pattern
of variation in the pod cannot be critically examined.

A. capillosa is conspecific with A. leptostachya, It was thought to differ in
having hirsute branchlets and phyllodes, but examination of extensive stands of
A. leptostachya west of Jericho and north-east of Charleville, both considerably
removed from the type locality of A. capillosa, revealed that young plants of
A, leptostachya are generally hirsute and that the hairs sometimes persist until
the plants flower. There is therefore no basis for considering the two as distinct
species. Domin identified a pubescent specimen as A. conspersa, a species con-
fined to the Northern Territory.

145

32. Acacia catenulata C.T. White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd 55:63 (1944). Type:

between Mitchell and Morven, Sep 1941, White 12092 (BRI, holo; MEL,
iso), | | |

Tree to 15m tall; trunk deeply fiuted; usually with many short =
horizontal branches; branchlets angular, scurfy with scattered curved hyaline
hairs ca 0-1 mm long; young shoots dark, Phyllodés coriaceous, straight or curved
-+- acute, glabrous or with scattered silvery hairs, 3:5-8:5(—9-5) cm long,
(2~)3-7(-12) mm wide, (3-5—)6-22(—26) times as long as wide, with up to
ca 30 parallel nerves, not anastomosing, 1. sometimes more prominent than the
rest, on the whole nerves more prominent and closer than A. aneura; gland basal,
prominent swelling and small orifice; pulvinus short, yellowish. Spikes dense, 1-3
cm long, on slightly appressed pubescent peduncles 2—4 mm long, single or in
pairs in upper axils or occasionally laterally placed on short axillary shoot. Flowers
5—merous, rarely 4—merous; calyx lobes free, spathulate, obtuse, with a few hairs
at the top, 0-4—0-6 mm long; corolla lobes free, slightly papillose on the margins,
rarely a few hairs at the top, 1-1-2 mm long, 1:7—2-4 times as long as the calyx;
stamens ca 2:5 mm long; ovary densely pubescent with long hairs. Pod flat, thin,
somewhat longitudinally wrinkled, contracted between the seeds, up to 8 cm
long, 4-5-5 mm wide, 1:5 mm at narrowest part. Seeds. longitudinal.

-MiTcHELL District: Lorne Peak ca 50 miles [80 km] SSW of Blackall, Aug 1939,
Everist 1872. SourH KENNEDY District: 7:5 miles [12 km] SE of “St Anns”, 21°15’S
146°55’E, Jul 1964, Adams 1113. LetcHHarpt District: 8:5 miles [13 km] E of Emerald,
Sep 1962, Story & Yapp 257. Warreco Districr: Grey Range, 40 miles [64 km] WNW
of Thargomindah, Sep 1967, Pedley 2480; Morven, Mar 1936, Blake 10918. MaraNnoa
District: 20 miles [32 km] W of Mitchell, Mar 1936, Blake 10936. Dartinc Downs
Disrrict: 12 miles [19 km] W of Glenmorgan, Jan 1963, Pedley 1204.

Acacia catenulata (bendee) forms pure stands on shallow soils derived from
deeply weathered sandstone from a little east of Surat to the Grey Range extending
to the Belyando River basin. In the Grey Range A. catenulata is found about the
middie of a catenary sequence on deeply weathered sediments but to the east and
north it appears to form the uppermost component. In the northern part of its
range stands of A. catenulata and A. shirleyi (lancewood) sometimes adjoin but
do not mix.

A. catenulata probably behaves similarly to A. aneura (mulga) in flowering
throughout the year whenever soil moisture is high, but pods are usually formed
only in the period September to November.

Without pods specimens of A. catenulata are difficult to distinguish from
those of A. aneura and sometimes A. leptostachya but A. catenulata is easily
recognized in the field. Mature trees have deeply fluted trunks and often rather
short horizontal branches.

Prior to its recognition as a distinct species, A. catenulata had been the source
of some confusion. One syntype of A. kempeana F. Muell at MEL (Armadilla,
between Warrego and Maranoa Rivers, in 1867, Barton 217) should undoubtedly
be referred to A. catenulata. Maiden associated a fragmentary specimen of A.
catenulata with a pod and a few attached phyllodes with A. leptostachya and
Mueller figured the pod of A. catenulata as A. leptostachya, thus leading Maiden
to regard A. argentea as being distinct from A. leptostachya, sce Pedley, Proc. Roy.
Soc. Od 74:56 (1964).

146

33. Acacia burrowii Maiden, J. & Proc, Roy. Soc. N.S.W. 53:227 (1920);
Pedley, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd 74:53 (1964). Type: Narrabri, Sep 1916,
Simon comm. Burrow (NSW, holo; K, iso).

Tree to 12 m tall; branchlets angular, somewhat glutinous and scurfy; young
foliage dark. Phyllodes narrowly ovate, broadest on young plants + acute,
410(-11-5) cm long, 4-10(-12) mm wide, 3:5-16(-25) times as long as
wide, narrow and elongate on old trees, striate with longitudinal nerves, not
anastomosing, 1-3 slightly more prominent; gland small, basal; pulvinus 1-2 mm
long. Spikes dense, 1-5-3 mm long on scurfy peduncles 2-5 mm long in pairs
on axillary axis (1:5-)4-8 mm long, sometimes growing out into leafy shoot.
Flowers 5—merous; calyx sinuately lobed, pubescent at base, a few brown
hairs at the top, 0-5-O0-:8mm long; corolla glabrous, divided to the middle,
1-5—1:8mm long, 2-3-3 times as long as the calyx; stamens 2-5-3 mm long;
ovary scurfy, pubescent or with only a few long hairs in the upper half. Pod
flat, convex over the seeds and slightly contracted between them, up to 11cm
long, 2-3 mm wide. Seeds longitudinal, 4-5 mm long, up to 2mm wide, areole
narrow, elongate, open; funicle with ca 6 folds forming basal aril.

LEICHHARDT District: Blackdown Tableland, 23°50’S 149°0S’E, Sep 1971, Henderson
et al. 1156. Maranoa Districr: 10 miles [16 km] SW of Yuleba, Aug 1956, Everist 5813.
DARLING Downs District: 6 miles [10 km] SW of Kogan, Nov 1961, Pedley 904; Inglewood,
Sep 1934, White 12828.

Acacia burrowii is common on loamy or sandy soils in the Darling Downs
and adjacent parts of the Maranoa and Leichhardt Districts. It flowers from
August to October. 7

The species is closely related to A. blakei which has usually larger phyllodes.
The range of A. blakei is a little more coastal and northern than that of A. burrowii.
I have not seen the two growing together naturally though there are large areas
north of Miles occupied by A. blakei which appears to be suitable for A. burrowii.

34. Acacia blakei Pedley, Contrib. Qd Herb. 15:6 (1974). Type: 7 miles S of
Warwick, Oct 1958, Pedley 323 (BRI, holo; A, CANB, K, iso).

Misapplied name: A. cheelii auct. non Blakely; C. T. White, Proc. Roy. Soc.
Od 50:71 (1939). 2

Tree to 13m tall with dark fissured bark; branchlets slender, somewhat
angular, becoming terete, glabrous or slightly scurfy or sometimes, on young plants,
sparse short hairs. Phyllodes straight or slightly falcate, glabrous or with sparse
pubescence on young plants, 5-17 cm long, 7-18(—22) mm wide, 6—20 times as
long as wide, 2-3cm wide and 2-3 times as long as wide on young plants,
many parallel longitudinal nerves, (2—-)3 more prominent than the rest, neither
anastomosing nor concurrent with margin at the base; gland small, basal; pulvinus
3—5mm long. Spikes dense 3-4:5cm long, sometimes curved because of lag
in opening of flowers on lower side, on peduncles 3—4 mm long, usually arranged
in pairs on axillary shoot up to 12mm long which sometimes grows out into
a leafy shoot, spikes sometimes in terminal panicles due to reduction of phyllodes.
Flowers 5—merous; calyx membranous, truncate or sinuately lobed, 0-6—0:8 mm
long, glabrous or pubescent in the lower half, with short brown hairs at the
top; corolla rather thick, glabrous, lobed to the middie, 1-2—1:6mm long,
2-2°5 times as long as the calyx; stamens 2—~3 mm long; ovary glabrous or
pubescent with short appressed hairs. Pod linear, flat but convex over the seeds,
up to 10cm long, 2-3 mm wide; seeds longitudinal, 3:5-4 mm long, 1-6—-1:8 mm
wide, with a long, narrow, open areole; funicle 2—3 times folded into a basal aril.

147

MircHeLL DisTricT: Dividing Range ca 65km NNE of Tambo, 24°15’'S 146°25’E,
Nov 1968, Pedley 2806, LeicHHARDT Disrricr: ca 118 miles [30km] from Cracow on
Taroom Road, Aug 1962, Johnson & Everist 2511. MaArAnoa District: “Yoothapinna”,
25°20’'S 148°18’E, Sep 1974, Gittins 2752, DARLING Downs DistTricT: between Miles &
Chinchilla, Oct 1937, Brass & White 348. Burnetr Disrricr: 16 miles [26km] WSW of
Mundubbera, Sep 1969, Pedley 2893. MorETON Districr: near Mt Alford, 28°04’S 152°34’R,
Oct 1972, Pedley 4001.

Field studies made after the original description of A. blakei was published
indicate that the species is not restricted to the Mt Edwards and Warick areas as
stated in the protologue, but has a much wider geographic range. It is particularly
common around Miles where it often forms dense stands with either A. crassa
or A, julifera, It extends to the Burnett and Leichhardt districts but is less
common there. The description of A. blakei has been modified to allow for
longer and more elongate phyllodes and more pubescent calyxes found in these
more northern populations, A. blakei flowers from August to October.

In general appearance A. blakei resembles A. julifera but it has flat pods
and broad juvenile phyllodes which are at most only sparsely pubescent, whereas
the pods of A. julifera are terete and its juvenile phyllodes densely pubescent.
Blakely (in litt. Qd herb. records) identified Brass & White 348 as “A. cheelii, but
not quite typical. The branchlets are non-glaucous, phyllodia straighter and the
spikes more slender than in the typical form”. A. cheelii is characterised by its
densely golden-pubescent calyx very much shorter than the corolla. It is not
particularly closely related to A. blakei.

35. Acacia crassicarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth., London J. Bot. 1:379 (1842):
C. T. White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd 57:22 (1946), pro syn.; Pedley, Contrib.

Qd Herb. 18:15 (1975). Type: Lizard L,

Aug ioe , Cunningham
(K; BM, iso; lectotypus novus) :

Tree to about 8m tall; branchlets angular, scurfy. Phyllodes glabrous,
curved, = acute, narrowed eradually into the pulvinus, 11-20 cm long, 1-3-5
(—4-5) cm wide, 2:5-12 times as long as wide with 3-5 yellowish longitudinal
nerves prominent, tending to run into lower margin at the base, secondary nerves
crowded, not anastomosing; gland basal, a prominent swelling and a small
orifice; pulvinus (4—)5-12(-16) mm long, Spikes moderately dense, 4:5—6 cm
long on scurfy peduncles 5—10 mm long in groups of 2—6 in upper axils. Flowers
‘S—merous; calyx 0:-5—O-7 mm long, membranous, = glabrous with scurfy, concave
lobes; corolla widely spreading, glabrous, 1:3-1-6mm long, 2-2°8 times as
long as the calyx, lobed to the middle; stamens 2—3 mm long; ovary shortly
pubescent, hairs denser at top. Pod woody, flat, glabrous, the margins + straight
‘transversely but hardly reticulately nerved, to 8cm long, 2:5—3-:5mm wide.
Seeds transverse, ca 6mm long and 3 mm wide; areole large and almost closed;
funicle folded and thickened, forming long aril beneath seed, (Fig. 94, inflorescence;
10m, pod)

Coox District: Mapoon, May 1901, J. F. Bailey; Davies Creek, Mareeba District,
Apr 1962, McKee 9325. NorrH KENNEDY DISTRICT: Magnetic I., Mar 1922, White 1623.

A, crassicarpa is common in eucalypt open-forest in coastal areas north of
about Townsville, often in association with A. leptocarpa, It is sympatric with
A. qaulacocarpa to which it is closely allied but A. aulacocarpa is s usually found
on wetter sites. See A. aulacocarpa for further discussion.

148

White who had not seen type material referred A. crassicarpa to A. aulaco-
carpa yar. macrocarpa which he distinguished from A. aulacocarpa var. aulacocarpa
by its wider and woodier pods. I have not seen the type of A. aulacocarpa var.
macrocarpa, but I consider it should be referred to A. aulacocarpa with A. cras-
sicarpa being specifically distinct.

36. Acacia aulacocarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth., London J. Bot. 1:378 (1842);
Pedley, Contrib. Qd Herb. 18:16 (1975). Syntypes: Port Bowen, 3rd

HS & 6 Cunningham (K; BM, iso).

Voyage of “Mermaid”, July . 1830

A. aulacocarpa var. (?) macrocarpa Benth., Fl. Aust. 2:410 (1864);
“White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd 57:22 (1946). Type: not seen.

A. lamprocarpa O, Schwarz, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regn. Veg. 24:86 (1927).
Type: Darwin, Nov 1929, Bleeser 456 (MEL, iso)

Shrub or tree to 15m; branchlets slender, angular, somewhat hoary and
sometimes glutinous. Phyllodes glabrous, straight or falcate, acute or subacute,
5-15 cm long, 6—25(—30) mm wide, 3-12 times as long as wide; 1-3 prominent
longitudinal nerves, somewhat crowded towards lower margin at the base and
numerous, + parallel, secondary nerves, not anastomosing; gland basal, prominent
swelling and small orifice; pulvinus 4-7 mm long. Spikes, usually at least moderately _
dense, 2-5-5 cm long, on scurfy peduncles 2—7 mm long, single or in pairs at the
base of rudimentary axillary shoots. Flowers 5—merous; calyx 0:5~-1 mm Iong, ©
membranous, with broad obtuse scurfy lobes 0:2—-0-3 mm long; corolla 1-5—
1:9 mm long, lobed to the middle, glabrous, 2-3 times as long as the calyx;
stamens ca 3 mm long; ovary shortly pubescent, scurfy. Pod glabrous, somewhat
woody, prominently obliquely transversely veined, straight or twisted when old,
up to 10cm long, 1-2cm wide. Seeds transverse ca 5:5 mm long and 2:5 mm
wide; areole, large, open; funicle flat, rather broad, folded ca 5 times forming
aril beneath seed.

36a. A. aulacocarpa var. aulacocarpa.

Tree; phyllodes with crowded nerves, 7-15 cm long, 4-12 times as long
as wide; calyx 0-7-1 mm long; pods usually 1-5-2 cm wide.

BurxE Disrrict: 25 miles [40 km] N of Turn-off Lagoon, Jun 1966, Pedley 2079.
Cook District: Iren Range, 12°39’S 143°13’E, Aug 1965, Gittins 1066; Gadgarra, Jun 1929,
' Kajewski 1083. Norra KENNEDy Districr: Magnetic I., Jul 1938, Goy 335, LEICHHARDT
District: Boothill Creek, 10 miles [16 km] S of Nebo turn-off on Bruce Highway, Jun 1958,
Pedley 273. Port Curtis Districr: Byfield, Sep 1931, White 8038; Rosedale, Dovey 39.
Wipe Bay District: Fraser I., Oct 1930, Hubbard 4614. BurNetr Districr: Nanango, Mar
1919, Grove. Moreton District: Mt Cotton, Feb 1935, Everist 1004.

36b. A. aulacocarpa var. fruticosa C..T. White, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd 57:23
(1946). Type: Mt Ngun Neun, alt. 800 ft, Mar 1931, White 7651 (BRI,
holo)

Shrub to ca 3 m; nerves of phyllodes less crowded; phyllodes 5-10 cm long,
3-5 times as long as wide; calyx 0:5-0-6mm long; pods 1-1-2 cm wide.

Wipe Bay District: Mt Tinbeerwah near Cooroy, Apr 1962, Everist 7168. MoORETON
Districr: Mt Ngun Ngun, Mar 1931, Hubbard 5911.

149

Acacia aulacocarpa (hickory wattle) has an extraordinarily wide range,
extending from about the Richmond River in New South Wales to southern New
Guinea and the northern part of the Northern Territory. It is found along the
entire eastern coast of Queensland, on both sides of northern part of Cape York
Peninsula and in the western part of the Gulf of Carpentaria. The ecological
range of the species is also noteworthy. In southern Queensland it reaches its
greatest size and density on alluvial soils along streams and on the edges of
rainforests, but extends into eucalypt open. forest on less fertile soil where it,
A, concurrens and A. penninervis are often extremely common. A. aulacocarpa
var. fruticosa is found on skeletal soils on peaks in coastal southern Queensland.
In north. Queensland A. aulacocarpa is found on the margins of and sometimes in
rainforests on the eastern Atherton Tableland, Mcilwraith and Iron Ranges, but
also in eucalypt open-forest especially along creeks. North of about Townsville
A. aulacocarpa and the nearly related A. crassicarpa are sympatric. A. aulacocarpa,
however, grows usually on better watered and more fertile soils along drainage
lines and streams.

Flowering extends from February to April in subtropical, and from April
to June in tropical regions, Fruits mature in the second half of the year.

Considering its large geographical and ecological range, the species does
not show a particularly wide range of variability. A. aulacocarpa var. fruticosa
with narrow pods and shrubby habit is the only variant formally recognized.
Further studies may reveal that narrow-phylloded plants from the southern part
of the Atherton Tableland may constitute another infra-specific taxon.

I have not seen type material of A. aulacocarpa vat. macrocarpa, White who
saw no type material at all, treated A. crassicarpa as a synonym of A, aulacocarpa
var. macrocarpa. Bentham’s description however suggests that A. aulacocarpa var.
macrocarpa falls within the circumscription of. what I have considered A. aulaco-
carpa var, aulacocarpa though the pods (to 2:5cm broad) are rather large.
The pods being “much undulate” as well as the localities cited exclude from
consideration A, crassicarpa.

37. Acacia rhodoxylon Maiden, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S,W. 53:223 (1920).
Type: Eidsvold, Bancroft 19 (NSW, holo).

Tree to 16m; bark thin, black, peeling in small curved flakes (likened by
Maiden to a French fowl); branchlets angular, glabrous, glutinous, sometimes
scurty; young tips dark. Phyllodes coriaceous, so thick as to make nervature
indistinct, glabrous, straight or somewhat curved, (6—)7—9:5(—13-5) cm long,
7:°5-20 mm wide, 3:5-8(—14) times as Jong as wide, many parallel crowded
indistinct longitudinal nerves, 3-5 slightly more prominent than the rest; gland
basal, inconspicuous; pulvinus 4-5 mm long. Spikes 2—3.cm long, dense, on
scurfy peduncles 1-2 cm long in pairs or single at the base of a rudimentary
axillary shoot, one spike sometimes markedly more developed than the other.
Flowers 5—merous; calyx membranous, ca 0-8mm long, + truncate or with
ovate lobes 0:2 mm long, fimbriate at the top and usually with a few longish
hairs at the base; corolla 1-2~1:5 mm long, 1-S5—2 times as long as the calyx,
lobed to about the middle; stamens 2-5-3 mm long; ovary glabrous or somewhat
scurfy. Pod flat, glabrous, slightly shining, 3:5-4-5 cm long, 5-6 mm wide. Seeds
longitudinal, ca 3-5 mm long and 2:5 mm wide, longitudinal or slightly eae:
areole small, open, central, much broader than long.

150

Port CurRtTIs Districr: between Raglan & Marmor, Jun 1962, Pedley 1022, LricHHARDT
Districr: Clermont, Mar 1927, White 3458. Burnetr District: 20km NE of Eidsvold,
Dec 1972, Pedley 4016.

Acacia rhodoxylon (rosewood or ringy rosewood) occurs in coastal and
subcoastal parts of central Queensland from Eidsvold to a little north of Clermont.
One specimen in young bud only from Mt Garnet, about 600 km NNW of
Clermont, is tentatively included as well. Flowering trees are not particularly
striking but from the relatively few collections it appears to flower sporadically
throughout the year.

The rather thick phyllodes with indistinct nerves, long peduncles and unusual
finely flaking bark sets the species apart from all others and permits easy identifica-
tion, particularly in the field.

38. Acacia whitei Maiden, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd 30:125 (1918). Type: Stannary
Hills, in 1910, Bancroft (NSW, holo)

Shrub to ca 2m tall, sometimes flowering when very small, branchlets
angular, glabrous. Phyllodes straight, linear lanceolate to elliptic, 5-15 cm long,
2:5-10 mm wide, 5-60 times as long as wide, midrib prominent, 3—7 other less
prominent nerves on each side of miirib, not anastomosing, venation conspicuous
in fresh material; gland basal, small and inconspicuous; pulvinus ca 1 mm long.
Spikes fairly dense, 1-5—2:5 cm long on glabrous, axillary peduncles less than
5 mm long, rachis glabrous. Flowers 4—(or rarely 5—)merous; calyx glabrous, ca
1mm long with lobes ca 0:3 mm long; corolla glabrous, lobed to about the
middle, ca 2:5 mm long; stamens ca 2:5 mm; ovary pubescent. Pod flat linear,
with prominent raised pale margins, up to 7cm long, 5-10 mm wide, glabrous.
Seeds longitudinal, ca 5:5 mm long, 4:5 mm wide, rather thick; areole small,
central, closed, surrounded by a conspicuous pale area; funicle thick and folded
only once beneath seed. (Fig. 10d, pod).

Cook Disrricr: Davies Creek, Apr 1962, McKee 9332; between Herberton & Watsonville,
Jul 1967, Brass 33611. Norra KENNeEpy Districr: 13 km from Paluma on Ewan Road,
19°01’S 146°OS’E, Aug 1972, Gittins 2514.

Acacia whitei is found on shallow stony soils in eucalypt communities in
the Davies Creek area (SE of Mareeba), the Herberton-Watsonville area and
the Paluma Range (NW of Townsville). It appears to flower and fruit sporadically
throughout the year. It does not seem to be closely related to any other Queens-
land species though it does resemble A. hyaloneura to some extent.

39, Acacia drepanocarpa F. Mucll., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3:137 (1859), Icon.
Aust. Sp. Acacia dec. 11 (1888); Benth., Fl. Aust. 2:402 (1864). Type:
Roper River, Mueller 27 (K, iso).

Shrub to ca 3m tall; branchlets yellowish, slender, angular, glabrous and
glutinous. Phyllodes glabrous, linear, acute, 4:5—12 cm long, 1-5—-11 mm wide,
5-60: times as long as wide, a yellowish raised midrib prominent with 1, 3 or
rarely 5, raised less prominent, sometimes translucent nerves on each side, with
intermediate finer nerves, anastomosing especially when phyllodes are broad;
gland basal or up to 1 cm from the base, the margin of the phyllode sometimes
-bent at the gland; pulvinus 0-5-1 mm long. Spikes dense, 1-5-2-5 cm long on
glabrous peduncles 8-10 mm long single or in pairs in the axils, Flowers 5—merous;
calyx membranous, glabrous, somewhat incurved at the top, ca 1mm long with

151

lobes ca 0:2mm long; corolla 1-8mm long with lobes ca 0-3 mm long, not
closely enclosed by the calyx; stamens ca 3mm long; ovary tomentose. Pods
ca 8cm long, 6 mm wide near the top narrowed to the base, the valves wocdy,
opening elastically from the apex.

39a, A. drepanocarpa subsp. drepanocarpa

Phyllodes up to 12cm long, 1:5~-3:5 mm _ wide, 20-60 times as long as
wide; gland 4-10 mm from the base.

Not found in Queensland.

39b. A. drepanocarpa subsp. latifolia Pedley, Contrib. Qd Herb. 15:10 (1974).
Type: Northern Territory: 36 miles W of “Soudan”, Jun 1960, Chippendale
NT7307 (BRI, holo).

Phyllodes up to 7:5cm long, 4-11 mm wide, 5-13 times as long as wide;
gland basal or up to 2 mm from the base. 7

Grecory Norrs Districr: Pilpah Hills, “Barkly Downs”, Oct 1962, Pedfey 1078.

Acacia drepanocarpa is widely distributed in the Northern Territory, but
has been collected only once in Queensland, near the boundary of the Northern
Territory (subsp. latifolia). A sterile specimen from near Pentland (Pedley 2120)
previously referred to A. drepanocarpa subsp. drepanocarpa (Contrib. Qd Herb,
15. fig. 2A. 1974) is probably A. adsurgens.

In the protologue Mueller did not describe flowers. Bentham cited the type
and another specimen(s), Henne (Palm and Whitsunday Islands) and described
the flowers, Maiden in his description of A. tanumbirinensis (in Ewart & Davies:
Fl. North. Terr, 338. 1917) pointed out that Bentham’s description of the calyx
was not correct. The phyllodes illustrated by Mueller (1888) are hardly those of
A, drepanocarpa, especially in their having ‘more than one gland, though they
were not commented on by Maiden. I have not scen the Henne specimen cited
by Bentham.

40. Acacia ancistrocarpa Maiden & Blakely, J. Roy. Soc. West. Aust. 13:31
(1928). Syntypes: between Minderoo & Globe Hill, Ashburton River,
Sep 1905, Morrison (K, iso); Barrow Creek, May 1922, White 81
K, MEL, iso); Darwin to Pine Creek, Jensen in Allen 209 (not seen),

Shrub, with bright green foliage, to 4m tall; branchlets glabrous; slightly
glutinous, angular, slender, yellow. Phyllodes coriaceous, slightly curved, broadest
above the middle, 9-5-18 cm long, 3-6(—7) mm wide, 19-40(-60) times as
long as wide, one yellowish longitudinal nerve prominent, other longitudinal
nerves indistinct but not anastomosing, margins yellowish; gland basal, slightly
projecting with rimmed orifice; pulvinus 1-2 mm long. Spikes dense, 1:5—2 cm
long, on glabrous peduncles 5-8 mm long, single or in pairs at the base of
a rudimentary axillary shoot. Flowers 5-merous; calyx broad at the top,
0-5—0-8 mm long, with lobes 0-15-0-25 mm long with fringing hairs;. corolla
glabrous, lobed to the middle, 1-5 mm long, 2-3 times as long as the calyx;
stamens ca 3:5 mm long; ovary densely pubescent. Pod woody, slightly glutinous,
obliquely nerved, flat but raised over the seeds, 7-5cm long, up to 12mm
wide, valves rolling back elastically as in A. arida and other species. Seeds
obliquely transverse, 7mm long, 4-5 mm wide; areole closed, fairly large.

Burke District: “Barkly Downs”, May 1948, Perry 739. GreGcory NorTa DISTRICT:
“Oban”, 60 miles [96 km] SW of Mt Isa, Nov 1938, Everist 1691.

152

Acacia ancistrocarpa is found in Queensland on sandy red earths in the
Mt Isa—Urandangie area, but extends to the Northern Territory and Western
Australia. Flowers are produced from May to July.

}

It has already been shown (Contrib. Qd Herb. 15:13. 1974) that one
of the syntypes of A. pachycarpa F. Muell. ex Benth. should properly ‘be referred
to A, ancistrocarpa, The choice of the lectotype A. pachycarpa has however
determined the correct application of the name A. ancistrocarpa.

41. Acacia shirleyi Maiden, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd 53:218 (1920). Type: Mount
Rose, Eidsvold,, Nov 1912, Bancroft 14 (NSW, holo; BM, K, iso).:

A, doratoxylon A, Cunn. var. laxiflora Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:268
(1926). Type: Mt Remarkable apud. opp. Pentland, Mar 1910
Dornin “5090” (PR, holo).

Tree to 15m with rough fissured dark bark; branchlets angular, glabrous,
yellowish, sometimes resinous or mealy or with brown scurf; young tips dark.
Phylicdes coriaceous, linear, straight or curved, (8:5—)10~—15(—18) cm long,
2—7(—9) mm wide, 16-45(-65) times as long as wide, striate with many
parallel, non-anastomosing nerves, the central one usually more prominent.
Spikes moderately dense 2—-3-5cm long on peduncles, sometimes appressed
pubescent at the base, 5-9 mm long, single or in pairs on a rudimentary axillary
axis sometimes growing out into a leafy shoot. Flowers 5—merous; calyx
O:5—-0:8 mm long with densely hirsute obtuse lobes 0:2-0:3 mm long; corolla
lobes glabrous, united to about the middle, strongly reflexed, 1-5-1-9 mm long
as the calyx; stamens ca 3mm long; ovary densely pubescent. Pod somewhat
woody, longitudinally wrinkled, resinous, raised over the seeds and slightly
contracted between them, ca 12cm long, 4:5 mm wide. Seeds longitudinal,
4mm long, 2:5 mm wide; areole semicircular, small central (cf, A. petraea).,
funicle expanded and folded about four times forming basal aril.

Burke District: Selwyn, May 1963, Gittins 717. Coox Districr: 37 miles [59 km] S$
of Forsayth, Jul 1953, Lazarides 3862. NorTH KENNEDY DIsTRICT: 19 miles [30 km] W of
“Greenvale” Stn, Jul 1954, Lazarides 4668. Grecory Norra District: “Tranby”, May 1936,
Blake 11390. MircuHeLy Districr: Joycedale, 13 miles [21 km] SSW of Jericho, Nov 1968,
Pedley 2815, SourH KENNEDY District: “Beresford”, 50 miles [80 km] WNW of Clermont,
Jul 1964, Pedley 1732. LeicnHarpr District: 56 miles [90km] SW of Nebo, Jun 1962,
Story & Yapp 37; ca 50 miles [80 km] from Injune on Rolleston Road, Apr 1961, Johnson
2141, Darrtinc Downs Disrricr: 16km W of Miles, Apr 1971, Henderson et al. 906.
BuRNETT District: Eidsvold, Bancroft.

Acacia shirleyi (lancewood) is confined to shallow gravelly soils on scarps—
of weathered sandstone or on shallow sandy soil overlying weathered sandstone.
It ranges from the northern parts of the Darling Downs District to a little
north of Mt Isa and the Northern Territory. It is absent from coastal districts,
from the south-western part of the State and from Cape York Peninsula.
Like A. catenulata and A. petraea which occupy similar habitats in the south-
west, A, shirleyi forms dense pure stands, occasionally with emergent eucalypts.
In the headwaters of Alpha Creek south of Alpha stands of A. catenulata and
A. shirleyi adjoin but do not mix. |

A. shirleyi resembles A. petraea and A. adsurgens in characters of the
phyllodes, pods and seeds. The first two both occur on weathered sedimentary
rocks but A. adsurgens commonly occurs on sand plain with spinifex (Triodia

spp.).

153

42. Acacia petraea Pedley, Contrib. Qd Herb. 15:14 (1974). Type: North-
western extremity of Gowan Range, SE of Emmet, Jul 1963, Everist
7321 (BRI, holo).

Tree to 10m tall; branchlets angular, at first with dense appressed hairs,
soon glabrous. Phyllodes coriaceous linear straight or curved, acute glabrous
13-526 cm long, 2:5-6 mm wide, 22~95(—110) times as long as wide, with
one longitudinal nerve slightly prominent and the others fine numerous parallel,
not anastomosing, Spikes dense, 1-2-5cm long, in pairs on short rudimentary
axillary shoot, the axis 2-4 cm long and peduncles (2—) 10-15 mm long. Flowers
5—merous; calyx membranous 0:7—1:2 mm long, shortly lobed, pubescent with
sometimes brown hairs; corolla lobes united to the middle, glabrous, 1:9-2-1 mm.
long, 1:8—2-5 times as long as calyx; stamens 3-5—4 mm long; ovary pubescent
with appressed hairs. Pod flat but convex over the seeds and slightly contracted
between them, 8-5 cm long, 3:5mm broad. Seeds longitudinal 4-5 mm long,
2:5mm broad with a very short pale areole; funicle flat twice folded towards
the apex, 3

WarrEco Districr: 35 miles [56km] E of Quilpie, 26°49’°S 144°49"E, Nov 1968,
Pedley 2823. “Tarko”, 35 miles [56 km] SW of Eulo, Aug 1967, Davidson.

The species which is usually known as lancewood occurs on lateritic scarps
in the Grey Range and its outliers. Other species also closely associated with
laterite in south-western Queensland are A. catenulata, A. clivicola, A. ensifolia
and A. microsperma. It has previously been referred to A. doratoxylon A, Cunn,
which however has usually shorter phyllodes, the rudimentary axis bearing the
peduncles better developed, somewhat smaller flowers, and the areole of the
seed elongate, narrow and not paler than the rest of the seed. The short
pale areole possibly indicates a relationship to A. shirleyi which occupies similar
habitats in less arid parts of northern Australia, and to A. adsurgens,

43. Acacia sparsiflora Maiden, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. 53:221 (1920).
Type: Eidsvold, Bancroft 5 (NSW, holo).

A tree to 15 m tall, with rough bark; branchlets slender, angular, glabrous
or with scattered hairs, Phyllodes rather thin, curved, = acute, glabrous or with
scattered hairs, elliptic with dense appressed hairs ca 0-15 mm long on young
plants; many fine parallel nerves, 1(—3) more prominent than the others, not
anastomosing; (8—-)9:5—-16(—19) cm long, (2—)5—8(—13) mm wide, 7—25(-50)
times as long as wide, on young plants as little as 4 cm long and 4 times as long
as wide. Spikes sparse, 2-4:5 om long, on glabrous peduncles 5-10 mm long, in
pairs at the base of a rudimentary shoot which may grow out into a leafy branch.
Flowers 5—merous; calyx cartilaginous, 0-8—1 mm long, glabrous at the tops of
the sinuous lobes, sinuses broad; corolla 1-8—2-1mm long, 2—2:4 times as long
as the calyx, lobes ca 3 times as long as the tube, shortly ciliate in upper half
and with a tuft of hairs at the rather thick apex; stamens 2:5—-3 mm long; ovary
densely pubescent all over, or only in the upper half. Pod 9 cm long, 3 mm wide,
flat, sightly constricted between the seeds and slightly convex over them, glabrous,
with prominent margins. Seeds longitudinal, 5 mm long, 2 mm wide; areole large,
open, elongate; funicle with about 7 folds forming prominent basal aril.

SOUTH KENNEDY District: “Logan Downs” Stn, Aug 1964, Pedley 1740. LEICHHARDT
District: “Mt Playfair” Stn, Aug 1956, Biddulph 17. MarANnoa District: Ooline, 20 miles
[32 km] W of Mitchell, Apr 1936, Blake 10961. Dartinc Downs Disrricr: “Glenoie”, near
Hannaford, Apr 1939, Everist 1744. BuRNETT Districr: Eidsvold, Bancroft.

— 154

Acacia sparsifiora is most common in the western part of the Darling Downs
District but there are isolated stands in the South Kennedy and Leichhardt
Districts. It usually forms dense stands (sometimes with A. shirleyi) on shallow
soils, often overlying weathered sandstone. It flowers from May to August.

Young plants of A. sparsiflora are densely appressed pubescent with elliptic
phyllodes and do not resemble mature plants which have narrow, markedly falcate,
subglabrous phyllodes. Trees with “intermediate” foliage resemble A. burrowiti,
but the two species are not closely related.

The type locality is Eidsvold, but Bancroft seems to have been the only
person to have collected the plant in the vicinity of Eidsvold. I suspect that
Bancroft’s Eidsvold specimens were collected over a wide area. It is likely that
the type locality for A. sparsiflora is north of Chinchilla rather than Eidsvold.

44. Acacia kempeana F, Muell., Aust. Chem. & Druggist 5:26 (1882). Type:
Finke River, Kempe (MEL: lectotypus novus).

A. sibirica 8. Moore, J. Linn, Soc, Bot. 34:189 (1899), Type: Siberia Rock,
Western Australian Goldfields [75 km NW of Kalgoorlie], Jan 1895,
Moore (BM, holo).

Spreading shrub or small tree to ca 5m tall; branchlets angular slightly
scurfy, young tips dark. Phyllodes straight or sharply curved a little above the
base, glabrous, 3-6 cm long, 4-10 mm wide, 4—9(—13) times as long as wide;
usually obtuse, widest near the top and narrowed to the base, many close parallel
nerves, one sometimes more prominent than the rest; gland + basal; pulvinus
(1—)2(~—3) mm long. Spikes moderately dense 1-1-5(—2) cm long on peduncles,
5—10 mm long in pairs in the upper axils. Flowers 5—merous; calyx cylindrical,
some long hairs at the base 0-6—-0-:8 mm long, shortly lobed; corolla glabrous,
1-5—1-7 mm long, 2—2:5 times as long as the calyx; stamens ca 3 mm long; ovary
glabrous. Pods shortly stipitate, flat, 3-6cm long, 1-1:4cm wide, the valves
chartaceous. Seeds transverse, 4-5 mm long, ca 2 mm wide; areole small narrow
open surrounded by pale area; funicle folded about 4 times forming prominent
basal aril.

Grecory Nort District: ca 155 km NW of Windorah, 24°52’S 141°18’R, May 1973,
Boyland. :

_ Acacia kempeana (witchetty bush) is widespread in arid areas of Australia
‘where it occurs usually on stony hillsides or on coarse textured alluvial soils. In
Queensland it is common on sand-plain with mulga in the vicinity of Windorah,
Like A. aneura, A. kempeana probably flowers whenever temperature and soil
moisture are high, though it appears from herbarium specimens that mature fruit
are found mainly in September.

A, kempeana and A. clivicola are closcly related. The latter has narrower
phyllodes and pods with oblique seeds. Where the ranges of the two species
adjoin in north-western Queensland populations intermediate between the two
sometimes occur.

A lectotype has been chosen, mainly to exclude one of the other syntypes
(between Warrego and Manaroa, Barton. MEL) from consideration as a possible
lectotype. This is A. catenulata.

155

45. Acacia clivicola Pedley, Contrib. Qd Herb. 15:7 (1974). Type: Gregory
South District: nr Pinkella about 40 miles [64km] from Quilpie on
Windorah Road, Mar 1960, Johnson 1508 (BRI, holo; NT, iso).

Shrub up to 2:5m high with branches obliquely ascending from the short
trunk; branchlets slender angular somewhat resinous and scurfy; young shoots
often brownish. Phyllodes linear sometimes terete, the broadest part a little above
the middle, glabrous coriaceous, (2—)3—6(—7) cm long, (0:7—)1-3(-4) mm broad,
9-14(-60) times as long as broad, nerves parallel = equal numerous slender
and not anastomosing; a prominent gland with a small orifice at the base or
2-5 mm from the base, with the margin of the phyllode and the phyllode bent at
the gland. Spikes dense 3—7(—12) mm long in pairs in the upper axils with slightly
scurfy peduncles 3-8 mm long; bracteoles peltate with a scurfy lamina 0-4mm
wide. Flowers 5—merous; calyx (0:6—-)0-7-0-9 mm long, densely pubescent with
lobes 0:15 mm long; corolla lobes glabrous joined to the middle, 1-5-1-8 mm
long, 2—2:7 times as long as the calyx; stamens 2-5-3 mm long; ovary slightly
scurfy sometimes smooth. Pod flat convex over the seeds alternately on each
side, glabrous or glutinous, to 5cm long, 4-7(—10) mm wide, transversely nerved.
Seeds obliquely transverse, ca 3mm long, 2—2:5mm broad, funicle gradually
thickened folded about 4 times making a somewhat broad cupular aril.

Burke District: Selwyn, Feb 1959, Sillar, Grecory Norra Disrricr: “Roxborough
Downs”, ca 80 miles [130km] SE of Urandangie, Nov 1948, Everist 3603. MITCHELL
District: 54 miles [86 km] W of Yaraka, Aug 1963, Everist 7376. GREGORY SoUTH DISTRICT:
7 miles [12km] E of Windorah, Jun 1949, Everist 3890. Warreco Districr: 33 miles
[53 km] E of Adavale, Sep 1967, Pedley 2501. Maranoa District: “Boatman” Stn, Apr
1948, Everist 3429.

Acacia clivicola (bastard mulga) is most common on shallow soil overlying
lateritic pavement. It is a feature of “mulga country” between the Warrego River
and the Grey Range, but it ranges from there to the Georgina basin south of
Urandangie. It appears to flower and fruit sporadically throughout the year.

A. clivicola closely resembles A. kempeana and what may be intermediates
with that species are found in the north-western part of its range. For the most
part, however it is readily distinguished by its narrow phyllodes and oblique seeds
and warrants recognition as a species. Despite its common name it is not closely
related to A. aneura. |

46, Acacia hammondii Maiden, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. 51:95 (1917).
Type: Lower Victoria River, Mueller 93 (NSW, holo; K, iso).

A, sphaerogemma Maiden & Blakely, J. Roy. Soc. W.A. 13:30 (1927).
Type: Walmudja, Roper River, May 1921, N. B. Tindale (NSW, holo;
K, iso).

Misapplied name: A. plectocarpa auct. non Benth.; F. Muell., Icon. Aust.
Sp. Acacia dec. 10 (1888).

Tree to ca 4m tall with rather fibrous bark; branchlets angular, slender,
glutinous, glabrous or with scattered curved hairs. Phyllodes rather stiff, straight,
acute, sometimes with an oblique mucro, glabrous or sparsely pubescent at base
(4—)6~—9(-11) cm long, (2—)3—-5(-6) mm wide, 11—22(-33) times as long as
wide, many close + parallel longitudinal nerves, not anastomosing, two more
prominent than the rest; gland basal with a small rimmed orifice; pulvinus ca
1mm long. Spikes dense, 1:2—2:5cm long on glabrous or sparsely pubescent
peduncles 3~7(—10) mm long, single in the axils. Flowers 5—merous; calyx mem-
branous, glabrous except for a few fringing hairs, 0-7-0:9 mm long, with lobes

156

0:2—-0:3mm long; corolla glabrous, deeply lobed, 1:4—-1-9mm long, 2-2-2
times as long as the calyx; stamens 2—2:5 mm long; ovary densely pubescent.
Pod brown, shiny, glabrous, margins yellow, flat but raised over the seeds alter-
nately on each side, ca 5cm long and 8mm wide. Seeds transverse, 4-5 mm
long, ca 2-5 mm wide; areole small, elongate open; funicle forming clavate aril.

Burke District; 14 miles [22km] E of “Iffley’ Stn, Aug 1953, Lazarides 3937.
Coox District; Lappa Junction, Jun 1962, Gittins 540B.

Acacia hammondii occurs on sandy and stony soil in eucalypt woodland. It
is fairly common in north-western Queensland and extends to the western
part of the Atherton Tableland but is not common in the eastern part of its range.
It flowers in June and July and mature fruit have been collected in August and
September.

In the protologue Maiden noted Mueller’s misidentification of A. hammondii
as A, plectocarpa, a species not known to occur in Queensland. The type of
A, sphaerogemma has narrower phyllodes than much of the material of A.
hammnonan but the two are certainly conspecific.

47. Acacia solandri Benth., Fl. Aust. 2:406 (1864); Pedley, Contrib. Od Herb
18:20. 1975). Type: Bay of Inlets, Banks & Solander (BM, holo).

Tree to ca 12m tall with slender, angular, glabrous branchlets, young plants
possibly with pubescent stems and phyllodes. Phyllodes glabrous falcate, broadest
above the middle, 9-17 cm long, 6-16 mm broad, 9—22 times as long as broad;
two major longitudinal nerves, sometimes concurrent with each other or running
into ventral margin near the base and many crowded somewhat anastomosing
secondary nerves; gland basal or subbasal; pulvinus 2-4 mm long. Spikes open
3-8 cm long with glabrous rachis, on glabrous peduncles 5—10 mm long in axillary
pairs. Flowers 5—merous; calyx cylindrical, glabrous, 0-8-1 mm long, sinuately
lobed; corolla 1:8—2-:5 mm long, glabrous divided to middle with lobes strongly
reflexed, 2—2-+5 times as long as calyx; stamens 2-5—3-5 mm long; ovary densely
pubescent. Pod flat, sometimes raised over the seeds, glabrous, coiled up to 10 cm
long, 3:5-5 mm broad; seeds longitudinal or slightly oblique when pod broad,
seeds 3-5-5 mm long, 2-5—3-5 mm wide, areole very large, open; funicle folded
many times beneath seed forming aril almost as long as seed (Fig. 10e, pod).

NorTH KENNEDY DISTRICT: Long I, Jun 1962, Pedley 1029, Sours KENNEDY District:
Hillsborough Nat. Park, 21°S 149°E, Nov 1971, McDonald 24.

Acacia solandri is scattered around the margin of the Coral Sea. A. solandri
subsp. kajewskii is confined to the New Hebrides while A. solandri subsp.
solandri is found on the southern coast of Papua and is common on continental
islands of the Queensland coast between about 23° and 25°S latitude. It often forms
groves in sandy soil behind beaches. It has also been collected on the mainland
near Proserpine and north of Mackay but is evidently less common than on the
islands, A sterile specimen tentatively referred to A. solandri was collected on a
small island near Gladstone. Mature fruits have been collected in June, July and
August and flowering probably occurs in late summer.

Acacia solandri is closely related to A. spirorbis from New Caledonia, but
confusion has occurred not with that species but with A. julifera and, for some
unaccountable reason, with A. shirleyi. The Leichhardt specimen from the Boyd
River mentioned by Bentham in the protologue of A. solandri should be referred
to A, shirleyi, and the Brown specimen from the Cumberland Islands cited by
Bentham (Fl. Aust.) under A. julifera is A. solandri.

157

48. *Acacia hyaloneura Pedley. Type: 34 km from Pentland towards ‘Tertens
Creek, Aug 1972, Gittins 2523 (BRI, holo),

Shrub up to 3m tall; branchlets angular, glabrous and slightly glutinous,
yellowish. Phyllodes straight, acute or obtuse mucronulate, 6-11 cm long, 6-11
mm wide, 8-14 times as long as wide, midrib raised, secondary nerves parallel,
not or slightly anastomosing, hyaline, only slightly raised, 7-14 on each side of the
midrib; gland small, basal; pulvinus 3-5 mm long. Spikes interrupted, 2-5-3 cm
long on peduncles 4-6mm long in pairs in upper axils; bracteoles concave,
sessile, embracing flowers before expansion of spikes. Flowers 5—merous; calyx
broad cylindric, 0:7 mm long with broad obtuse lobes 0-2 mm long, fimbriate,
otherwise glabrous; corolla glabrous, ca 2mm long, reflexed; stamens ca 4mm
long; ovary pubescent. Pods glabrous 6—-8cm long, 5~7mm wide, ca 5mm
thick with woody valves with thickened margins, opening by rolling back elastically
from the apex. Seeds longitudinal-ca 5:5mm long and 3mm wide, rough
surfaced; areole large open; funicle straight, stiff, slightly thickened below seed.

NorRTHERN TERRITORY: 50 miles [80 km] NE of “Creswell” Stn, Jul 1948, Perry 1678.
QUEENSLAND. Burke District: 32km from Gunpowder on “Quamby” Road, Oct 1972,
Althofer 299 (sterile). MircHeLL Disrricr: Torrens Creek, Young. SouTH KENNEDY
Districr: “Disney” Stn, ca 90 miles [145 km] N of Clermont, Jul 1964, Pedley 1722.

Acacia hyaloneura ranges from north of Clermont to the Great Dividing
Range near Torrens Creek through north-western Queensland to the Northern
Territory but it is not at all common, It occurs usually with low eucalypts on
shallow rocky soil, It flowers from May to July.

Tn general appearance A. hyaloneura resembles A. whitei which however has
raised nerves, shorter stouter spikes and much thinner pods, In venation A.
hyaloneura resembles A, subtilinervis from southern coastal parts of New South
Wales but this has several dense spikes on a short axillary shoots as in A. blakei
and A. caroleae.

49, Acacia calyculata A. Cunn. ex Benth., London J. Bot. 1:379 (1842), Fl.
Aust. 2:410 ae Maiden, Proc. ‘Roy. Soc, Qd 30:46 (1918). Type:

Fitzroy I., June — : Cunningham (K, holo; BM, MEL iso).

A. australis Domin ex Velen., Vergleich. Morphol. Pflanz. 4 (suppl.):

175.t.79 (1913); van der Pijl, Principles of dispersal in higher plants ed.
2. p.32 (1972). Type: unknown.

“Acacia hyaloneura species nova,. affinis A. subtilinervis F. Muell. longioribus sparsifloris
spicis binatim non in axe elongato in axillis differt. Typus: Gittins 2523 (iBRI, holo).

Frutex usque 3m altus; ramuli angulares glabri vel leviter glutinosi, flavidi. Phyliodia
recta, acuta vel obtusa et mucronulata, 6-11 cm longa, 6—11 mm lata, 8-14—plo longiora quam
lata; costa elevata; nervi secundarii paralleli (7-14 utrinque costae) nullimodo vel non nisi
leviter anastomantes, hyalini, non nisi leviter elevati; glans parva basalis; pulvinus 3-5 mm
Jongus. Spicae sparsiflorae, 2:5-3 cm longae in pedunculis binatis axillaribus vectae; bracteclae
concavae sessiles ante expansionem spicarum flores amplectentes. Flores 5—meri; calyx late
cylindracea 0-7 mm longa lobis latis obtusis 0-2 mm longis fimbriatis, cetera glabra: corolla
glabra circa 2mm longa reflexa; stamina circa 4mm lata; ovarium pubescens. Leguinina
glabra, 6-8 cm_ longa, 5—7 mm lata, circa 5mm crassa, yalvis e apice elasticé revolutis,
ligneis marginibus incrassatis praedita, Semina: longitudinalia circa 5-5.mm longa, 3mm
lata, paginis aspris; areolus magnus apertus; funiculus rectus rigens subter semine leviter
incrassatus.

158

A, vilhelmii Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:266 (1926). Type: in xerodrymio
apud Cape False, Jan 1910, Domin “5130” (PR, holo).

Misapplied name: A. holcocarpa auct. non Benth; F. Muell. Fragm. 11:69
(1880), Icon. Aust. Sp. Acac. dec 11 (1888), Linn. Soc. N.S.W. Macleay
Mem. Vol. 224 (1893),

Shrub to 2-:5m tall; branchlets glabrous or scurfy, flattened. Phyllodes
straight or curved, obtuse or acute when narrow, glabrous (4:5-)7—9(—13) cm
long, (4-)6-12(—25) mm wide, 4—12(—16) times as long as wide; three longi-
tudinal nerves prominent, tending to run together near lower margin at base,
many fine =: parallel longitudinal secondary nerves, not anastomosing; gland
basal; pulvinus 2-—4mm long. Spikes open to moderately dense, almost white,
1-5-3-5 cm long on glabrous peduncles 3—7 mm long, in pairs, rarely in 4’s,
~at base of rudimentary axillary shoot, Flowers 5—merous; calyx densely pubescent
0:5-0:7 mm long with lobes ca 0-1mm long; corolla lobed to the middle,
1:2-1-8 mm long, 2:4-2-7 times as long as the calyx; stamens 3-5-4 mm long;
ovary slightly scurfy. Pod terete or slightly quadrangular, hooked at the apex,
tapered to the base and opening elastically from the top, ca 11 cm long, 3 mm
wide. Seeds longitudinal, 4:5mm long, 1:7-2mm wide, 1:2—2mm_ thick;
areole large, open; funicle straight, rather stiff, 3-4 times as long as the seed,
abruptly thickened into cupular aril beneath seed.

Cook District: 75 miles [120 km] S of Cape York, 11°47’S 142°30’E, Jun 1968,
Pedley 2719; Stannary Hills, Jun 1962, Gittins 533A. Norra KENNEDY DISTRICT:
Hinchinbrook I., Aug 1975, Sharpe 1642. & 1667,

Acacia calyculata ranges from Cape York to about Townsville. It occurs
on sands in heath-like communities near the sea and on shallow stony soils on
hillsides in eucalypt communities farther inland. Some plants in flower can be
found at any time of the year. The species has flattened branchlets and pale
(almost white) flowers and is therefore readily identified both in the field and in
the herbarium.

Pods were not described by Bentham in the protologue, but they were in
Flora Australiensis. Despite Bentham’s note to the contrary, the pods were mis-
matched and they really belong to A. aulacocarpa. Mueller (1880) described
A, holcocarpa giving a number of localities and remarked that it approached
A. calyculata which, however, had the fruit of A. aulacocarpa. His figure (1888)
certainly represented A. calyculata, Mueller (1893) inferred that A. calyculata
and A. holcocarpa were conspecific and that the pods attributed to A. calyculata
were those of A. aulacocarpa. Maiden followed up Mueller’s suggestion and
formally referred A. holcocarpa to A. calyculata.

Velenovsky’s account and figure (reproduced by van de Pijl) of A.
australis apply to A. calyculata. J have not seen a type specimen, which was
probably one of Domin’s collections, but the identity of the plant is clear.
Domin noted that the plant described and figured by Mueller as A. holcocarpa
was not A. holcocarpa Benth. He therefore described A, vilhelmii as new. It
is difficult to understand why he did not follow Mueller’s suggestion and Maiden’s
synonymy and refer the species he described as new to A. calyculata where
it belongs. |

Despite the confusion between A. calyculata and A. holcocarpa begun by
Mueller, A, holcocarpa is distinct, but conspecific with A. julifera.

159

50. Acacia aprepta Pedley, Contrib. Qd Herb. 15:5 (1974). Type: 10 miles
E of Weengallon, Nov 1961, Pedley 917 (BRI, holo).

Tree up to 10m tall with dark furrowed bark, branchlets at first angular,
becoming terete, slightly scurfy. Phyllodes linear or linear-oblanceolate, =
acute, glabrous or slightly scurfy, 3-5-8:5 cm long, 2-8 mm broad, 9-20(—35)
times as long as broad; 1—3 slightly prominent longitudinal nerves, the rest
numerous fine parallel non-anastomosing; indistinct gland at the base: pulvinus
1-1-5 mm long. Spikes 0-6-2-5cm long dense or sparsiflorous (when old)
in pairs or single in the upper axils, with glabrous peduncles 4-5 mm long
and glabrous rachis. Flowers 5—merous, calyx ca 0-5 mm long, truncate or
shortly lobed, moderately sericeous especially on ribs, glabrescent; corolla
1:5 mm long, glabrous; ovary glabrous. Pod 2-5-6cm long, 5-7 mm broad,
with membranous glabrous valves convex over the seeds. Seeds oblique 3 mm
long, 1-1-5 mm broad attached by funicle once folded towards the apex forming
a small cupular aril. (Fig. 101i, pod).

Maranoa District: “Tallwood”, 28°20’S. 148°55’E, Jun 1962, Ebersohn E62. DARLING
Downs Districr: Miles, Dec 1972, Pedley 4019.

Acacia aprepta (Miles mulga) is restricted to the western part of the
Darling Downs and adjacent parts of Maranoa district where it forms dense
pure stands (low open-forests) on shallow loamy or sandy soils overlying |
weathered sandstone. It is particularly common around Miles and Glenmorgan.

It bears a general resemblance to mulga (A. aneura) but the structure
of the pod and calyx suggests a close affinity to A. kempeana and A. stowardii.

51. Acacia torulosa Benth., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3:139 (1859). Syntypes:
Nicholson River, Mueller 26; Gulf of Carpentaria Mueller 24 (K),

A, armitii F. Muell. ex Maiden, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. 51:84
(1917). Type: Einasleigh River, Armit 1014 (NSW, holo; MEL, iso)..

Misapplied name: A. delibrata auct. non A. Cunn ex Benth.; F. Muell.,
Icon, Aust. Sp. Acacia (1888). "4

Tree to 8m tall with dark longitudinally furrowed bark. Young plants
clothed with moderately dense lax white hairs ca 0:5 mm long and stipules
setaceous 2:5 mm long (cf. A. julifera and A. tenuinervis). Branchlets of mature
plants yellowish, angular, glabrous but not glutinous; stipules caducous, triangular,
ca 1mm long. Phyllodes glabrous, straight or curved, + acute, broadest above
the’ middle, young tips dark, (6-5—)9-17(—20) cm long, (4—)5-9(-13) mm
wide, 9—22(~35) times as Jong as broad; 1-3 yellow longitudinal nerves pro-
minent and many finer but somewhat prominent secondary longitudinal nerves,
not anastomosing; gland basal; pulvinus 3-4 mm long. Spikes dense, 1:5—3 cm
long on slightly scurfy, sometimes glutinous, peduncles 1-5(—-7) mm long in
pairs or rarely single on a rudimentary axillary shoot sometimes growing out,
in one case 2:5 cm long with 7 peduncles. Flowers 5—merous; calyx 0-6—-0°8 mm
long, rather membranous, deeply lobed, with a few long hairs; corolla 1:1-1:3 mm
long, 1-5-2 times as long as the calyx. with lobes 0-3-0- 5 mm long, glabrous
or with a few long hairs in the middle of the lobes; stamens 2-3 mm long;
ovary densely pubescent. Pod torulose, glabrous, to 10 cm long, 4mm wide
(1:5 mm wide at constrictions), longitudinally wrinkled. Seeds longitudinal,
5mm long, ca 3mm wide, thick; areole rather large, open, surrounded by pale
halo; funicle thickened but hardly at all folded.

160

Burke District: Nicholson River, 50 miles [80 km] N of “Lawn Hill” Stn, Jun 1948,
Perry 1147. Coox District: ca 25 miles [40 km] NNW of Coen, Jul 1968, Pedley 2764.
Norra KENNEDY Districr: 6 miles [10km] W of Pentland, Jun 1953, Lazarides 3577.
MircHeLt Disrricr: 12 miles [20km] from Torrens Creek on Pentland Road, Jun 1966,
Pedley 2118. SourH KENNEpy Disrricr: Cape River ca 70 miles [115 km] S of Charters
Towers, May 1960, Johnson 1877.

Acacia torulosa has a wide range in northern Australia. In Queensland
it extends from the extreme north-western part of the state to the Cape York
Peninsula and the Pentland-Lake Buchanan area, but is not found on the Atherton
Tableland. It occurs on deep sandy soils, often on river beds and levees but
also occurs on sandy red and yellow earths, It flowers in June and July,
possibly a little earlier in the south-eastern part of its range and fruits from
August to October,

The pods of A. torulosa are so distinctive that fruiting specimens are rarely
misidentified. Specimens without pods are often confused with A. hammondii
and A. julifera however.

A. armitii and A. torulosa are conspecific. Maiden described the plant
illustrated under the name A. delibrata by Mueller as a new species, A. armitii.
In the protologue he pointed out that the illustration was inaccurate in that
the pods were extremely immature. I have examined the rather fragmentary
specimen at NSW and the more copious material at MEL. The extremely
immature pods are dark brown and glutinous with a yellowish margin and are
difficult to assign to any species with certainty but A. armitii ahould be referred
to.A. torulosa.

52. Acacia hemsleyi Maiden, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. 51:87 (1917). Type:
Fitzroy River, 8 miles above Hann River junction, Jun 1905, Fitzgerald
1177 (NSW, holo).

Open shrub to 6m tall; branchlets slender, angular, glabrous and somewhat
glutinous; stipules triangular, brown, persistent. Phyllodes straight, lanceolate,
mucronulate, the mucro somewhat oblique, up to 2 mm long on young phyllodes,
glabrous, (6—)7—-licm long, 4-8(-10) mm wide, 8-17(-—21) times as long
as wide, two or occasionally one nerve prominent, the rest -— crowded, not
anastomosing; gland basal, a prominent rimmed orifice, sometimes elongated;
pulvinus ca 1mm long. Spikes dense, 1-5-2-5cm long, usually with 1-2
isolated flowers on peduncle below the main spike, on peduncles 6~12 mm long,
in pairs in the axils, occasionally in axillary panicles of up to 5 spikes. Flowers
5—merous; calyx membranous, 0:7-0-9 mm long, glabrous except for scattered
marginal hairs up to 0:3mm long, lobes ca 0-5 mm long; corolla glabrous,
deeply lobed, 1-1:3mm long, 1:4-1:6 times as long as the calyx; stamens -
2:5—3 mm long: ovary densely pubescent. Pods glabrous, slightly glutinous,
flat but convex over the seeds, 7-10 cm long, ca 4mm wide. Seeds longitudinal,
4-5—5:5mm long, 2-5-3: 2 mm wide; areole sharply defined, small, central,
closed, surrounded by pale halo; funicle forming oblique basal aril.

Burke District: Leichhardt River, Mt Isa, Oct 1962, Pedley 1064. Coox District:
36 miles [58 km] S of Forsayth, Jul 1953, Perry & Lazarides 3864. Norra KENNEDY DISTRICT:
Lower Burdekin River, Ayr, Michael 1626.

In Queensland A. hemsleyi, which extends into the Northern Territory
and the northern part of Western Australia, is confined to gravelly sands in
stream beds and on banks. It is specially common in the north-western part
of the State but has also been recorded near Forsayth and on the Burdekin
and other streams near Ayr.

161

A, hemsleyi is related to A. plectocarpa A. Cunn, e€x Benth,* and to
A. kimberleyensis W. Fitzg. which may, in fact, be merely a narrow-phylloded
variant of A. plectocarpa, A. cognata Maiden & Blakely is also related to
these two but has larger calyxes only shortly lobed. A. plectocarpa differs from
A, hemsleyi in having pubescent calyxes and rachises, short peduncles and
transverse seeds, |

53. Acacia julifera Benth., London J. Bot. 1:374 (1842), Fl. Aust. 2:405 (1864);
Posey: Proc. Roy. Soc. Od 74:54 (1964), Type: Rodds Bay, May

ee Cunningham (K, holo).

A. holocarpa Benth., Fl. Aust. 2:408 (1864). Type: East Coast Entrance I,
Port II. Inner entrance of Thirsty Sound, Brown. (K, holo; BM, E, iso).

Tree to about 10m tall with dark fibrous bark; branchlets yellow, slender,
angular becoming = terete. Branchlets and phyllodes of young plants pubescent,
the indumentum persisting on mature plants of subsp. gilbertensis, rarely of
subsp, julifera. Phyllodes falcate, 7-25 cm long, 5-25 mm _ wide, 4—20 times
as long as wide, obovate and pubescent on young plants, lanceolate and usually
glabrous (subsp. julifera) or pubescent (subsp. gilbertensis) on mature plants;
many parallel, non-anastomosing longitudinal nerves, 3, or rarely 5, more pro-
minent than the rest, neither decurrent with each other nor with margin at
the base; gland basal, inconspicuous; pulvinus 2~3mm long. Spikes usually
dense, 3—Scm long on usually pubescent peduncles 2-5 mm long usually in
pairs or rarely 3’s on a short axillary axis which sometimes grows out in fo
a leafy shoot. Flowers 5—merous; calyx 0:8—1:5(—2) mm long, lobed to about
the middle, the lobes obtuse with short brown hairs at the top, the tube tomen-
tose; corolla 1:6-2:4mm long, 1:5—2 times as long as the calyx; stamens ca
3mm long; ovary pubescent. Pod terete or slightly flattened, obscurely longi-
tudinally striate when dry, 5-9 cm long, 2-5 mm diam. Seeds longitudinal,
3-4 mm long, 1-5~3:5 mm wide, with a small narrow open areole surrounded
by a pale halo and with a second indistinct pleurogram outside; funicle folded
4—5 times forming an oblique cupular aril beneath the seed.

53a. A. julifera subsp. julifera

Phyllodes of mature plants dabrous or subglabrous, usually 4-12 times
as long as wide; spikes 3-5 cm long. Pods terete up to 3mm diam; seeds up
to 4mm X 2mm. (Fig. 10f, pod).

WorTH KENNEDY DISTRICT: Gardner Creek, 33 miles [53 km] NE of Pentland, Jun 1966,
Pedley 2123. LeicHHarpr District: Nebo—Clermont ‘Road ca 40 miles [65 km] from Nebo,
May 1962, Johnson 2376. Porr Curtis Disrricr: West Mt Morgan, Jul 1938, Goy 321.
DaRLING Downs District: 20 km NW of Miles, Dec 1972, Pediey 4021. BurNetT Disrricr:
Hidsvold, Bancroft. WiIbDE Bay DistTricr: between Wallaville and Booyal, Jun 1962, Pedley
1020, Moreton DisTRICT: Blackstone, 8km SE of Ipswich, May, Dec, Oct 1959, Pedley
410, 489, 540,

*Lectotype: Cambridge Gulf, Sep Bee Cunningham (K).
1819

162

53b. *A. julifera subsp. gilbertensis Pediey. Type: Burke District: “Esmeralda”
Stn 18°51’S 142°35’E, Jul 1954, Blake 19655 (BRI, holo; A, CANB,
K, L, LE, PR, iso).

Phyllodes of mature plants with indumentum of moderately dense hairs;
phyllodes usually 12-20 times as long as wide; spikes 2-3 cm long. Pods sub-
terete to 5mm diam.; seeds to 5-5 mm * 3:5 mm.

Burke District: Croydon, Jul 1954, Blake 19561. Coox Disrricr: between “Strath-
more” and “Gilbert River” Stn, Jun 1966, Pedley 2108; 12 miles [19 km] S of Georgetown,
Jun 1966, Pedley 2109; 17 miles [27 km] E of Chillagoe, Jun 1955, Tracey & White 5355.
NorrH, KENNEDY DistricrT: 131km from Hughenden on Herberton road, Oct 1972,
Althofer 250.

Acacia julifera extends from the south-east part of the Gulf of Carpentaria
through coastal and subcoastal districts to the Clarence River in New South
Wales. A. julifera subsp. gilbertensis is confined to the upper catchments of
the Norman, Gilbert and Mitchell Rivers where it usually occurs on seasonally
waterlogged sandy soils with Melaleuca spp. It is replaced about Pentland by
subsp. julifera which has a wider geographical and ecological range. It usually
occurs on well drained sandy soils behind coastal dunes or on weathered or
unweathered sandstones.

Herbarium material of A. julifera (especially subsp. julifera) may be at
times difficult to separate from that of A. blakei, A. julifera has terete pods
and densely pubescent juvenile phyllodes but these characters are often not of
great value when working with herbarium material, though the pubescence of
young plants is an extremely useful character in the field. Spikes of A. blakei
are always borne on an axillary axis while in A. julifera the axis is generally
not well developed. This character is of some value in separating the two
species, Intermediates between A. julifera and A. curvinervia are known from
central Queensland, but in general the two are well defined and should be regarded
as distinct species.

As I] have indicated (1964) A. julifera has been, for reasons I cannot
appreciate, the source of considerable confusion, The confusion stems from
Bentham’s (1864) treatment of it and related species. In addition to the
type specimen Bentham referred three specimens (all in fruit) to A. julifera
which he had described from flowering material. Two of them (Cumberland
Islands, Brown; Edgecombe Bay, Dallachy; both K) are A. solandri which he,
on the very same page described as a new species. The other specimen
(Rockingham Bay, Hill) is A. cincinnata. Bentham added to the confusion
by also describing A. holcocarpa as new. ‘The phyllodes of the type of A.
holcocarpa which bears pods are slightly broader than those of the type of A.
julifera but the two species are undoubtedly the same. Mueller in the Jong
and perceptive protologue to A. maidenii suggested that the Edgecombe Bay
specimen cited by Bentham might not be A. julifera. Maiden (Proc. Roy. Soc.
Qd 30:41. 1918), however, continued to confuse A. solandri and A. julifera.
He added another name to the muddle when in its protologue he referred
four specimens from northern Queensland to A. difficilis. I have examined two

*Acacia julifera Benth. subsp. gilbertensis Pedley, subsp. nov.

Phyliodia plantarum maturarum pilis modice densis obtecta, plerumque 12-20 -plo
longiora quam lata; spicae 2-3cm longae. Legumina subteretia usque 5mm diam.; semina
usque 5:5 X 3-5mm. Typus: Blake 19655 (BRI, holo; A, CANB, K, L, LE, PR, iso),

163

of these specimens (Cambage 3918 & 4107, both NSW) and refer them
unhesitatingly to A. julifera subsp. gilbertensis. "At about the same time Maiden
(in a letter to C. T. White) identified specimens of A. julifera of White from
Ipswich and Bancroft from Eidsvold as A. difficilis. Consequently A. julifera
has often been misidentified in Queensland as A. difficilis.

54, Acacia latifolia Benth., London J. Bot. 1:382 (1842). Type: Carpentaria
Islands h-g, 16-25 Dec 1802, Brown “4378” (BM, holo; K, iso).

Shrub to 3m; branchlets + winged, glabrous and sometimes glaucous.
Phyllodes sessile, rather broad at the base, + ovate, obtuse, the lower margin
+ straight, the upper curved, glabrous and often glaucous, 8-1icm long,
2:5—-4:5 cm wide, 2-4-5 times as long as wide; 3—4 longitudinal nerves prominent
with conspicuous nerves running from the major nerves, finely anastomosing;
gland basal. Spikes moderately dense, ca 5 cm long on peduncles 3—5 cm long in
pairs in the upper axils. Flowers 5—merous; calyx truncate, glabrous, ca 0:5 mm
long; corolla ca 2:5 mm long; stamens ca 4mm long; ovary glabrous. Pods flat,
glabrous, up to 12cm long and ca 6 mm wide. Seeds longitudinal, 5 mm_ long,

3~—3:5 mm wide; areole large, open; funicle folded and expanded into copular
aril,

BurkE Districr: ‘“Corinda”’—‘Westmoreland” Stn, ca 17°40’S 138°30°E, Jun 1967,
Gittins 1291,

Acacia latifolia occurs on shallow stony soils and flowers in June and July.
It is a rare plant in Queensland having been collected only twice, from the
extreme north-west of the state.

The species has some unusual characters, notably the winged stems and
sessile phyllodes, the large corollas and spikes with extremely long peduncles.
Its affinities are obscure,

55. Acacia cretata Pedley, Contrib. Qd Herb. 4:1 (1969). Type: 25 miles [40 km]
NE of Capella, Jul 1962, Story & Yapp 182 (BRI, holo).

Tree to about 8m tall; branchlets stout, angular with a covering of white
chalky bloom, occasionally almost absent. Phyllodes glabrous glaucous, slightly
falcate, 7-13 cm long, 10-35 mm wide, (2:5—)3-5-—7-5 times as long as wide
abruptly narrowed into pulvinus 2-3 mm long; 2 or 3 longitudinal nerves more
prominent than the rest, free to the base, secondary longitudinal nerves widely
spaced (15—25/cm) strongly anastomosing; gland small, basal. Spikes moderately
dense to open, 7:5-10cm long on glaucous peduncles 1-2 cm long, Flowers
S—-merous; calyx glabrous truncate or with extremely short teeth, 0:5—0-6 mm
long; corolla glabrous, 1:6-1-8mm long, ca 3 times as long as the calyx;
stamens 3—4 mm long; ovary pubescent, Pod glabrous, linear = straight convex
over seeds and somewhat contracted between them, up to 10cm long, 3-5 mm
wide. Seeds longitudinal.

(LEICHHARDT DISTRICT: Blacktown Tableland, 23°45’S 149°10’E, Williams 365; 6 km+W
of Dingo, Aug 1973, Pedley 4089,

Acacia cretata has a limited range in central Queensland. It is common
on Blackdown Tableland and extends sporadically about 100 km to the north
and south. The species was recorded. in the protologue from Jericho (Clemens).
This must be considered doubtful as intensive collecting in the last few years
has failed to confirm it. It usually forms a low-tree layer in eucalypt openrtotest
on sandy soils, Flowering extends from mid-July. to September.

164

The strongly pruinose branchlets and glaucous phyllodes contracted abruptly
into a short pulvinus distinguishes A. cretata from all other species of Acacia,
with the possible exception of A. latifolia, but the widely spaced, strongly
anastomosing secondary nerves suggest a relationship with A. tropica and
A, leptocarpa. A specimen (Duaringa, Pedley 4088) which has been referred to
A, leptocarpa has rather glaucous phyllodes smaller and less falcate and with
more strongly anastomosing secondary nerves than is usual in A. leptocarpa.
It may indicate that intergrades between A. cretata and A. leptocarpa occur.

. In the protologue the ovary was described as being glabrous, This is true
only when the ovary is aborted. It is usually pubescent.

56. Acacia sophorae (Labill.) R.Br, in Ait., Hort. Kew ed. 2. 5:462 (1813).
Based on Mimosa sophorae Labill., Pl. Nov. Holl. 2:87..237 (1806).
Type: Nouv. Holl. Hebrier de Ventenat (K, photo).

Acacia longifolia (Andr.) Willd. var. sophorae (Labill.) F. Muell., Pl. Vict.
2:30 (1863). Based on Mimosa sophorae Labill.

A shrub often prostrate especially in exposed situations, glabrous or with
some scattered hairs; branchlets angular, soon becoming terete. Phyllodes elliptic
or oblong-elliptic, obtuse, 5-10 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, 3-6 times as long as wide;
2, 3 or 5 more or less prominent longitudinal nerves with secondary longitudinal,
usually reticulate, nerves between them, not as conspicuous as in related species;
gland ca 2mm from the base; pulvinus 3mm long. Spikes subsessile rather
dense, 2-3 cm long, rachis glabrous, Flowers 4—merous; calyx ca 0:6 mm long
with short obtuse ciliolate lobes; corolla ca 2mm long, deeply divided, glabrous;
stamens ca: 3mm long; ovary densely pubescent. Pod linear, curved and twisted,
ca &cm long, 4mm wide, convex over the seeds; seeds longitudinal, ca 5 mm
long, 3:5mm wide and 2mm thick; areole large, open; funicle folded, thick
and fleshy, forming basal aril about as long as the seed.

MORETON DISTRICT: Caloundra, Aug 1906 & Sep 1912, Kenny.

Acacia sophorae which is widely spread along sandy sea shores in south-
eastern Australia ranges as far north only as far as the mouth of the Maroochy
River in Queensland. It is found only on coastal dunes and flowers from July to
September. :

A, sophorae is closely related to A. longifolia which does not occur in
Queensland, but appears to be specifically distinct from that species.

57. Acacia obtusifolia A. Cunn. in Field, Geogr. Mem. N.S.W. 345 (Apr 1825);
Willis, Victorian Naturalist 73:159 (1957). Type: Blue Mtns, Dec .

223 sm |

Troe Cunningham CK, holo).

A, intertexta Sieb. ex DC., Prodr. 2:454 (Nov. 1825). Type: Sieber 453
(G-DC, holo; K, iso)

A tree to 10 m tall, glabrous; branchlets terete. Phyllodes coriaceous, oblong
lanceolate or oblong, 8-19 cm long, 8-22 mm wide, 4—20 times as long as wide;
1-5 or more prominent longitudinal veins, secondary veins between them
reticulate; gland up to 1mm from the base; pulvinus 2-3 mm long. Spikes
interrupted, ca 5 cm long on peduncles ca 5 mm long. Flowers large, 4—merous;
calyx 0:4-0-7mm long, the tube glabrous, lobes ciliolate ca + as long as
tube; corolla ca 2:5 mm long, the lobes prominently keeled near the top; stamens
4—5 mm long; ovary pubescent. Pods linear, subterete with prominent margins,

165

up to 15 cm long; 3:5—5 mm wide. Seeds longitudinal, ca 5 mm long and 2:5 mm
wide; areole large, open; funicle folded ca 5 times into aril embracing base of
seed,

MoretTon DIsTRIct: Tugun, Sep 1930, Hubbard 3906 & White 7112; Springbrook,
Oct 1931, White 8219,

Acacia obtusifolia occurs in eucalypt open-forest and on, the margins of
rainforest in wet elevated parts of south-eastern Queensland such as Springbrook
and the Lamington National Park but it extends to drier peaks such as Flinders
Peak and Mt Greville. The main period of flowering appears to be October-
January. Specimens from Southport and Tugun, Hubbard 3906 and White 7112
& 9196 have broader more membranous phyllodes than specimens from other
places and may indicate hybridization between A. obtusifolia and A. sophorae,
species that are closely related.

58. Acacia longissima H. nels Comm. Acac. 45.t.11 (Jan 1820). Type: not
seen,

A, linearis Sims, Bot, Mag. t.2156 (Jun 1820). Type: not seen, possibly
plate.

A. longifolia (Andr.) Willd. var. linearis (Sims) F. Muell., Pl. Vict. 2:31
(1863). Based on A, linearis Sims.

Slender shrub or small tree to 5 m, glabrous; branchlets angular, all but the
smallest with conspicuous lenticels as in A. maidenii, Phyllodes chartaceous,
punctate, straight, linear or linear-lanceolate, 6-16 cm long, 1-9 mm wide, 14-70
times as long as wide, midnerve prominent, with 1-3 other, less conspicuous,
anastomosing nerves on each side of it; gland absent; pulvinus ca 1mm long.
Spikes interrupted, 5cm long on peduncles 5~10m long. Flowers 4—merous;
calyx with small obtuse ciliolate lobes, ca 0-4 mm long; calyx 1:4—-1-6 mm long,
glabrous; stamens 2-3 mm long, ovary pubescent. Pods = terete, longitudinally
striate, raised over the seeds, straight or curved, up to 12 cm long, 2mm wide.
Seeds longitudinal, ca 4-5 mm long and 1-5 mm wide; areole large, open; funicle
thickened and folded ca 6 times forming basal aril about 4 as long as seed.

Wipe Bay Districr: slopes of Mt Cooroy, White. MeReton District: between
Palmwoods and Landsborough, Jul 1930, Hubbard 3425.

Acacia longissima occurs in shrubby eucalypt npenctabest in areas of high
rainfall south of about Gympie. It favours fertile soils and flowers mainly from
January to April.

Plants of A. longissima may be confused with juvenile A. maidenii which
also have narrow phyllodes, but it can usually be distinguished from other members
of the Tetramerae group by its narrow, rather membranous phyllodes.

59, Acacia maidenii F. Muell., Linn. Soc. N.S.W. Macleay Mem. Vol. 222
(1893); Maiden, For, Fl, N.S.W. 6:199 (1917). Type: Kuruah River,
' in 1892, Bauerlen (K, iso).

Tree to about 15m tall with branchlets angular, soon Beodenins terete,
prominent lenticels always present, sometimes pubescent when young the pubes-
cence extending to the phyllodes. Phyllodes, straight or falcate, 10-20 cm long,
10-25 mm wide, 5—16 times as long as wide, but phyllodes on young plants up
to 25 cm Jong and only 3 mm wide; 1-5 nerves with many* (10-22) closely packed

“There is a highly significant relationship between the number of longitudinal nerves (N)
and the width of the “phy tedes (B, expressed in cm). This is given by the equation
N = 3B+4 2:6,

166

anastomosing nerves between the major ones; gland obscure, depressed, about
5mm from the base. Spikes subsessile single or in pairs in the upper axils,
interrupted, up to 6cm long, rachis sparsely to densely golden pubescent.
Flowers 4(—5)—merous; calyx cupular, obtusely lobed, 0-4-0-5 mm long, densely
pubescent; corolla glabrous, ca 1:5mm long; ovary pubescent. Pod
turgid, subterete, twisted (sometimes in irregular loose spirals), with sparse
appressed pubescence, longitudinally wrinkled, 10-12 cm long, 3-5-4 mm wide;
seeds longitudinal, 4:5-5 mm long, 2:5—3 mm broad with a large oblong open
areole; funicle folded and thickened into cupular aril.

NortH KENNEDY Districr: Strathdickie, near Prosenpine, Michael 840. Porr CuRTis
District: Byfield, Sep 1931, White 8030. DARLING Downs Districr: near Pittsworth, Dec
1969, Pedley 3065, Burnetr Districr: Biggenden, Oct 1930, White 7300. Win— Bay
DistricT: Bingera, Oct 1948, Smith 4112. Moreton District: Albert River, Aug. 1930,
Aubbard 3818.

Acacia maidenii occurs in coastal and subcoastal districts usually on reason-
ably fertile well drained soils. Its northern limit is about Proserpine but it is
not common north of about Bundaberg. Flowering occurs from January to May
and individual trees may flower for months. Fruits mature from September to
December.

Mueller placed the species in the subseries Falcatae but Maiden pointed
out its close relationship to A. longifolia and A. floribunda in the subseries
Tetramerae, Young plants of A. maidenii have narrow phyllodes resembling those
of A. floribunda and A. longissima.

60. Acacia floribunda (Vent.) Willd., Spec. Plant. 4:1051 (1806). Based on
Mimosa floribunda Vent., Choix des Plants t.13 (1803). Type: not seen—
possibly plate.

Acacia longifolia (Andr.) Willd, var. floribunda (Vent.) F. Muell., Pl. Vict.
2:31 (1863). Based on Mimosa floribunda Vent.

Tree to about 8m; branchlets angular, with short white appressed hairs,
lenticels sometimes present. Phyllodes straight, narrow lanceolate acute, 5-10 cm
long, (2—)4-10 mm wide, 8—18(—35) times as long as wide, appressed pubescent
when young; 1-3 longitudinal nerves prominent, secondary nerves, usually 6—9
on each side of midrib, anastomosing; gland not prominent, if present then 4—6
mm from the base. Spikes + sessile, to about 8cm long, sparsiflorous, rachis
glabrate, Flowers 4—merous; calyx cupular, + glabrous, 0:2—0-5 mm long, the
lobes short, obtuse, sometimes ciliate; corolla 1-4—2 mm long, 3—7 times as long
as the calyx; ovary pubescent with long white hairs. Pod with a few appressed
hairs, straight linear, ca 13 cm long and 3 mm wide, longitudinally wrinkled and
somewhat moniliform, Seeds longitudinal, 4-5 mm long, ca 1:5 mm wide; areole
large, open; funicle folded.

DARLING Downs Districr: N of Ballandean, Oct 1958, Pedley 319. Moreton DisrRicr:
Tamborine Mt, Sep 1932, White 8663.

Acacia floribunda is found in Queensland only near Stanthorpe, where it is
best developed on sands along creeks. It has also been collected at Tamborine Mt
and a very narrow-phylloded specimen from Mt Barney. It flowers in September
and October.

The species is closely related to A. maidenii but has narrower phyllodes
and pods. The ranges of the two species are distinct in Queensland one they may
be sympatric in the North Coast district of New South Wales.

167

61. Acacia orites Pedley, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd 75:32 (1964), Contrib. Qd Herb.
| 4:3 (1968). Type: New South Wales: Peach Mountain, Whian Whian
State Forest, Aug 1963, Jones (BRI, holo).

Tree 30m tall; branchlets glabrous or with sparse appressed hairs. Phyllodes
glabrous, straight or slightly falcate, 10-20 cm long, 4~7 mm wide, 15-35 times
as long as wide, with 6-9 widely spaced anastomosing secondary nerves on cach
side of the midrib; gland ca 5 mm from the base; pulvinus short. Spikes rather open,
3—6 cm long on peduncles ca 3 mm long usually in pairs in the upper axils. Flowers
4—merous; calyx hirsute 0-5 mm long with short obtuse lobes; corolla glabrous,
1-5-2 mm long; stamens ca 3mm long; ovary sparsely hirsute. Pods straight
linear, 8-licm long, 4mm _ wide, raised over the seeds, glabrous. Seeds
longitudinal 3-5-4 mm long, 1-7-2 mm wide; areole large, open, not conspicu-
ous; funicle thick, folded once or twice, forming basal aril.

Moreton Districr: Springbrook, Aug 1931, White 7045,

Acacia orites is restricted: to the margin of rainforest in a small area of high
rainfall in north-eastern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland. It is
a large tree which sometimes provides millable logs. It flowers in August and
September and fruit mature in November.

A. orites has the most restricted range of the Tetramerae group of the section
Julifiorae. It is most closely related to A. floribunda.

62. Acacia argyraea Tindale, Contrib. N.S.W. Nat. Herb. 4:141 (1970). Type:
Western Australia: Nicholson Station, Jul 1967, Gittins 1393 (NSW, holo).

Shrub to ca 1:5 m; branchlets angular, densely silvery pubescent. Phyllodes
+ oblong apiculate, densely silvery pubescent with anastomosing longitudinal
nerves, 3-6 more prominent than the rest but all obscured to some extent by the
indumentum, 6-8 cm long, 2—3 cm wide, 2~3 times as long as wide; gland small,
basal; pulvinus ca 1mm long. Spikes dense 2—2-:5cm long, the bracteoles
projecting beyond the flowers before they open, on.densely pubescent peduncles
1-5-2cm long in pairs in the axils, Flowers 5—merous; calyx 1-1-5 mm long
broadly cupular obtusely lobed, densely pubescent on tube and lobes; corolla also
pubescent, 1-5-2 mm long, ca 1:5 times as long as the calyx; stamens ca 2:5 mm
long; ovary villose. Pod 6-8 cm long, ca 1 cm wide, broadest near the top and taper-
ing to the base, the valves coiling back from the top when dehiscing, softly pubescent.
Seeds obliquely arranged, not seen when mature; funicle straight expanding into
cupular aril beneath seed.

Burke Districr: between Turn-off Lagoon and Woologorang, May 1940, Jensen 31.

T have seen only one specimen from Queensland. The species appears. to
flower irregularly. I have seen flowering specimens collected from May to July and
one collected in January with both flowers and slightly immature pods. The
species is related to A. limbata and A. brevifolia.

63. Acacia brevifolia (F. Mucll. ex .Benth.) Benth., Fl. Aust. 2:395 (1864).
- Based on A, aulacocarpa A. Cunn, ex Benth. var. brevifolia F. Muell. ex
Benth,, J. Proc. Linn, Soc. Bot. 3:144 (1859). Type: Suttor, Mueller 39
(K, holo), - | |
A. leptophleba F. Muell. var brevifolia F. Muell., loc. cit., pro syn.
58237—D

168

Shrub to about 1m tall with angular glabrous and glaucous branchlets.
Phyllodes + oblong obtuse or slightly retuse, apiculate, glabrous with rather
widely spaced anastomosing secondary nerves, 3-6 more prominent than the
rest, 4-5-6(-7-5) cm long, 13-26mm wide, 2—4 times as long as wide; gland
basal; pulvinus ca 1mm long. Spike rather dense, 1-2cm long on glaucous
peduncles 1-2cm long in pairs in the axils, Flowers 5—merous; calyx rather
broadly cupular, glabrous 0-5-0-6(-0:8) mm long with short broad lobes
sometimes fringed with a few hairs; corolla glabrous 1-7-2 mm long, 3-4 times
as long as the calyx; stamens ca 3 mm long; ovary glabrous. Pods 4—5 cm long
ca 1 cm wide, broadest near the top and tapering to the base, the valves obliquely
nerved with prominent margins, turning back elastically from the top when mature.
(Fig. 9h, inflorescence).

Cook District: Newcastle Range,~between Forsayth and Einasleigh, Feb 1928, Brass
1743, NortH KENNEDY Districr: between Warrigal and Burra, Oct 1938, Blake 9930,
SOUTH KENNEDY DistricT: 10 miles [16km] SE of “Twin Hills”, May 1964, Pedley 1711.

Acacia brevifolia occurs usually on shallow stony soils in subcoastal districts
from north of Clermont to the Newcastle range. It appears to flower irregularly
throughout the year.

In the field A. brevifolia and A. umbellata can be confused, but the nearest
relative of A. brevifolia is A. limbata. The two may not be more than sub-
specifically distinct.

Mueller considered A. brevifolia to be a variety of A. leptophleba. Bentham,
however, edited Mueller’s paper and published the name Acacia aulacocarpa var.
brevifolia with the name A. leptophleba var. brevifolia as a synonym, The
author of the varietal epithet brevifolia should therefore be cited as F, Muell. ex
Benth, rather than merely F, Muell, as has usually been the case.

64. Acacia limbata F. Muell., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3:145 (1859); Tindale,
Contrib. N.S.W. Nat. Herb. 4:142 (1970). Lectotype: North Australia,
Mueller (K; MEL, NSW, iso: selection made by Tindale).

Shrub to about 1m tall with angular glaucous branchlets. Phyllodes +
oblong glabrous with widely spaced (10—-16/cm) anastomosing nerves, 3 or 5
more prominent than the rest, 5-8cm long, 12~25mm wide, 3:3-4:5 times
as Jong as wide; gland small, basal; pulvinus ca 1mm long. Spikes rather dense
(1:2—)1-5-2 cm long on glaucous peduncles 1-5-3cm long in pairs in the
axils. Flowers 5—merous; calyx glabrous cupular 0-5-O0:6mm long broadly and
shallowly lobed; corolla glabrous, 1-2—-1-3 mm long, about twice as long as the
calyx; stamens ca 2:5 mm long; ovary glabrous. Pods to ca:6-5 cm long, ca 1 cm
wide, broadest near the top and tapering to the base, the valves opening elastically
from the top; valves rather woody, glaucous, obliquely nerved with prominent
margins, Seeds ca 7mm * 3mm, oblique; areole elongate closed or only very
slightly open; funicle fragile, straight, expanded into cupular aril beneath seed.

Burke Districr: between Turn-off Lagoon and Woologorang, May 1940, Jensen 32;
°10km from Gunpowder on Quamby Road, Oct 1972, Althofer 276.

Acacia limbata occurs on stony soils in the extreme north-western part of
the state and in adjoining parts of the Northern Territory, Its main flowering period
is from May to July. .

169

Tindale pointed out the relationship between A. limbata and A. argyraea.
‘In Queensland A. limbata has been confused with A. brevifolia and the two are
difficult to separate. The phyllodes of A. limbata are somewhat larger and the
flowers slightly smaller. The geographic ranges of the two are different but
this is not considered to be of taxonomic value.

The description of A. limbata above does not cover two specimens* at BRI
which may represent an undescribed taxon. They have phyllodes 9-12 cm long,
1-8-3 cm wide, 3-5-5 times as long as wide, which have a rather prominent
basal gland and a pulvinus 4-6mm long. The peduncles are only 5-10 mm
long, shorter than those of either A. brevifolia or A. limbata.

65. Acacia cincinnata F. Muell., Fragm. 11:235 (1878). Syntypes: Gould I.
and Rockingham Bay, Dallachy (MEL).

Small tree; branchlets angular and ribbed with appressed golden pubescence
(hairs ca 0:25mm long) wearing off on ribs; young shoots golden pubescent.
Phyllodes with scattered appressed hairs, becoming glabrous, 11-16cm long,
1-6-3 cm wide, 4-8 times as. long as wide; three prominent longitudinal nerves
running into each other on lower margin at the base, secondary nerves rather widely
spaced (2-4/mm), anastomosing (probably no more than in some taxa of the
A. concurrens-A. leiocalyx group, and less so than in A. mangium); gland basal,
prominent swelling and rather large orifice; pulvinus 6-8mm long. Spikes
interrupted, ca 3:5 cm long on peduncles ca 0:5 cm long in pairs in the upper
axils; peduncles and rachises with golden hairs. Flowers 5—merous; calyx densely
pubescent, ca 0-6mm long with membranous obtuse lobes ca 0-2 mm_ long;
corolla 1-4-1-8 mm long, glabrous, deeply lobed; stamens ca 2-5 mm long; ovary
densely hairy, glabrous when rudimentary. Pod linear, tightly coiled in about 5
coils, the coils fused. Seeds longitudinal, 3:6mm long, ca 2mm wide; areole
large, open; funicle rather fine, encircling the seed. (Fig. 10c, pod).

Coox Districr: Kuranda, May 1952, Everist 5142. Wipe Bay Districr: mainland
epposite S end of Fraser I., Jan 1928, Kajewski 28. Moreron Disrricr: ca 5 km WSW of
Burleigh Heads, 28°06’'S 153°25’E, Nov 1973, Durrington & Lebler 1386,

There are some puzzling aspects of the distribution and ecology of A.
cincinnata. On the wetter parts of the Atherton Tableland and adjacent coastal
areas it is found on the margin of rain forest. There is a gap in the range of
the species of about 1000 km from near Ingham to a little south of Maryborough.
In southern Queensland A. cincinnata has been collected in areas of high
rainfall close to the sea, but in eucalypt open-forest not on rainforest margins.
It is evidently a rare or over-looked species as few specimens have been added
to the Queensland Herbarium since 1930. The large gap in the range of the
species may be a real one, but it should be looked for around Mackay where
the annual rainfall exceeds 1200 mm. Flowering specimens have been collected
in May and June and fruiting ones from October to April.

Bentham referred a specimen of A. cincinnata (Rockingham Bay, Hill) to
A. julifera, but its nearest relative is probably A. solandri, fruiting specimens of
which Bentham also referred to A. julifera. I

_ *BURKE District: 25 miles [40 km] W of “Gregory Downs”, Jun 1966, Pedley 2059;
“Riversleigh” or ‘“Thorntonia” holdings ca 200 km SSW of Burketown, Jun 1963, Gittins 799,

170

66. Acacia stipuligera F. Muell., J. Proc, Linn. Soc, Bot. 3:144 (1859).
Syntypes: Victoria River, Hookers Creek and Sturts Creek, Mueller
(MEL),

A. stipuligera var. glabriflora Maiden & Blakely, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd 38:120
(1927). Type: Jericho, Deane 212 (not seen).

A medium shrub; branchlets ribbed, sparsely pubescent with hairs 0-2 mm
long; young tips reddish; stipules broadly triangular, persistent, 1mm long.
Phylicdes pale yellowish green, elliptic acute, 4:5—6cm long, 1-1:7cm wide,
3-5 times as long as wide; two longitudinal nerves and fine, somewhat raised,
longitudinal, reticulate nerves between them, a few hairs on the margin; gland
prominent, slightly depressed, up to 1 cm from the base, ca 1:5 mm long; pulvinus
1-3 mm long. Spikes dense, 2-3 cm long on densely pubescent peduncle ca
1mm long, subtended by an ovate bract. Flowers 5-merous; calyx 0:8—1 mm
long lobed to about the middle, membranous, moderately pubescent; corolla
1:3-1-5mm long, ca 1:5 times as long as the calyx; stamens 3-4 mm long;
ovary hirsute, Pod glabrous, + terete, longitudinally striate, ca 9 mm long, ca
4mm wide; seeds longitudinal, 5 mm long, ca 2 mm wide and 1 mm thick; areole
small, open surrounded by pale area; funicle folded, thickened and expanded
into cupular aril (Fig. 8c, phyllode).

SOUTH KENNEDY Distrricr: 90 miles [145 km] from Charters Towers on Clermont
Road, May 1962 & Apr 1974, Gittins 483 & Hockings 17. MircHeL_t_ District: 27 miles
[43 km] E of Barcaldine, Sep 1956, Burbidge 5538.

In Queensland Acacia stipuligera is extremely common on sandy red earths
usually in woodland of Eucalyptus similis in the ‘‘desert” country along the
Dividing Range between Jericho and Lake Buchanan. It flowers from April
to about June.

Plants from Queensland are less pubescent than plants from the Northern
Territory, but this does not justify the recognition of the Queensland plants as a
distinct variety, The nearest relative of A. stipuligera is probably A. acradenia
but the relationship is not close.

67. Acacia mangium Willd., Sp. Plant 4:1053 (1806); Merrill, Inter. Rumph.
Herb. Amboin. 251 (1917); C. T. White, Contrib. Arn. Arb. 4:42
(1933); Pedley, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd 74:56 (1964), Contrib. Qd Herb.
18:14 (1975). Type: Description and figure in Rumphius’s “Herbarium
Amboinense”’,

Misapplied names: Acacia holoserica A. Cunn. ex G. Don var. neurocarpa
auct. non Domin; Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:270 (1924); White, Contrib.
Arn, Arb, 4:42 (1933), pro syn.

_A. holosericea var. multispirea auct non Domin; C. T, White, Contrib, Arn.
Arb, 4:42 (1933), pro syn.

A. holosericea var. glabrata auct non Maiden; C. T. White, Contrib. Arn.
Arb, 4:422 (1933), pro syn.

A tree to 30m; branchlets acutely inaoue sometimes slightly scurfy
but soon becoming glabrous. Mature phyllodes up to 25cm long, 2-4 times as
long as broad, glabrous or slightly scurfy; four main longitudinal nerves running
together at base of phyllode near dorsal margin, with many fine anastomosing
secondary veins, the vein islands elongate (at least three times as long as broad);
gland basal; pulvinus glabrous 6-10 mm long. Flowers in rather loose spikes
to 10cm long, single or in pairs in the upper axils; peduncles canescent or

171

pubescent, about 1 cm long; rachis canescent or pubescent. Flowers 5—merous;
calyx 0:6—-0:8mm long, with short obtuse lobes; corolla about twice as long
as the calyx. Pods linear glabrous, coiled, 3-5 mm broad; valves membranous or
slightly woody, depressed between the seeds. Seeds longitudinal, ca 5 mm long,
black, nitid, rectangular with the funicle folded and forming a cupular fleshy aril
beneath the seed.

Cook District: Claudie River, 12°45’S, 143°15’R, Oct 1972, Hyland 6456, NorTH
KENNEDY DISTRICT: Cardwell, May 1969, Wyatt, and Sep 1975, Coveny 6599 & Hind.

Acacia mangium occurs on margins of mangrove communities and. rainforests
in coastal districts from a little north of Ingham to the Claudie River. It is also
found in southern New Guinea and the southern Moluccas. Flowering specimens
have been collected in May and fruit appear to mature in October and November.
It is not closely related to other species but superficially resembles A. holosericea.
It can be distinguished from even glabrous variants of A. holosericea by the
venation of the phyllodes.

The long standing confusion of A. holsericea with A. mangium has resulted
in the misapplication of some names. Merrill considered A. holosericea and
A. mangium to be conspecific, stating that he could detect no differences between
Australian specimens and material from Buru. Domin recognised three varieties
of A. holosericea, one of them based on A. neurecarpa A. Cunn. ex Hook.
A, neurocarpa is conspecific with A. holosericea but Domin misapplied the name
A. holosericea var. neurocarpa to a specimen of A. mangium that he collected
a little north of Cairns. White who knew both A. mangium and A. holosericea in
the field reduced A. holosericea to a variety of A. mangium. He seems to have
referred all taxa with glabrous, subglabrous or glabrescent phyllodes to
A. mangium var, mangium, Consequently he continued Domin’s misapplication
of the name A, holosericea var. neurocarpa and referred A. holosericea var.
glabrata to A. mangium var. mangium.

68. Acacia cowleana Tate, Rep. Horn Exped. 3:187 (1896). Type: Horn
Expedition, in 1894, Tate (K, iso).

Shrub or spindly tree to 4m tall; branchlets stout, angular, usually with
indumentum of dense appressed hairs ca 4mm long, occasionally glabrous and
glaucous; stipules triangular, pubescent. Phyllodes coriaceous, curved, attenuate at
the base, acute or obtuse mucronulate with a distinct callus point, pubescent
with rather long hairs, golden when young, becoming almost (or quite) glabrous,
8-16 cm long, 9-18(—24) mm wide, 5—12(—14) times as long as wide; many
parallel, widely spaced, strongly anastomosing, longitudinal nerves, (2—-)3
prominent, the lower ones confluent with each other and contiguous with the margin
at the base; gland a basal swelling with small, rimmed orifice; pulvinus 2-6(—9) mm
long. Spikes dense, 1-2—2:5cm long on usually pubescent peduncles 2-8 mm
long. Flowers 5—merous; calyx 0:8—-1:1mm long with broad fimbriate lobes
0:2—-0-3 mm long, a few hairs at the base, occasionally glaucous; corolla divided
to the middle, 1:6—-2-2 mm, 1:6—2:5 times as long as the calyx, glabrous or
glaucous or occasionally with a few short, stiff hairs on the margin near the top;
stamens ca 3mm long; ovary densely pubescent, rarely glaucous. Pod flat but
raised over the seeds and slightly contracted between them, glabrous and slightly
glaucous, ca 7:5 cm long, 3 mm wide. Seeds longitudinal, ca 4mm long, 1: 8-2-3
mm wide: areole moderately large, open; funicle with about four folds, then
markedly expanded into cupular aril beneath the seed.

172

Burke Districr: 13. miles [21km] SSE of Kajabbi, Aug 1953, Lazarides 4008.
GREGORY NortrH DistricT: 24 miles [39km] E of Urandangie, Aug 1948, Perry 824,
MITCHELL DistricT; 20 miles [32 km] E of Hughenden, Jun 1954, Speck 4521, GREGORY
SoutH District: “Cuddapan” Stn, ca 80 miles [130 km] WSW of Windorah, Jun 1948,
Everist 4070, .

Acacia cowleana is found to the north-west of a line joining Windorah and
Pentland into the Northern Territory and Western Australia, usually on sandy
or stony soils. Despite its wide range, in Queensland at least, it has been collected
at widely separated localities and is apparently not a common species, It flowers
from May to August.

A. cowleana is characterized by the short spikes, phyllodes broadest above
the middle and tapering to the base, often obtuse mucronulate, and the rather
dense indumentum of the branchlets and phyllodes. Occasionally, however, some
specimens are subglabrous and the nervature of the phyllodes is then conspicuous.
These specimens have a different aspect from pubescent ones and may be difficult
to place with certainty. A. cowleana appears to be closely related to A. gonoclada,
though it has also been confused with A. holosericea in some herbaria,

69. Acacia brassii Pedley, Contrib. Qd Herb. 15:6 (1974). Type: Wenlock
River, 60 miles [96 km] NNW of Coen, 13°06’S 142°57’E, Jul 1968,
Pedley 2741 (BRI, holo).

Tree to 8m tall with hard dark furrowed bark. Branchlets, pulvinuses and
phyllodes of young plants with a covering of somewhat crowded white hairs ca
0:25 mm long and of sparse brownish hairs 0-05 mm long. Ribs of the branchlets
glabrous or sometimes covered with a few scattered long hairs. Phyllodes
glabrous or the young ones scurfy, narrowly ovate, falcate, 13-19 cm long,

the dorsal margin at the base; pulvinus 6-10 mm long; 3 longitudinal nerves
conspicuous, the remainder very crowded not conspicuous on living phyllode,
hardly anastomosing. Spikes dense ca 5 cm long, single or in pairs in the upper
axils on peduncles 6mm long, the rachis and peduncle densely pubescent.
Flowers 5—merous; calyx 0:8-1:1 mm long, with somewhat dense hairs, divided
almost to the base into oblong lobes rather broad at the tips; corolla lobes ovate
1:3-1-5 mm long joined to the middle with a few long hairs on the back; stamens
2:5~3 mm long; ovary covered with erect hairs ca 0:25 mm long. Pod up to
5:5cem long, 2:5 mm wide, linear, acute, + straight sometimes long pointed,
obscurely striate, glabrous, contracted between the seeds and raised over them.
Seeds arranged longitudinally, depressed cylindrical, 3-3-5 mm long, ca 1:5 mm
wide, 1-1-4 mm thick, the funicle twice folded to form an aril.

Coox District: Browns Creek, Pascoe River, Jul 1948, Brass 19563; 11°33’S 142°06’E,
Cockatoo Creek, 60 miles [96 km] S of Cape York, Jun 1968, Pedley 2738 14°10’'S 143°42’E,
35 miles [56 km] ESE of Coen, Nov 1965, Pedley 1892.

This species occurs on deep sandy bleached grey earths, usually forming
distinct communities with Melaleuca viridiflora north and north-east of Coen, but
is also found on creek banks farther north. It and A. rothii are the commonest
species of Acacia in Cape York Peninsula north of about 15°S,

70. Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth., London J. Bot. 1:377 (1842);
Pediey, Contrib. Qd Herb. 18:17 (1975). Type: South Goulburn I,
Voyage of “Bathurst”, Cunningham (K, holo).

Tree to 25m; branchlets angular, glabrous. Phyllodes similar in texture
and shape to those of A. aulacocarpa, 10-16cm long, (12—)15—25(—30) mm
wide, 4-9 times as long as wide; 3 prominent longitudinal nerves running together

173

towards lower margin or in the middle near'the base, many fine crowded, some-
what anastomosing secondary nerves; gland basal, distinct swelling with small
rimmed orifice at distal end. Spikes up to 8cm long, somewhat interrupted in
pairs in upper axils. Flowers S-merous; calyx glabrous, 0-7-1 mm long, shortly
lobed; corolla 1-7—2.mm long, 2—2:5 times as long as the calyx; stamens ca 3 mm
long; ovary densely pubescent. Pod flat, rather woody, glaucous, transversely
veined with undulate margins, ca 6:5 cm long, 1:5 cm wide. Seeds transverse,
ca 5mm long, 3:5 mm wide; areole large, almost closed; funicle encircling the
seed,

Cook Disrricr: Normanby River, N of “Kalpowar”, Oct 1970, Hyland 4865S,

Acacia auriculiformis is confined to Cape York Peninsula, north of 16°S
where it is found on well drained soils along streams. It extends to Arnhem
Land and New Guinea. Flowers have been collected in May and June.

The pods of A. auriculiformis and A. aulacocarpa are similar and the two
species are closely related. Without pods herbarium specimens of A. auriculiformis
and A. polystachya are difficult to distinguish. The nerves of A, polystachya
run together and often join some distance (1 cm) from the base of the phyllode
leaving a distinct margin without nerves immediately above the pulvinus. Such
a margin is usually not present in A. quriculiformis and with practice this rather
indefinite character permits a high level of accuracy in distinguishing the two.
A, leptocarpa is sometimes confused with A. auriculiformis and A. polystachya,
but it has widely spaced nerves (1—2/mm across the middle of the phyllode) in
contrast to the crowded ones (4-6/mm) of A. auriculiformis and A, polystachya.

71, Acacia polystachya A. Cunn. ex Benth., London Bot. 1:376 (1842).
Type: Haggerstone I, [12°02’S 143°18’E], Aug
lectotypus novus)

A tree to 25m; branchlets angular, glabrous, slender. Phyllodes rather
chartaceous in texture, glabrous, 9-17(—23) cm long, (13—)16-23(—25) mm
wide, 6—9 times as long as wide; 2-3 longitudinal nerves prominent, tending to
run ‘together in the middle of lamina at the base, many fine anastomosing
secondary nerves (4-5/mm); pulvinus 2—9 mm long; gland -- conspicuous, 4-5m
from the base. Spikes sparse 5-8 cm long, with glabrous rachises, on peduncles
ca 5mm long in pairs at the base of at axillary shoots. Flowers
S—merous; calyx rather membranous, broad, 0-7-0-9 mm long, glabrous with
fimbriate lobes ca 0-25 mm long; corolla deeply lobed, glabrous, 1-5-2 mm
long, 2:2—2°6 times, as long as the calyx; stamens 3—4 mm long; ovary densely
pubescent. Pod flat, glabrous and + glaucous, up to 10cm long, 6-8 mm
wide, Seeds longitudinal, 4-2mm long, 3mm wide; areole broad and open;
funicle encircling seed and thickened into a clavate aril.

Coox Disrricr: Upper Massey Creek ca 15 miles [24km] ENE of Coen, Oct 1962,

Smith 11767 & 11884; Hartleys Creek, N of Cairns, Sep 1950, Smith 4638. NorTH KENNEDY
Districr: Palm Is., Bancr oft.

Acacia polystachya extends from Cairns to Banks Island in Torres Strait
with one specimen from the Palm Islands. It has not been recorded from
the Northern Territory or New Guinea. It is one of the few species of Acacia
found in rainforest. In the MclIlwraith Range, east of Coen, A. polystachya
is recorded from rainforest (deciduous vine thicket and semi-deciduous mesophyll
vine forest) on alluvial soils. It also occurs elsewhere in vine thicket and along
beaches. It flowers from May to July and fruit appear to mature from September
to November though empty pods remain on trees for a considerable time.

po , Cunningham (K;

174

Acacia polystachya is difficult to distinguish from A. auriculiformis if pods
are not available (see A. OES) but the two species are not particularly
closely allied,

72. Acacia tropica (Maiden & Blakely) Tindale, Contrib. N.S.W. Nat. Herb.
4:273 (1972). Based on Acacia cunninghamii Hook. var. tropica Maiden
& Blakely, J. Roy. Soc. West Aust. 13:31 (1927). Type: Hells Gate,
Roper River, Aug 1911, Baldwin Spencer (NSW, holo; K, iso).

Tree to 6m tall; branchlets glabrous, angular, often reddish. Phyllodes
glabrous, — straight, 9-16cm long, 14~25 mm wide, 4-7(-8&-:5) times as long
as wide; (2—)3(—4) longitudinal nerves more prominent than the rest, running
together 1-2cm from the base, secondary longitudinal nerves widely spaced
(16-24/cm); gland basal; pulvinus 5—8(—10) mm long rather indefinite in length
because of narrowing of phyllode at the base. Spikes dense 3-4-5 cm long on
peduncles 7~10 mm long in pairs in the axils. Flowers 5—merous; calyx glabrous
or rarely with a few hairs at the base, 0:4-0-6mm long, the lobes ciliolate;
corolla glabrous; 1:5—2 mm long; 3—4 times as long as the calyx; stamens 3-4 mm
long; ovary pubescent. Mature pods not seen; immature ones straight, flat
glabrous, similar to those of A. oligophleba and A. crassa.

BURKE DISTRICT: “Westmoreland” Station [ea 17°20/S 138°15’E], Jun 1948, Perry
1344; Jun 1963, Gittins 845; Jun 1966, Pedley 2092.

_ Acacia tropica is extremely common in the far north-western part of the
State on sandy soil with Melaleuca viridiflora. Tt extends east as far as Croydon.
It flowers from about mid-June to August. Mature pods have not been collected.

Because of the widely spaced secondary nerves A. tropica appears to be
more closely allied to A. oligophleba and A. leptocarpa than it is to A. concurrens
(A, cunninghamii) and its relatives.

73. *Acacia oligophleba Pedley. Type: NorTH KENNEDY DISTRICT: 7 miles
[11 km] from Pentland on road to Torrens Creek, Jan 1966, Pedley 2121
(BRI, holo)

Small tree ca 5 m tall; branchlets stout, angular, glabrous to sparsely appressed
pubescent, the hairs ca 0- 2mm long; young tips sometimes yellowish. Phyllodes
straight or curved, narrowed to each end, acute, glabrous or sparsely appressed
pubescent, the hairs often confined to the base, 145-23 cm long, 1-5-3 cm
wide, 6-13 times as long as wide, three longitudinal nerves prominent, one
extending only about 2/3 length of phyllode, two lower ones running together
near base of phyllode, secondary nerves prominent (1:5-2:5/mm) anastomosing;

* Acacia oligophleba sp. nov. affinis A. leptocarpae A, Cunn. ex Benth. interdum. indumento
pilorum appressorum phyllodiis dissimiliter nervatis et spicis brevioribus differt. Typus:
Pedley 2121 (BRI, holo).

Arbor parva circa 5m alta; ramuli circa 0-2 mm_ longi; surculi interdum flavidi.
Phyllodia recta curvatave, in extrema angustata, acuta glabra vel sparsim appresse pubescentes,
pilis ad basem saepe limitatis, 14-523 cm longa, 1-5—3 cm lata, 6-13-plo longiora quam
lata; 3 nervi longitudinales prominentes, unicus per tantum duos longitudinis trientes phyllodii
extensus, duo inferni versus phyllodii basem concurrentes; nervi secundarii prominentes
(1-5—2:5/mm) anastomantes; pulvinus 3-6mm longus; glans basalis ex tumore prominenti
et orificio labiato constans. Spicae parce densae 3-4cm longae in pedunculis sparsim vel
modice appresse pubescentibus 7—13 mm longis binatim basi surculi axillaris. rudimentalis
portatae. Flores 5—meri; calyx crassus 0:6-0°9mm longus glaber vel magis vulgo aliquot
pilis basi, lobis obtusis fimbriatis circa 0:2mm longis; corolla profunde lobata glabra,
1:8—2 mm longa, 2—3—plo longiora quam calyx; stamina 3-4 mm longa; ovarium glabrum
vel pubescens. Legumen lineare planum convexum super seminibus et leviter indentum inter
ea, circa 3-5mm latum, Semina longitudinalia, 4mm longa, 2:5 mm lata; areola magna
aperta; funiculus flavidus 4—plo plicatus arillam basilem faciens.

175

pulvinus 3-6 mm long; gland basal consisting of prominent swelling and rimmed
orifice. Spikes moderately dense 3-4 cm long on sparsely to moderately dense
appressed pubescent peduncles 7-13mm long in pairs at base of rudimentary
axillary shoot. Flowers 5—merous; calyx stout 0-6-0:9 mm long, glabrous or
more commonly with a few hairs at the base and obtuse fimbriate lobes ca 0:2 mm
long; corolla deeply lobed, glabrous, 1:8—-2 mm long, 2—3 times as long as the
calyx; stamens 3-4 mm long; ovary glabrous or pubescent. Pod linear, flat, raised
over seeds and slightly indented between them, ca 12cm long, 3-5 mm wide.
Seeds longitudinal, 4mm long, 2:5 mm wide; areole large open; funicle yellow,
folded ca 4 times forming basal aril. (Fig. 8d, phyllode),

BurKE Disrricr: 58 miles [93 km] SSE of Camooweal, May 1948, Perry 737. NorTH
KENNEDY Districr: 7 miles [11 km] E of Torrens Creek, Jul 1954, Speck 4558, MITCHELL
DistTricT: about 85 miles [135 km] N of Aramac, Jun 1949, Everist 3863.

Acacia oligophleba is common on sandy red or yellow earths in eucalypt
woodland in “desert country” between Jericho and Pentland, but it is scattered
through north-western Queensland and extends to the Northern Territory. It
flowers in June and July. It appears to be intermediate between A. leptocarpa and
A. cowleana., |

74. Acacia leptocarpa A, Cunn. ex Benth. London J. Bot. 1:376 (1842);
Pedley, Contrib. Qd Herb. 18:19 (1975). Lectotype: Cape Flinders,

Aug on Cunningham (K; BM. iso).

Tree to ca 8m tall; branchlets glabrous, angular, soon becoming terete.
Phyllodes usually falcate, acute attenuate at the base, glabrous, (10—) 12—21(-—26)
cm long, 10-22(—26) mm wide, 6-15(—18) times as long as wide; three longi-
tudinal nerves prominent, yellowish, crowded into narrow basal part of phyllode;
secondary nerves -+ parallel, widely spaced (1—2/mm); gland basal, prominent
swelling and small orifice, usually not rimmed; pulvinus (3—)5-10 mm _ long.
Spikes moderately dense, 5—7 cm long with glabrous rachis, on glabrous peduncles
3-8 mm long in pairs at base of rudimentary axillary shoot. Flowers 5—merous;
calyx 0:75-1 mm long, stout, subglabrous except for a few fringing hairs, the
lobes 0:2—0-3 mm long; corolla glabrous, 1:9-2-4mm long, 2—2:6 times as
long as the calyx, deeply lobed; stamens 3-3-5 mm long; ovary densely pubescent.
Pod linear, somewhat coiled, flat but raised over seeds, up to 12cm long, 3 mm
wide. Seeds longitudinal, ca 4mm long, 2:5mm wide; areole oblong, open;
funicle yellow, folded many times forming aril almost as long as the seed.

BURKE Disrricr: 16 miles [26 km] from Turn-off Lagoon on Road to “Westmoreland”.
Tun 1966, Pedley 2094. Coox Districr: near Mareeba, Apr 1953, Melville 3722. Norru
KeNNeEpy Districr: ca 16km N of Cardwell, Aug 1947, Smit 3237. SourH KENNEDY
District: Mackay, Sep 1970, Bucholz. Porr Curtis Disrricr: Byfield, Sep 1931, White
8152. Wipe Bay DistrRicr: between Childers and Bundaberg, Apr 1962, Parsons.

Acacia leptocarpa ranges from a little north of Bundaberg through coastal
districts to Cape York. It also occurs in coastal districts of the Northern Territory
and the extreme north-western part of Queensland and in southern New Guinea.
It is extremely common in eucalypt communities between Townsville and
Cardwell, and east of Mareeba, usually on sandy soils. Flowering occurs from
May to August, probably earlier in the southern part of its range than in the north.

176

A, leptocarpa is a well marked species easily recognised because of its
usually quite falcate phyllodes with widely spaced secondary nerves. Despite
this, herbarium specimens of other species are often referred to A. leptocarpa.
For example all specimens, other than those collected by Cunningham seen at
the British Museum (National History} were wrongly identified. The Port
Essington specimen referred by Bentham (Fi, Aust. 2:408) to A. polystachya
is A. leptocarpa.

75, Acacia longispicata Benth. in Mitch., Trop. Aust. 298 (1848); Pedley,
Contrib. Qd Herb. 15:9 (1974). Type: Subtropical New Holland, Sep
1846, Mitchell “293” Ck, holo).

A, cunninghamii Hook. var. longispicata (Benth.) Benth., Fl. Aust. 2:407
(1864). Based on A. longispicata Benth.

Tree to 10m tall; branchlets stout angular with indumentum of dense
appressed hyaline hairs ca 0-1 mm long or of dense spreading hairs 0':2—0-4 mm
long, the hairs usually extending to pulvinuses, phyllodes and peduncles. Phyllodes
9-18 cm long, 1-3—4cm wide, 4-8(—-12) times as long as wide, phyllodes on
young plants considerably larger; 3 longitudinal nerves more prominent than
the rest; secondary ones anastomosing, rather widely spaced; gland basal large,
pulvinus 6-10 mm long. Spikes sparse to dense, depending on length, 5-12 cm
long, on peduncles 6—8(—15) mm long in pairs in the upper axils. Flowers
5—merous; calyx moderately pubescent, the indumentum sometimes only at
the base, 0:5-0:8 mm long, truncate or sinuolate; corolla glabrous 1-6-2 mm
long, 2:5~3-5 times as long as the calyx; stamens ca 3 mm long; ovary densely
pubescent. Pods straight, flat but conspicuously convex over the seeds on each
side, 3-6cm long, 2:°5-3:5mm_ wide, glabrous, seeds longitudinal
(2:5-)3-5—4-5 mm long, (1:5-)2—2-5 mm wide; areole oblong, almost closed;
funicle yellow fieshy folded 5-6 times beneath seed.

75a. A. longispicata subsp. longispicata

Branchlets with indumentum of appressed hairs; spikes 6-12 cm_ long.
(Fig. 10a, pod).

BurkKE District: Poison Creek, 14 miles [22 km] N of “Mt. Sturgeon” Stn., Jun 1953,
Lazarides 3661, NortH Kennepy District: 18°35’S 145°20’E [ca 95km S of Mt Garnet],
Aug 1967, Morain 143. MircuHELty Districr: Enniskillen, Nov 1943, White 12351. SoutrH
KENNEDY District: 8 miles [13 km] W of Alpha, 23°38’S 146°30’E, Nov 1968, Pedley 2810.
LercHHarpt District: 30km + N of Injune, Aug 1973, Pedley 4121. MARANOA DISTRICT:
15 miles [24km] N of Mitchell, Aug 1968, Martensz 3900.

75b. *A. longispicata Benth, subsp. velutina Pedley. Type: Burnett District:
12km NW of Kingaroy, 26°23’§ 151°41’E, Aug 1973, Pedley 4134.

Branchlets with indumentum of dense long spreading hairs; spikes 5—7(-9)
cm long. Pods unknown.

A. longispicata is widely spread on usually sandy soils from near Kingaroy
to about Mt Garnet usually at no great distance from the Dividing Range.
It occurs as scattered trees in eucalypt woodland or in dense pure stands on
roadsides. It is particularly common on roads north-east and north-west of
Taroom.

*A, longispicata Benth. subsp, velutina Pedley, subsp. nov.

Ramuli indumento pilorum densorum longerum patentium obsiti; spicae 5—7(~9) cm
longae. Legumen ignotum. Typus: Pedley 4134 (BRI, holotypus; A, B, CANB, E, K, L,
NSW, MO, PR, isotypi).

177

It flowers from July to about September, and probably begins to flower
about a month earlier in the northern part of its range than it does in the south.
Fruits mature about November.

A. longispicata is usually an easily identified plant with large silvery
phyllodes and long spikes, but there is a fair range of variation. A. longispicata
subsp. velutina which is known only from one locality 300 km east of the nearest
known stand of A. longispicata subsp. longispicata has dense spreading hairs
on the branchlets and pulvinuses but the phyllodes are usually glabrous. The
hairs of A. longispicata subsp. longispicata are short and appressed. Plants
from the northern part of the range of A. longispicata subsp. longispicata often
have smaller phyllodes than those described and plants from throughout its
range often have short spikes. Many of the specimens with short spikes were
collected late in the flowering season and the production of short spikes may be
determined by environmental factors, perhaps high temperatures or low soil-
moisture. The density of hairs varies, but some hairs are always present on
branchlets and phyllodes (particularly near the base or along the major nerves).
Lazarides & Story (ca 13 miles ESE of Rolleston) is almost glabrous; Blake
6992 (Lexington, N. of Springsure) has extremely short narrow phyllodes.

The relationships of A. longispicata are with A. crassa and more remotely,
with A. grandifolia.

76. Acacia crassa Pedley, Contrib, Qd Herb. 15:9 (1974). Type: Darling Downs
District: about 28 miles [45 km] SSW of Dalby on Moonie Highway,
Sep 1961, Pedley 810 (BRI, holo).

Tree to 10 m tall; branches stout angular, either glabrous and usually reddish
with distinct lenticels or with indumentum of dense spreading hairs 0:2—0-4 mm
long extending to pulvinuses, peduncles and sometimes to bases of mature
phyllodes. Phyllodes 10—25(-—30) cm long, 8—25 (—30) mm wide,
(5+5—)9-18(—22) times as long as wide, phyllodes on young plants either longer
and more falcate or wider than those of mature plants; three longitudinal nerves
more prominent than the rest often running together at the base of the phyllodes,
secondary longitudinal nerves anastomosing; gland basal; pulvinus (3—)5—-10 mm
long. Spike (3-)4:-5-9 cm long, sparse to dense, on peduncles (2—)4—-8 mm
long in pairs in the axils, sometimes lateral on axillary shoots. Flowers 5—merous;
calyx cylindrical, stout, glabrous or with a few hairs at the base 0-:6-1:2 mm
long the lobes 0: 1-0-2 mm long; corolla glabrous 1-6-2-4 mm long, 2-3 times
as long as the calyx; stamens 3-4mm long; ovary pubescent. Pods glabrous,
straight, flat, convex over the seeds and slightly contracted between them to
7cm long, 2-5—3:5mm wide. Seeds longitudinal 3-6 mm long, 1:5—-2:5 mm
wide; areole open, somewhat clongate; funicle folded about 5 times, forming
a basal aril about half as long as seeds. |

76a. A. crassa subsp. crassa.

Glabrous with strongly falcate phyllodes to 30cm long on young plants;
spikes usually dense; seeds 4-5-6 X 2-2-5 mm.

SouTH KENNEDY DISTRICT: Beta, 23°38’S 146°19’R, Aug 1973, Pedley 4096. LuicuHarptT
District: Isla Gorge, Aug 1973, Sharpe & Hockings 538. Porr Curtis District: 10km E
of Biloela, Sep 1972, Daniels. MarANoa District: ca 8 miles [13 km] from Yuleba on
Surat road, Sep 1961, Jones.179, DARLING Downs District: Barakula, Sep 1948, Blake
18199; Inglewood, Sep 1934, White 12824, Burnetr Districr:’ 15 miles [24km] from
Eidsvold on Cracow road, Sep 1959, Johnson 912.

178

76b. *A. crassa subsp. longicoma Pedley. Type: Wide Bay District: 6 km WNW
of Gin Gin, 24°55’S 151°S1’E Aug 1973, Pedley 4080 (BRI, holo; A,
CANB, K, iso).

Young plants (including the phyllodes) densely pubescent; phyllodes
straight, wide, up to 20cm long; spikes often sparse; seeds ca 3 & 1:5 mm.

Porr Curtis Districr: ‘“Torilla’” Homestead [22°27’S 150°04’E], Aug 1963, Speck
1722, LeicuHARDT District: Lily Creek, 32 km + W of Baralaba, Aug 1973, Pedley 4086.
DarLinc Downs District: Gurulmundi, Aug 1961, Phillips Canberra Bot. Gard. 013554 &
Sep 1961, Pedley 875. BurNetr Disrrict: Allies Creek [ca 26°05’S 151°10°’E], Aug 1976,
Henderson. WibE Bay District: near Booyal, 25°11’S 152°02’E, Aug 1973, Pedley 4079.

A. crassa occurs farther inland and farther north than A. concurrens,
the species that it resembles most closely. They both flower about the same
time.

A. crassa subsp. crassa is extremely common in the Darling Downs district
but extends northward to the Tropic of Capricorn and southward into New
South Wales, It is a common component of eucalypt woodland and often
forms dense stands in disturbed situations. A. crassa subsp. longicoma has a
more coastal distribution. It is particularly common in the Monto—Gin Gin
area but occurs sporadically from Eidsvold-Wandoan to Shoalwater Bay. In
their type localities the two subspecies have rather different facies, but in the
western part of the Burnett district only the indumentum distinguishes A. crassa
subsp. longicoma from A. crassa subsp. crassa.

77. Acacia concurrens Pedley, Contrib. Qd Herb. 15:9 (1974). Based on
A, cunninghamii Hook., Ic, Plant. t. 167 (1837), non G. Don. Type:
Brisbane River, Cunningham (K, holo).

Tree to 10m tall with dark furrowed bark; branchlets angular, particularly
on young plants, somewhat scurfy. Phyllodes obliquely obovate, the lower margin
+ straight, the upper curved, 10—16(-18) cm long, (0-9-)1:2-3 cm wide,
3-5—9(—12) times as long as wide, somewhat scurfy when young, glabrous 3(—4)
longitudinal nerves much more prominent than the rest, the lower two running
together into margin up to several cm from the base, secondary longitudinal
nerves anastomosing, fairly widely spaced; pulvinus 5-9 mm long; gland small,
basal. Spikes moderately dense, in pairs in the upper axils, 5-1Ocm long on
peduncles 5—8(—10) mm long, rachis slightly glaucous. Flowers 5—merous;
calyx stout, cylindric, 0-6-1 mm long, shortly toothed, the teeth ca 0-2 mm long,
a few hyaline hairs (ca 0-1 mm long) towards the base; corolla 1-8—2 mm long, |
ca 2—3 times as long as the calyx, ovate uninerved lobes strongly reflexed; stamens
ca 3mm long; ovary with dense indumentum of white felted hairs. Pods linear,
coiled, somewhat fleshy when young but when mature valves flat, coriaceous,
glabrous, 6-8cm long, 2:5-4mm wide; seeds longitudinal 3:5-4mm xX
1:8—2 mm with a large open areole; funicle folded beneath seed forming aril
about as long as the seed. (Fig. 7b, position of gland.)

DARLING Downs District: 24 miles [38 km] SE of Warwick, Jun 1962, Cudmore.

Burnetr Disrrict: 3 miles [Skm] W of Nanango, Aug 1963, pene 1384, MorRETON
Districr: Haighmoor near Ipswich, Aug 1960, vee 663.

*A, crassa subsp. longicoma Pedley, subsp. nov.

Plantae (phyllodia inclusa) dense pubescentes; phyllodia recta lata usque 20cm longa;
spicae saepe sparsiflorae; semina ca 3 X 1-5 mm, Typus: Pedley 4080 (BRI, holo; A, CANB,
K, iso).

179

Acacia concurrens is more or less restricted to coastal areas from the
Mooloolah River (Q.) south to the Hastings River (N.S.W.). It is an extremely
common component of lower tree layers in eucalypt open-forest and sometimes

forms dense pure stands in country that has been cleared. It flowers from about

mid-July to September, noticeably later in the year than A. leiocalyx which often
grows with it.

In the past, the name A. cunninghamii has been applied in an extremely
broad sense, A. crassa, A. cretata, A. leiocalyx, A. longispicata and A. tropica,
as well as A. concurrens have all been referred to it. It has included at one time
or another all. the Queensland species with large phyllodes with anastomosing
secondary nerves, the major longitudinal nerves tending to run together or to
the lower margin near the base. The species are closely related and difficult to
identify from herbarium material. Identification of plants in the field is somewhat
easier. The colour and angularity of the branchlets, the colour and length of
flowering spikes, the size and colour of phyllodes, especially those on young
plants and the time of flowering are of value in identifying species. Indumentum,
the length of pulvinuses and the density of the secondary nerves are useful in
identifying dried specimens, |

78. Acacia leiocalyx (Domin) Pedley, Contrib. Od Herb, 15:10 (1974). Based
on A. glaucescens Willd. var. leiocalyx Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:269
(1926). Lectotype: prope Brisbane River, Dietrich 568 (PR; HBG, iso).

Shrub or tree to 6m; branchlets sharply angled, sometimes almost winged,
often red, glabrous or rarely slightly scurly; young tips pinkish, drying dark.
Phyllodes glabrous, 8-16 cm long, 0:7-2-5(—3:5) cm wide, 4-16(—20) times
as long as wide, phyllodes on young plants often much broader, 3 longitudinal
nerves more prominent than the rest, running together or into lower margin
near the base, secondary longitudinal nerves anastomosing, 25—-45/cm in middle
of the Jeaf; gland basal; pulvinus (2—)3—4 mm long. Spikes in axillary pairs on
peduncles 3~8 mm long, moderately dense to sparse, 3-7(—-10) cm long. Flowers
5—merous; calyx cylindrical 0-5—-0:9 mm long glabrous or rarely with a few
hyaline hairs near the base, sinuately lobed; corolla glabrous 1:5-2 mm long,
2—3 times as long as the calyx, the lobed somewhat apiculate, strongly reflexed;
stamens 34mm long; ovary tomentose. Pods linear, loosely and irregularly
coiled, thick and succulent when immature, flat and dry when mature, ca 7 cm
long, 3—4 mm wide; seeds longitudinal ca 3:5 & 1:5 mm, black, shining; areole
long, open; funicle folded at base of seed, forming aril about as long as the seed.

78a. A, leiocalyx subsp. leiocalyx

Phyllodes 8—12(-16) cm long, 12-25(-35) mm wide, 4-9 times as long as
wide.

Norra KENNEDY District: 42 miles [67 km] from Charters Towers on. Clermont road,
May 1960, Johnson 1854,. SouTH KENNEDY DistTricT: 17 miles [27 km] E of “Pasha [ca
21°40’S 147°55’E], Jul 1964, Pedley 1727A. Porr Curtis Disrricr: 13 miles [21 km] W of
Calliope,-Jun 1962, Pedley 1025, LeicHHarpr District: Bogantungan, Jun 1964, Pedley
1718, Maranoa District: 5 miles from Yuleba, Sep 1961, R. Jones 176. Dartinc Downs
District: 10 miles [16 km] S of Meandarra, Mar 1959, Pedley 385, _BURNETT DISTRICT:
Biggenden, Oct 1930, White 7301. Wine Bay District: near Booyal, 25°13’S8 152°04’E,
Apr 1973, Pediley 4070, MorETon Districr: Albert River, Aug 1930, Hubbard 3816.

180

78b. *A. leiocalyx subsp. herveyensis Pedley. Type: Mullet Creek, 24°42’S
152°04’E, Aug 1969, Pedley 2867 (BRI, holo).

Phyllodes 9-16 cm long, 7-14(-16) mm wide, 8-16(-19) times as long
as wide.
Porr Curtis Districr: Yeppoon road, May 1925, Court; near Round Hill Head, Aug

1969, Pedley 2873. Wwe Bay Districr: Boonooroo 23°39'S 152° 53’E, Nov 1970, Boyland
1507; 20 miles [32 km] SW of Double Island Pt, Aug 1964, Everist 7658.

Acacia leiocalyx is one of the most widespread of the Queensland species
previously referred to as A. cunninghamii (= A. concurrens, see p. 178).
extends from the northern part of the Burdekin Basin to as far south as about
32°S in coastal districts of New South Wales. (Ceveny NSW 101508, in NSW).
Plants on beaches a little north of Sydney are probably naturalized. It favours
well drained, often shallow soils, and is extremely common in eucalypt com-
munities in the south-east, particularly in the Bundaberg—Gympie area,

In coastal districts of Queensland A. leiocalyx subsp. leiocalyx flowers from
about mid-April to July and usually finishes flowering near Brisbane before
A, concurrens, which is also common in the area, begins to flower. A. leiocalyx
subsp. herveyensis however, flowers decidedly later, from July to September. In
July 1966 all plants of A. leiocalyx subsp. leiocalyx studied in the Maryborough-
Pialba area had finished flowering while no plants of the less common A. leiocalyx
subsp. herveyensis with open flowers were found. In inland Queensland flowering
is more irregular and extends over a longer period—late April to August.
Individual inland populations often have a more prolonged flowering period than
do coastal populations. That is, plants in inland populations are often at widely
different stages of flowering while plants in coastal populations are more or less
at the same flowering stage.

From a rather small number of herbarium specimens studied it appears that
plants in north-eastern New South Wales flower later than plants in southern
Queensland.

| A. leiocalyx subsp. herveyensis has narrower phyllodes and a later flowering
period than A. leiocalyx subsp. leiocalyx. It occurs within about 25 km of the
coast between 23° and 25°S latitude. A specimen from near Crescent Hill (31°S)
(McGillivray & Coveny 367, NSW) approaches A. leiocalyx subsp. herveyensis
but further field studies and collections in New South Wales are needed to
establish any pattern of variation.

A, leiocalyx is distinguished from related species by its angular red branchlets,
short pulvinuses and usually glabrous calyxes. On an extremely small proportion
of plants one or two hyaline hairs occur at the base of the calyx. This may
indicate some gene exchange with A. concurrens or A. crassa, In the field
A. leiocalyx is a well defined, easily identified species and intergrading with related
species is slight.

A variant which may eventually warrant formal recognition is found in a
small area in central Queensland. (Representative specimens—Leichhardt District:
Lazarides & Story 118 & 132). It usually has a few hairs on the calyx, but has
remarkably consistently narrower phyllodes 11-14cm & 11-12 mm.

*A. leiocalyx subsp. herveyensis subsp. nov.

Phyllodia 9-16 cm longa, 7-14(—16) mm lata, 8-16(—19)—plo longiora quam lata. Typus:
Pedley 2867 (BRI, holotypus).

181

79. Acacia holosericea A. Cunn. ex G. Don, Gen, Syst. 2:407 (1832); Pedley,
Proc, Roy. Soc, Qd, 74:57 (1964). Type: Port Keats, Cambridge Gulf,
Oct - a Cunningham (BM; K; lectotypus novus). |
A. mangium Willd. var. holosericea (G. Don) C, T. White, Contrib. Arnold
Arbor, 4:42 (1933). Based on'A. holosericea.

A, neurocarpa A, Cunn, ex Hook., Icon, Plant. 2. t. 168 (1837). Type:

Port Keats, Cambridge Gulf, Oct Bitice Cunningham (K, holo—see below

iets: 1819°
for discussion.)

A, holosericea A. Cunn. ex G. Don, var. neurocarpa (Hook.) Domin,
Biblioth, Bot. 89:270 (1926). Based on A. neurocarpa.

A, holosericea var. glabrata Maiden, Proc. Roy. Soc. Qd 30:48 (1918).
Type: Gilbert River, Bick 146 (BRI, iso).

A, holosericea A. Cunn, ex G. Don var. multispirea Domin, Biblioth. Bot.
89:270 (1926). Type: in xerodrymio apud rivulum prope opp. Chillagoe,
Feb 1910, Domin “5176” (PR, holo). | a
A shrub or tree to 5m; branchlets acutely trigonous, glabrous sericeous or
tomentose. Phyllodes to 25cm long, 15-95 mm broad, 2—9 times as long as
broad, acute or obtuse, with a small glandular mucro, sometimes glabrous but
usually sparsely to densely sericeous, tomentose, velutinous or hoary, with a
circular or oval gland on the dorsal edge at the base of the lamina; three (rarely
_ two) longitudinal nerves more prominent than the rest, all running into the dorsal
margin near the base; secondary nerves reticulate, prominent. Petioles sericeous
or tomentose, 5-12 mm long. Spikes 3—6cm long, singly or in pairs in the
upper axils; peduncles sericeous or tomentose, but rachis glabrescent. Flowers
scattered or moderately crowded; calyx 0-5—-0:7mm long with obtuse lobes
ca 0:15 mm long, the whole sericeous or tomentose; corolla about three times as
long as the calyx, sericeous or tomentose though sparsely so. Pod glabrous or
pubescent, coiled, 2-5-5 mm broad; valves membranous or slightly woody,
depressed between the longitudinal seeds. Seeds rectangular, black, nitid, ca 5 mm
long, with a small cupular aril at the base. .

BuRKE Districr: Mica Creek, Mt Isa, Aug 1970, Maloney 14/70 (NSW 119759).
Coox District: Gillies Highway between Gordonvale and Yungaburra, Jul 1967, Brass
33620, Norra KENNEDY District: “Blue Range” Stn, Burdekin River, Jun 1975, Thorsborne
67, SourH KENNEDY DistTRIcT: 25 miles [40 km] NE of Mt Coolon, Oct 1967, Anderson.
Port Curtis District: 75 miles [120 km] from Marlborough on Sarina road, May 1960,
Johnson 1788. Warreco District: Bulloo River on Adavale—Quilpie road, 26°20’S 144°20’E,
Jul 1968, Beale,

A. holosericea ranges from the tropical parts of Western Australia and the
Northern Territory to north-western Queensland, the southern part of Cape York
Peninsula and south through drier coastal and sub-coastal districts to about
Rockhampton. Usually it grows on sandy or gravelly banks of seasonally dry
streams but it is found occasionally on more fertile soils in “dry” or “monsoon
scrub”, The specimen from the Bulloo River, south-west of Adavale was collected
from a plant believed to. have become established after floods in 1963. The
locality is about 300 km south-west of the nearest known population of A. holo-
sericea, and none is known to occur in the area drained by the Bulloo.

gg ata alk uierenebe re urnddlaaitecddaebdamabuntalemcnnataleesttteeal tas teeinthoen ast tata ste Mat pls tile SSL gh tt Oa ale ad el kt

182

Flowers have been collected from April to October, but the main period of
flowering is June-August and fruiting, August-October.

As previously noted (1964) A. holosericea exhibits a wide range of variation,
particularly in phylHode form and in density of indumentum. Glabrate individuals
occur throughout the species’ range but there appears to be a continuous
graduation from more or less glabrous to densely pubescent plants. Both A. holo-
sericea var, glabrata and var. multispirea were based on + glabrous specimens.
A, holosericea var. pubescens F. Muell. is A. pellita O. Schwarz.

A, holosericea and A, mangium have been confused, with the result that
names have been misapplied (see A. mangium, p. 170). Lectotypification of
A. holosericea was found to be necessary to avoid further confusion. In the
herbarium at Kew three sheets have been segregated as types. One is A. dunnii,
another which consists of two twigs and three detached phyllodes is A, holosericea
but bears two labels with different dates of collection and different localities,
Repulse Bay, June 1819 and Port Keats, October 1819. The third sheet consists
of a twig with some fruit of A. holosericea attached, and a detached phyllode of
A, dunnii, On a label attached to the twig is written “Acacia neurocarpa/
Cambridge Gulf”. The material separated as types in the herbarium of the
British Museum (Natural History) is less confused. There are two specimens,
both collected by Cunningham at Cambridge Gulf in 1819 during the second
voyage of the “Mermaid”. One is A. dunnii, the other is selected as lectotype.
It would be possible to choose a portion of one of the sheets at Kew as lectotype,
but there is less likely to be confusion if the BM sheet is chosen. A similar
situation pertains in the case of A. simsit. |

The type of A. neurocarpa is evidently a duplicate of the lectotype of
A. holosericea. Domin reduced A. neurocarpa to varietal rank, but his specimen
from Harvyey’s Creek (PR) is A. mangium. ,

80. Acacia nesophila. Pedley, Contrib. Qd Herb, 15:12 (1974). Type: Cook
District: near Irvinebank, ca 10 miles [16 km] W of Herberton, Apr 1967,
Pedley 2319 (BRI, holo).

Shrub up to 3m tall; branchlets somewhat coarse, angular, scurfy or with a
covering of somewhat crowded flexuose hairs ca 0-2 mm long. Phyllodes thick,
scurfy, velvety, tomentose, subglabrous or rarely glabrous gland on the dorsal
margin at the top of the 4-5 mm long pulvinus, 3-5 conspicuous longitudinal
nerves not running into the lower margin of the phyllode, secondary nerves strongly
reticulate forming -+ oblong areoles. Dense spikes up to 4cm long in pairs in
the upper axils, rachises and peduncles tomentose, the latter 5 mm long. Flowers
cylindrical, S—merous; calyx 1mm long with glabrous lobes 0-3 mm long slightly
pubescent except for the apex; lobes of the corolla 1-4 mm long ovate minutely
papillose on the margins, at first united to the middle ultimately separating; stamens
ca 2mm long; ovary densely pubescent, the style thick. Pod up to 5 cm long,
3-4 mm broad, linear, curved, slightly contracted between the seeds, raised over
them; seeds longitudinal, oblong, black, 3-5-4 mm long, 2-3-5 mm broad, funicle
thickened and folded into a yellow aril,

Cook District: 8-8 miles [14:2km] SSW of Palmer River, Sep 1975, Coveny 6975
and Hind (NSW 107801). Norra KENNEpy Districr: Acheron }., 24 miles [38 km] NW of

Townsville, Jul 1966, Birch 1/168.

183

A, nesophila is a spindly shrub, often hidden among grasses, in eucalypt
woodland. It flowers irregularly. Flowering specimens have been collected in
March, April and August but mature fruit have also been collected at this time.
Both A. nesophila and A. pellita have probably evolved from A. holosericea.,

81. *A, grandifolia Pedley.. Type: Burnett District: 34 miles [54 km] about S of
Mundubbera, Sep 1969, Pedley 2891 (BRI, holo; A, CANB, K; NSW,
iso). |

Tree to ca 8 m tall; branchlets stout angular with dense whitish indumentum
of erect hairs 0-2-0-4mm long (velutinous), extending to pulvinuses and
peduncles. Phyllodes + straight asymmetrically elliptic, 9-15 cm long, 2:5—5
cm wide, ca 3-4 times as long as wide, up to 7-5 cm wide and twice as long as
wide on young plants, with indumentum of spreading hairs; 3(—4) longitudinal
herves more prominent than the rest, the secondary nerves widely spaced, strongly
anastomosing; gland basal, large; pulvinus 6-10 mm long. Spikes dense, on thick
velvety peduncles 5—8 mm long in pairs in the upper axils. Flowers 5—merous;
calyx somewhat coarse, patelliform, 0-7-0:9 mm long, pilose, sometimes only
in the upper half or on the margins; corolla (2-)2-5 mm long; ovary pubescent.
Pods tomentose, flat, 6cm long, 6mm wide; seeds longitudinal shining, ca 4 «
2mm, rather thick; areole, elongate, open; funicle pale yellow, folded several
times beneath the seed.

Burnett District: 8 miles [12km] E of Gayndah, 25°37’'S 151°34’E, Sep 1969,
Pedley 2897,

Acacia grandifolia is an uncommon species. In the type locality it forms
open stands on sand among large sandstone boulders but in the only other locality
where it is known to occur it is found on shallow soils derived from basalt.
Flowers have been collected in September and mature pods in November.

_ The position of the species is uncertain. It falls between Bentham’s Falcatae
and Dimidiatae groups of Juliflorae. Its nearest relative is probably A. holosericea
which has less elongate vein-islands, pubescent corollas and more elongate
pods, but it also resembles A. longispictata subsp. velutina and A. crassa
subsp. longicoma, both of which have indumentum of spreading hairs on the
branchlets but with mature phyllodes glabrous with less anastomosing nerves. A.
grandiflora docs not appear to be sympatric with any of the apparently related
species of the Falcatae group. It lies between the known occurrences of A.
longispicata subsp. longispicata to the west and A. longispicata subsp. velutina

*A, grandifolia Pedley, sp. nov. affinis A. holosericeae A. Cunn. ex G. Don phyllodiis areolis
elongatioribus praeditis, corollis glabris, leguminibus pubescentibus -+ rectis differt. Ab
A, longispicata Benth., A. crassa Pedley et speciebus ceteris catervae Falcatae phyllodiis
minus elongatis nervis minus anastomosantibus praeditis differt. Typus: Pedley 2891 (BRI,
holotypus; A, CANB, K, NSW, isotypi).

Arbor usque 8m alta; ramuli crassi angulares indumento albido pilorum erectorum
0:2-0:'4mm longorum (velutini) obtecti, indumento ad pulvinos pedunculosque extenso.
Phyliodia -+ recta, asymmetrice elliptica, indumento pilorum patentium obtecta, 9—15'cm
longa, 2:5-5.cm lata, circa 3—4-plo longiora quam Jata, in plantis juvenibus usque 7:5 cm
lata et 2—plo longiora quam lata; 3(—4) nervi longitudinales quam ceteri prominentiores,
nervi secundarii late dispositi, valde anastomantes; glans basalis magna; pulvinus 6—10 mm
longus. Spicae densae 6-8 cm longae in pedunculis crassis velutinis 5-8 mm longis in axillis
binatim portatae, Flores 5—meri; calyx aliquantum. crassus patelliformis 0-7-0-9 mm longus
pubescens pilis longis, interdum non nisi in dimidio supero vel in margine obsitus; corolla
(2—)2-5mm longa; ovarium pubescens. Legumen tomentosum <=: planum, 6cm longum,
6mm latum. Semina longitudinalia nitida circa 4mm X 2mm aliquantum crassum; areola
elongata aperta; funiculus pallide flavus subter seminum compluries plicatus.

184

to the east, and A. crassa subsp. longicoma (north and west) and A. crassa subsp,
crassa (south and west). More detailed field studies are needed to clarify relation-
ships of these taxa. |

82. Acacia dimidiata Benth., London J. Bot. 1:381 (1842). Based on A.

dolabriformis A, Cunn. ex Hook., Icon. Plant. t. 169 (1837) non Wendl.
(1820) nec Colla (1824). Type: South Goulburn L, Aug -40%6

Cunningham (K; BM, iso; lectotypus novus).

Shrub to ca 5 m tall; branchlets yellowish, -- angular, with dense indumentum
of crisped hairs ca 0-15 mm long. Phyllodes coriaceous, 7-9 cm long, 4-6 cm
wide, 1:7-1-9 times as long as wide; lower margin + straight, upper curved,
abruptly contracted at base into pulvinus 8-12 mm long; margins and four
longitudinal nerves prominent, the lowest ending in a mucro, the others in
shallow sinuses on upper margin, all running into lower margin near the base;
secondary nerves forming fine reticulum; gland basal, with prominent, slightly
raised rim. Spikes dense, ca 4cm long, on densely pubescent, axillary peduncles
ca 6mm long. Flowers 5—merous; calyx 0-7 mm long with lobes 0:3 mm long,
membranous with long hairs on the margins; corolla 1-8 mm long lobed to about
half, glabrous; stamens 3-5 mm long; ovary densely pubescent, Pods up to 13
cm long, 4mm thick and about as broad, only slightly constricted between the
seeds, longitudinally wrinkled, glutinous, pubescent. Seeds longitudinal, thicker
than broad, 7-5mm long, 2mm wide, 3mm_ thick, areole large, open, aril
cupular.

Burke District; Settlement Creek, Ang 1922, Brass 204.

In Queensland A. dimidiata is confined to the extreme north-west. It extends
across the Northern Territory where it is found on sandy or gravelly soil often in
Eucalyptus tetrodonta woodland. It flowers usually from April to June and pods
mature in August and September.

83. Acacia humifusa A. Cunn. ex Benth. London J. Bot. 1:382 (1842).
Syntype: Cape Cleveland, Juneae , Cunningham (K; BM, iso).

Spreading shrub up to ca 1m tall, sometimes almost prostrate; branchlets
terete, tomentose or hirsute, hairs 0:4-0:8 mm long; stipules rather hard, straight,
linear, hirsute up to 6mm long, sometimes persistent. Phyllodes tomentose,
asymmetrical, the lower margin = straight, the upper strongly curved, 4-6°5 cm
long, 2-5-5 cm wide, 1-2-2 times as long as wide, occasionally young phyllodes
ca 1-Scm wide and 3-4 times as long as wide; 2 or 3 longitudinal nerves
prominent, the lowest reaching the obtuse, retuse or, rarely acute tip and
produced into a scarious deciduous mucro 2—3 mm long, the other longitudinal
nerves curved towards the upper margin; secondary nerves strongly reticulate;
gland basal, prominent, circular, with a smooth yellowish rim; pulvinus 4-6 cm
long. Spikes dense, 1:5-3.cm long on peduncles 2-4:mm long usually single in
the upper axils, peduncle and rachis tomentose. Flowers rather variable in size,
5(—6)—merous, subtended by concave bracteoles, 2-3 mm long, hirsute on lower
surface, smooth and brown above, projecting beyond flower buds and con-
spicuous in young spikes; calyx (0:9-)1-2-1-8mm long, hirsute with acute
lobes 0:4mm long with broad sinuses between them; corolla hirsute in upper
half, 1-6-2-3 mm long, 1-2-1-8 times as long as the calyx; stamens ca 4mm
long; ovary hirsute. Pods linear, straight, rather thick, hirsute. Seeds longitudinal,
5—6 mm long, 2-5-3 mm wide, 2-2—2:4 mm thick; areole elongate, open; funicle
folded and expanded into cupular aril beneath seed.

185

Cook DISTRICT: near Cape Bedford, 15°19’S 145°17’E, Jan 1968, Pedley 2618. Norru

KENNEDY District: ca 37 km SW of Mt Garnet, 17°55’S 144°53’E, Apr 1973, Henderson
H1694.

In Queensland A. humifusa extends from Cape York to Cape Cleveland,
usually within 100 km of the sea. It is found on shallow rocky soil in eucalypt
communities and on sand in heath or on sea shores. In situations where it
is exposed to strong winds it is often almost prostrate. Flowers and mature fruit
may be found at any time of the year. Phyllodes of A. humifusa and A. dimidiata

are similar, but fhe projecting bracteoles and hirsute corolla distinguish A.
humifusa.

186

PLURINERVES (Benth.) Maiden & Betche

Phyllodes fiat, occasionally terete, rarely triangular and pungently pointed, but
always longitudinally nerved or striate, Flowers arranged in heads on peduncles
in pairs or clusters, or in racemes in the upper axils. Type species: A. melan-.
oxylon R. Br.

84. Acacia rigens A. Cunn, ex G, Don, Gen. Syst. 2:403 (1832); Benth.,
London J. Bot. 1:342 (1842), Fl. Aust. 3:337 (1864). Type: Lachlan

River, June ao Cunningham (K, holo; BM, iso).

A. chordophylla F. Muell. ex Benth., Linnaea 26:612 (1855). Type: Ad

Flum. Murray, Oct 1848, Mueller (MEL 500636; K, BM; lectotypus
novus).

Shrub to 2m; branchlets with prominent yellowish ribs, but not angular,
somewhat resinous. Phyllodes glabrous except perhaps at the base, straight,
terete or slightly flattened, finely striate with ca 15 yellowish longitudinal nerves,
5-13 cm long, up to about 1mm diameter, with an innocuous point at the apex,
contracted into a pulvinus cv 1:5 mm long; a gland at the base. Flowers 5-merous
in 20-30 flowered heads on slightly hoary peduncles 3-5-5:5 mm long, single
or in pairs in the upper axils; bracts + flat triangular. Flowers 5—merous; calyx
rather stout, 1-2 mm long, with oblong lobes slightly flared at the ciliate apex,
0-5 mm wide; corolla glabrous, 2-2:2 mm long, divided to the base; stamens ca
5mm long; ovary hoary. Pods linear 2—3 mm broad, loosely coiled, the valves
rugose constricted between the seeds. Seeds longitudinal, rather pale brown,
3-35 mm long, 1-8 mm broad and about as thick; areole large open; an unusual
funicle embracing base of seed.

WarREGO DIstTRICT: 27 miles [43 km} from Cunnamulla on Bollon Road, Sep 1967,
Pedley 2724. Maranoa District: “Portland”, 26°48’S 146°30’E, Aug 1963, Ebersohn.
DarLtinc Downs Districr: 12 miles [19 km] ENE of Tara, Jan 1968, Pedley 2513.

Acacia rigens is widespread in inland parts of south-eastern Australia but
in Queensland it is known only from a few, rather widely separated, localities in
southern inland districts—south-east of Charleville, east of Cunnamulla, and near
Tara, It forms a heathy shrub layer in eucalypt woodland, usually on rather
loose sand. It flowers in August and September. The Tara plants have rather
longer and more slender phyllodes than the plants from farther inland.

Several species are represented on the two sheets segregated as the type of
A. rigens in herb. Kew. There are two specimens of A. rigens; one on the lower
left hand corner of one sheet immediately above the label which identifies the
specimen as Cunningham’s collection; the other in the middle of the second
sheet (ex Herbaria Hookeriano). The former is plainly labelled and should be
regarded as the holotype. The other two specimens on the first sheet belong to
A. elongata Sieb. ex DC. On the second sheet the specimen to the left of the
one of A. rigens should also be referred to A. elongata and the one to the right to
A. havilandii Maiden. The isotype at BM is free of extraneous material.

The affinities of A. rigens are with the two species with which it is mixed
on the sheets mentioned above. A. elongata has flat strongly nerved phyllodes,
and A. Aavilandii has shorter brittle phyllodes.

187

85. Acacia oswaldii F. Mucll., Pl. Vict. 2:27 (1863): Benth., Linnaea 26:609

(1855), pro syn. Type: Murray Desert in South Australia, Mueller (MEL,
holo).

A, amaliae Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:249 (1926). Type: Dietrich s.n.
(PR, holo). |

A, amaliae Domin var. orthophylla Domin, loc. cit. Syntypes: in collibus

Dividing Range dictis, apud opp. Jericho, Mar 1910, Domin “5402” &
“5404” (PR).

A dense rounded shrub or small tree to 5 m tall; branchlets terete or some-
what angular, scurfy and with sparse to moderately dense appressed pubescence,
stipules small, setaceous, deciduous. Phyllodes stiff, coriaceous, glabrous, obtuse with
a hard mucro, subsessile (3 -5—)4—6(—7) cm long, 3-10(—15) mm wide, 5—13(—17)
times as long as wide or in some specimens-mostly from the Georgina basin, 1-2
mm wide and up to 50 times as long as wide, about 10-15 prominent, equally
and widely spaced, longitudinal nerves, as few as 6 when phyliodes are narrow;
gland basal, prominent, up to 2-5mm long, rimmed, darker inside. Heads of
5-15 flowers in pairs in the axils, peduncles scurfy or appressed pubescent;
bracteoles concave, obovate, pubescent on the back. Flowers 5-6 merous; calyx
lobes free (0:7—)0:9-1:1 mm long, ca 0:3 mm broad, slightly pubescent at top;
corolla lobes free (1°:2—)1-6~1-7 mm long, 1:5—2 times as long as the calyx,
acute, glabrous; stamens 2-5-4mm long; ovary densely appressed pubescent.
Pod woody, linear 4-17cm long, 6-10mm wide, loosely coiled somewhat
torulose, hard; seeds longitudinal, 7-8 mm long, 6-7 mm wide, ca 3:5 mm. thick;
areole oblong open; funicle fleshy orange, forming a cup beneath the seed.

NorTH KENNEDY DisTRicT: Pentland, Oct 1935, Blake 9950. Grecory NorTH DISTRICT:
Georgina River, Sep 1910, Bick. MircHeLtt District: Blackall, Jul 1934, Blake 6752.
SouTtH KENNEDY Disrricr: 8 miles [13 km] W of “Avoca”, Sep 1964, Adams 1312 & 1313.
LEICHHARDT District: Blair Athol, Mar 1935, Blake 8081. Port Curtis District: Biloela,
Oct 1947, Smith 3479. Grecory SourH: District: Near Windorah, Jul 1936, Blake 12076.
WarreEGo Districr: “Waihora” 16 miles [26km] ESE of Eulo, Oct 1948, Everist 3585.
Maranoa Districr: Roma, May 1934, Blake 5821. Daritinc Downs District: ‘“Myall
Park”, N of Glenmorgan, Nov 1958, Johnson 626.

In Queensland, Acacia oswaldii is widely spread in inland sub-tropical areas
and extends through subcoastal districts to Pentland. There are also several
specimens with rather narrow phyllodes from the Georgina River. A. oswaldii
appears to be commonest in Fucalyptus populnea—Eremophila mitchellii com-
mutiities but also occurs on soil types ranging from deep sands in the south-west
to cracking clays with Acacia harpophylla, Eucalyptus microtheca and occasion-
ally grassland in central and southern Queensland, Pale, scented flowers are
produced, usually in October and November. Pods mature about two months

after flowering but the woody dehisced valves persist on n the plant for a consider-
able period.

Acacia sessiliceps may be no more ae a narrow-phylloded variant of A.
oswaldii common in the Northern Territory. The specimens from the Georgina
River referred to above, resemble specimens from the Northern Territory more
than they do specimens from other parts of Queensland and could be regarded
as intermediates between the two species. They may indicate a pattern of
variation within the species analogous to that found in A. bivenosa subsp. wayi.

188

Domin’s collections indicate that his application of the name A. oswaldii
was incorrect. Not only did he describe what are, at most, only minor variants
of A. oswaldii as A. amaliae and A. amaliae var. orthophylla, he also identified
as A. oswaldii a specimen (Mt Remarkable, Domin “5317”) which is a mixture
of sterile pieces of A. leptostachya and, probably, A. catenulata.,

The spelling A. osswaldii used by Mueller (Icon. Aust. Sp. Acacia) and
others is incorrect. In the protologue Mueller used the name A. oswaldii and
stated that the species was named in acknowledgement of contributions to
collections made by Mr Ferd. Oswald.

A, oswaldii is not particularly closely related to any other species but its
affinities are with A. elongata, A. lanigera and A. venulosa, rather than to
the Microneurae group of species, where it was placed by Bentham. Bentham
referred A. oswaldii to A. lanigera and Domin also compared A. amaliae to
this species.

86. Acacia nuperrima E. G. Baker, J. Bot. 64:92 (1926). Type: Groote Eylandt,
Feb 1925, Wilkins 101 (BM, holo).

A. translucens A, Cunn. ex Hook. var. angusta Domin, Biblioth. Bot.
89:259 (1926). Type: Carpentaria, Islands a, b & c [South Wellesley
Islands], Brown ‘4285’ (BM, K).

Densely branched spreading shrub to 1 m tall, glabrous and rather resinous;
branchlets prominently ribbed, glabrous and somewhat resinous, occasionally
punctulate; stipules narrowly triangular ca 0-5 mm long. Phyllodes giabrous,
broadest in the lower half, downcurved or sigmoid, 10-20mm long, 2-5 mm
wide, 2-5-7(-14) .times as long as wide, nerves obscure or 1-3 longitudinal
nerves prominent and sometimes less prominent longitudinal ones between them; .
oblique mucro; gland small, subbasal; pulvinus short. Inflorescence either a
10-~20 flowered head or a dense spike to 2cm long, on glabrous peduncles
(S—)8—-18 mm long single in the axils. Flowers 5—merous; calyx glabrous,
not prominently ribbed, 0-7-1 mm long, with lobes to 0:2mm long; corolla
1-4-2 mm long, with midrib prominent in the bud, 1:7—2:3 times as long as
the calyx; stamens 3~4mm long; ovary glabrous, resinous, Pods narrowly
triangular, opening elastically from the apex, 3-5 cm long, 4-6 mm wide, valves
rather woody, partitioned between the seeds. Seeds oblique, oblong in outline,
3-6mm long, 1-3-2-4mm wide; areole rather large, open, the pleurogram
pale; funicle stiff expanded into cupular aril.

86a. A. nuperrima subsp. nuperrima
Flowers in heads.

Burke Districr: Massacre Inlet, Aug 1922, Brass 202.

86b. *A. nuperrima subsp. cassitera Pedley
Type: Cook District: Koorboora, 17°22’S 144°58’E, Dec 1970,
A. Macdonald (BRI, holo) .

Inflorescence a spike, sometimes, on the same plant, reduced to a head.
(Fig. 9g, inflorescence).

Cook District: Emuford near Irvinebank, Dec 1940, Flecker Nth Qd Nat. Club No.
7137. Norta KeNnnepy Disrricr: 5:6km N of Ravenshoe, 17°36’S 145°18’E, Sep 1974,
Staples 290974/6,
+A. nuperrima subsp. cassitera Pedley, subsp. nov.

Inflorescentia floribus in spicas disposita, interdum in eadem planta in capitula reducta.
Typus: Macdonald sn. (BRI, holotypus).

189

The species ranges from the northern part of Western Australia to north-
eastern Queensland. A. nuperrima subsp. cassitera is confined to rugged
mineraliferous country in the Chillagoe—Herberton area, while the nominate sub-
species extends westward from the Wellesley Islands. There is a disjunction
of about 500 km between the two subspecies. Flowering and fruiting specimens
have been collected throughout the year.

The addition of a subspecies with spicate inflorescences might appear to
widen the circumscription of A. nuperrima to an unacceptable extent, particularly
as the character of the inflorescence distinguishes section Juliflorae from section
Plurinerves, but the two subspecies are indistinguishable in characters of the
foliage, flowers and pods. Bentham who included A. nuperrima in A. translucens
(Flora Australiensis) noted in his description of A. translucens that “the pod
is that of some Juliflorae”. The two species are closely related, the most obvious
difference being the larger flowers and flower-heads of A. translucens, and both
are related to A. wickhamii.

87. Acacia phlebocarpa F. Muell. ex Benth., Fl. Aust. 2:325 (1864); F. Muell.,
J. Proc, Linn, Soc. Bot. 3:119 (1859), pro syn.. Type: Seven Emu
River, Mueller 41 (K, iso). |

Misapplied name: A. ixophyila auct. non Benth.; Domin, Biblioth. Bot.
89:262 (1926). .

Spreading resinous flat-topped shrub to 1m tall; branchlets resinous with
corky ribs, glabrous or with golden hairs immersed in resin; stipules brown,
deltoid, ca 1 mm long, 0-6—-0-8 mm broad. Phyllodes punctulate, resinous, with
scattered long hairs or glabrous, linear or narrowly elliptic, contracted into an
innocuous brown point (2—-)2:5-4-5(—5:5) cm long, 3-9 mm wide, 3-11(—17)
times as long as wide; about 12 + prominent longitudinal nerves, one most
prominent and two others slightly less so; gland basal, not prominent; pulvinus
ca 1mm long. Heads of 30-50 longitudinally striate 5-merous flowers on
resinous axillary peduncles 1-2 cm long; bracteoles broad, concave, acuminate
at the apex; calyx 0-9-1-0(—1-:3) mm long, striate glabrous with oblong obtuse
lobes 0:4-0-5 mm long; corolla (1:8—)2—2-4mm long, 2—2:5 times as long
as the calyx, glabrous, striate; stamens 3-5—4:5 mm long; ovary with moderately
dense short thick hairs (almost papillose). Pod ca Scm long, 4mm broad,
brown with paler margins, longitudinally reticulately nerved, resinous, with
minute tubercles except on nerves and margins, raised over seeds and slightly
contracted between them; seeds longitudinal 4mm long, 3mm wide; areole
double, closed, almost circular.

_. BURKE District: 53km E of Mt Isa, Aug 1972, Maconochie 1940, Coox District:
Gilbert River, Jul 1925, Brass 404.

Acacia phlebocarpa is a common and conspicuous shrub in a relatively
small part of north-western Queensland. It is found on rather shallow stony
soils on hillsides with Triodia spp. and/or Eucalyptus pruinosa. It seems to
flower and fruit throughout the year.

The species most closely related to A. phlebocarpa appears to be A. monticola
which not only has similar phyllodes but also has striate flowers and a closed
areole, both uncommon characters. Bentham’s placing A. phlebocarpa in his
series Pungentes is difficult to understand as the phyllodes are not at all pungently
pointed. It and A. monticola quite clearly belong to the section Plurinerves.

190

88. Acacia harpopbylla F. Muell. ex Benth., Fl. Aust. 2:389 (1864); F. Muell.,
Icon, Aust. Sp. Acacia (1888). Type: Rockhampton, Thozet (K, holo;
MEL, iso).

Tree to 25 m tall with hard, almost black, deeply longitudinally furrowed
bark; branchlets ribbed. Phyllodes falcate, equally tapered to each end, glabrous
or with indumentum of short appressed hairs, (7~-)10—20(-—30) cm long,
(S-)7~16(-20) mm wide, 5—16(-20) times as long as wide; many crowded
parallel nerves, not anastomosing, 3-5 somewhat more prominent than the
rest; basal gland prominent; pulvinus long. Heads of 15-30 flowers in condensed
3— g branched appressed pubescent axillary racemes, the axis 2-10 mm long,

peduncles ( 3_ ) 1020 (30) mm long: a ae: F lowers — 5—-merous; “calyx 0: 5= 1 whe

obovate, slabrous, free, 1-5-2 mm long, 2—3 times as long as the calyx; stamens
3-4 mm long; ovary tomentose. Pods 7~20cm long, 5-10 mm wide, glabrous,
subterete. Seeds longitudinal, 12-18 mm long, 5-8 mm wide, flat but thick,
somewhat irregular in shape due to compression within the pod; funicle filiform,
neither folded nor thickened; areole (as figured by Mueller), small, oblong,
but not seen at all in dry seeds examined. (Fig. 9e, inflorescence).

BurKE DIstricT; 21 miles [34km] W of Hughenden, Birch & Corell, SourH KENNEDY
DistricTr: On highway 86 miles [138 km] N of Clermont, Jul 1964, Adams 1038. LEICHHARDT
Districr: “Thalmera North”, 30 miles [48km] W of Moura, Aug 1962, Johnson & Everist
2456. Porr Curtis Districr: Rockhampton, Aug 1957, Jones. WaArreGO DISTRICT:
Augathella, Sep 1937, Brass & White 345. Maranoa District: Amby, Sep 1961, Martin.
DaRLING Downs District: 9 miles [14km] W of Meandarra, Nov 1958, Johnson 607.
Burnetr Districr: 14 miles [22 km] SSE of Monto, Aug 1969, Pedley 2882, MorETON
District: 5 miles [8 km] NNW of Boonah, Aug 1969, Coveny 1952.

Acacia harpophylla (brigalow) is of major importance im Shia
It forms extensive open-forest communities usually on fertile clay soils in sub-
coastal and near-coastal districts as far north as Hughenden. Brigalow lands
are highly productive when cleared, but regrowth from roots, a characteristic
of the plant, is a definite limiting factor in the exploitation of such lands. The
distribution and ecology of A. harpophylla have been discussed by Johnson
(1964); Isbell (1962) described soils on which brigalow grows; and Coaldrake
(1971) analysed variation within the species. The last study was probably
undertaken because of the economic importance of the species rather than
because of its range of variability which is probably no greater than other
widespread species of Acacia.

The main period of flowering is between July and September. It is
partly dependent on the availability of adequate soil-moisture. Mature fruit
have been collected in November and December. The-seeds have remarkably
thin coats and unlike seeds of most other species, are viable for a short period
only.

Bentham placed A. harpophylia next to A. implexa in the Nervosae group
of section Plurinerves but it belongs to the Microneura group where Bentham
also keyed it. Its closest ‘relative is A. cambagei.

89. Acacia argyrodendron Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 29:261 (1926). Type: inter opp.
Camooweal et Burketown, Apr 1910, Danes (PR, holo).

Tree to ca 20 m tall with hard furrowed dark grey or black bark, like that of
A. harpophylla; branchlets rather slender, glabrous or subglabrous. Phyllodes
straight, occasionally slightly falcate, linear, acute, rather coriaceous with 1-3
somewhat prominent longitudinal nerves and many parallel, not anastomosing,

- :

191

secondary nerves, glabrous or subglabrous, 8-17 cm long, 4-9 mm wide, 12-30
times as long as wide. Heads of about 12 flowers in axillary racemes with up to
about 30 branches axis and branches subglabrous; axis up to 5 cm long, peduncles
up to 1 cm long, single or in groups of 2 or 3. Flowers 4~ or 5—merous; calyx
O-Smm long ciliate or glabrous, divided almost to the base into obtuse lobes;
corolla 1:2 mm long, glabrous, divided almost to the base; stamens ca 3mm
long; ovary glabrous. Pod linear, with thin glabrous valves up to 10 cm long and
10-12 mm broad. Seeds longitudinally arranged, overlapping in the pod, thin
broad oblong, almost circular, 10-13 mm long, 7-9 mm broad; funicle slender,
not folded; areole not obvious. ;

MITCHELL District: 60 miles [96kmj N of ‘Aramac, Jun 1949, Everist 3844, Sours
KENNEDY Disrricr: 10 miles [16km] NE of “Natal Downs”, May 1964, Adams 979.
LEICHHARDT Districr: “Carfax”, 75 miles [120 km] W of St Lawrence, May 1963, Pownall.

In central Queensland Acacia argyrodendron is common particularly in the
basins of the Belyando, Suttor and Cape Rivers, where it is known as blackwood,
and the adjacent western slopes of the Great Dividing Range, where it is called
black gidyea. It is similar to A. harpopylla in general appearance and occupies
similar habitats. It forms scrubs on dark cracking clay soils, either alone or, on
the southern and eastern edge of its range, with brigalow, and is occasionally
associated with A. harpophylla with emergent Eucalyptus cambageana on texture-
contrast soils. Gunn ef. al. (1967) gave information on plant communities and
associated soils in which A. argyrodendron occurs.

The species most closely related to A. argyrodendron is possibly A. cana,
though Domin compared it with A. stenophylla and A. pendula. Yt differs from
them in having few-flowered heads in rather long racemes. -The type is a specimen
supposedly collected between Camooweal and Burketown by Danes, a Czechoslovak
geologist who was in Queensland at the same time as Domin. Despite extensive
collecting in the area, A. argyrodendron has not been recorded from north-western
Queensland since, and it is unlikely that the type was collected there. Danes,
however, travelled between Aramac and Pentland (Danes, 1910). A little
north-east of Aramac he reported open forest, “consisting mostly of so-called black
brigalow (black gidyea)’”. It is likely that he gave material to Domin who cited
the place of collection incorrectly, The holotype is labelled “A. argyrophylla”..

90. Acacia coriacea DC., Prod, 2:451 (1825); Mem. Leg. 446 (1827). Type:
Nouvelle Hollande cote orient. Mus. de Paris 1821 (G-DC, holo; K, P,
iso), 3 |

A, sericophylla F. Muell., J. Proc. Linn, Soc. Bot. 3:122 (1859). Type:
Suttor Desert, Mueller (K, iso).

An irregular tree up to ca 10 m tall with grey furrowed corky bark; branchlets
+ angular with indumentum of moderate or dense appressed hairs. Phyllodes
thick, almost terete or flat (sometimes on the one plant), straight or curved with
indumentum of dense silvery hairs (golden on tips), subglabrous when old;
(11—)5-25(-32) cm long, (0-8—)1-3(-6) mm wide, (20—)50-100(-350) times
as long as wide; many fine parallel indistinct longitudinal nerves; pulvinus
indistinct; gland with a prominent orifice 0:3mm diam. at the base. Heads of

30-40 flowers on densely pubescent peduncles 5-10mm long in axillary pairs,

rarely up to 5 heads in an axillary raceme, the axis 1 cm long. Flowers 5-, rarely
4—merous;, calyx rather thick pubescent, 1-:3—-1-6mm long with somewhat
irregular fimbriate lobes 0:2-0:4mm long; corolla 1:9-2-7mm long, 1-5-2
times as long as the calyx, the lobes 0:7-0:8mm long, sparsely to densely

192

pubescent; stamens 2-5-3: 5mm long; ovary sparsely to densely pubescent
particularly at the top (rudimentary ones glabrous). Pods rather woody, twisted,
torulose, grey with usually some appressed hairs, 15-21 cm long, 6-8 mm broad,
but only half as broad at the constrictions. Seeds longitudinal 6mm long,
ca 45mm wide and 2:5mm thick; areole broad open, pale slightly raised;

funicle clavate beneath seed. (Fig. 10g, pod).

BurKE District: 20 miles [32 km] E of Hughenden, Jun 1954, Speck 4527. NorTu
KENNEDY Disrricr: Ravenswood, Mar 1943, Blake 14849, GREGORY NortH DistrRicr:
24 miles [38 km] E of Urandangie, May 1948, Perry 826. MircHeLi District: Yalleroi,
May 1937, Everist 1502. Grecory SOUTH District: 11 miles [18 km] N of “Galway Downs”,
Jun 1969, Trapneli E61. Warreco Districr: near Cunnamulla, Mar 1941, White 11822.

Acacia coriacea is widely spread in northern Australia. In Queensland where
it is known as desert oak it is common in eucalypt woodland on sandy red earths
in the “desert country” which extends from about Torrens Creek southward along
the western side of the Great Dividing Range to about north-east of Blackall;
that is, the area called the Alice Tableland by Whitehouse (1941). It has also
been collected at other places in the north-, central- and south-west. Flowers have
been collected from January to July and fruits from May to November.

There is a wide range of variation in the width of the phyllodes within
populations and sometimes on single plants. I doubt therefore whether A. coriacea
var. glabrior Maiden has any taxonomic significance.

As Maiden noted the type locality is not eastern Australia but Western
Australia where the plant was collected by Baudin’s expedition, probably in the
vicinity of Shark Bay. What I have taken to be isotype specimens at K and P
have labels indicating they were collected in Western Australia.

A. coriacea and A. stenophylla which it closely resembles, are rather unlike
other members of the Microneurae group to which they have usually been referred.

91. Acacia stenophylla A. Se ex Benth., London J. Bot 1:356 (1842). Type:

Lachlan River, Jun am , Cunningham (K, holo; BM, iso).

Tree to 6m with hard black bark; branchlets sain glabrous to densely
appressed pubescent, Phyllodes coriaceous, straight or sometimes curved, acute,
gradually tapered to the base which is as thick as broad, 15-24(—27) cm long,
(1:5—)2-5(—7) mm wide, 30-80(—120) times as long as wide, with prominent
rather widely spaced longitudinal nerves, the middle one slightly more prominent;
gland merely an orifice at the base, not always evident. Heads of (20—)30—40
flowers in 3-5 branched racemes; axis 3—-5(—9) mm long, moderately to densely
appressed pubescent or rarely glabrous; peduncles 6-8 mm long with indumentum
similar to that of axis. Flowers 5—merous; calyx 1-1-2(—1-5) mm long, densely
pubescent in the upper part with obtuse lobes 0:2-0-3mm long; corolla
2:‘1—-2:5 mm long, 1-7-2 times as long as the calyx, densely white pubescent in
the upper half, lobed to about the middle; stamens 4:5 mm long; ovary densely
white pubescent. Pod moniliform, up to 14cm long, ca 1 cm wide, 1-5-3 mm
wide at the constrictions, glabrous, obscurely longitudinally wrinkled. Seeds
longitudinal ca 7 mm long, 5-6 mm wide, 2-5-3 mm thick; areole large, open or
almost closed; funicle ribbon-like, not or little folded. (Fig. 10h, pod).

193

BurkE Districr: Julia Creek, Jun 1934, Blake 6344. GreGory Nortu DISTRICT:
15 miles [24km] NW of “Headingly”, May 1948, Perry 864. MircHeLit Districr: Aramac,
Mar 1918, White. SourH KENNEpy Districr: “Laglan”, 22°30’S 146°40’E, Mar 1958, Sriith
10309, LeicuHarpr District: Baralaba, Nov 1954, Richard, GREGORY SOUTH DISTRICT:
“Mt Howitt”, Cooper Creek, Jul 1936, Blake 12018. Warreco Districr: Cunnamulla, Apr
1936, Blake 11210, Maranoa District: Mungallala Creek near Bollon, Apr 1952, sine coll.
DaRLING Downs Districr: Wilkie Creek, ca 10 miles [16km] W of Dalby, Oct 1940,
Smith & Everist 812.

Acacia stenophylla is widely distributed in inland Queensland, south of about
20°S latitude, usually west of the Great Diving Range, but approaching the coast
on the Dawson River. A specimen was supposedly collected at Beaudesert in 1955,
about 160 km east of its nearest known occurrence on the Condamine River, and
in an area of higher rainfall. Until confirmatory specimens are obtained the
record should be considered doubtful. The species is restricted to usually fine
textured alluvial soils often in association with Eucalyptus microtheca (coolibah).
In semi-arid areas it frequently forms monospecific stands along watercourses.
Observations at Lake Gallilee and Lake Numalla (near Hungerford) indicate that
it tolerates extended periods of inundation by water that may be at times some-
what saline. |

April to July appears to be the main period of flowering and pods mature
from October to about December, The pods dehisce rather tardily and tend to
break up into 1-seeded loments.

A, stenophylla is sometimes confused with A. coriacea, but, besides the
differences in ecological requirements, there are morphological differences.
A, stenophylla has more prominent and more widely spaced longitudinal nerves,
more consistently racemose heads and woodier pods.

92. *Acacia microcephala Pedley. Type: “Corinda”, ca 80 miles [130 km] N of
Aramac, Jun 1949, Everist 3869 (BRI, holo; NSW, iso). ; |

A tree to 8m; branchlets slender angular somewhat scurfy and with sparse
to moderate appressed hairs. Phyllodes coriaceous, linear, straight or slightly
hooked, with sparse to moderate appressed pubescence, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2 mm
wide, 40-100 times as long as wide; longitudinal nerves indistinct, only ca 6
evident; gland basal inconspicuous; pulvinus short. Heads of 10-20 flowers in
2-3 branched, sparsely to moderately appressed pubescent racemes, axis 1-2 mm
long, peduncles 2-4mm long; bracteole, broad, spathulate, obtuse, concave,
pubescent at the top. Flowers 5—merous; calyx 0-4—0:6 mm long with incurved
pubescent lobes and with a few hairs on the ribs; corolla 1-1-1-2 mm long,
2-3 times as long as the calyx; stamens 2-3 mm long; ovary glabrous. Pods
unknown. 7

A ROEELE District: 17 miles [27 km] N of “Fleetwood”, Aug: 1964, Adams 1232
(sterile),

*Acacia microcephala species nova; ab A. cana Maiden et A, calcicola Forde & Ising
phyllodiis tenuioribus et capitulis parvioribus differt, Typus: Everist 3869 ‘(IBRI, holo;
NSW, iso).

Arbor usque 8m alta; ramuli angulares aliquantum furfuracei et pilis appressis sparsis
vel moderate densis ornati, Phyllodia coriacea linearia recta vel leviter uncinata sparse vel
moderate pubescentia, 5-10cm longa, 1-2 mm lata, 40-100—plo Jongiora quam lata; nervi
Jongitudinales indistincti non nisi circa 6 manifesti; glans basalis obscura; pulvinus brevis.
Capitula 10—20-flora in racemos plerumque 3-ramosos sparse ad moderate pubescentes,
axe 1-2.mm Icngo, pedunculis 2-4 mm longis instructos disposita; bracteolus latus spathulatus
obtusus concavus apice pubescens, Flores 5—meri; calyx 0-4-0:6mm longus lobis incurvis
pubescentibus et pilis paucis in costis instructus; corolla 1:1-1-2mm longa calyce 2—3—plo
longior; stamina 2-3 mm longa; ovarium glabrum, Legumen non visum.

194

Only three specimens of A. microcephala, one of them sterile, have been
examined, all from the vicinity of Lake Galilee. It has been noted with Eucalyptus
cambageana in an alkaline clay soil. The affinities of the species are with A. cana
and A. calcicola but it has narrower phyllodes and smaller heads than both.

93. *Acacia maranoensis Pedley. Type: 50 km SSW of Roma, Sep 1967, Pedley
2410 (BRI, holo; A, CANB, K, L, MO, NSW, PR, LE, RSA, iso).

Tree up to about 10m tall with dark furrowed bark; branchlets yellowish,
angular, scurfy. Phyllodes coriaceous, scurfy when young, straight, linear, acute
occasionally slightly hooked, 11—15(—20) cm long, 4-7 mm broad, 16~30(—40)
times as long as broad, closely indistinctly longitudinally nerved, 1-3 nerves
slightly more prominent than the rest; gland basal, not conspicuous; pulvinus
1-2 mm long. Heads slightly elongate of 30~60 flowers in 3-6 branched axillary
racemes, axis and peduncles glabrous, scurfy, or sparsely appressed pubescent,
axis 2—-5(~7) mm long, peduncles 3-8 mm long. Flowers 5—merous; calyx lobes
membranous 0:6—0-:85 mm long, united to about the middle with oblong obtuse
pubescent fimbriate lobes; corolla sparsely or densely pubescent, 1:4~—1-6(—1-8)
mm long, 1:8~2:3 times as long as the calyx; stamens ca 4mm long; ovary
densely pubescent. Pod glabrous, linear, not seen mature; seeds possibly
transverse. .

Maranoa Disrricr: 15 km W of Mitchell, 26°30'S 147°47’E, Sep 1967, Pedley 2505.

Acacia maranoensis (womal) has a restricted range in the Roma—Mitchell
area where it grows on texture contrast soils usually in woodland of Eucalyptus
populnea. It flowers in September. The affinities of A. maranoensis are not clear.
If it has transverse seeds then it most closely resembles A. melvillei. It can be
distinguished from other species of the Microneurae group by its large heads of
flowers.

94. Acacia calcicola Forde & Ising, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 87:753 (1958).
Type: Evelyn Downs, Nov 1954, Jsing 3924 (AD, holo; K, P, iso).

Rounded, shrub to 3 m tall and 3 m diameter; branchlets angular or somewhat
flattened with dense silvery appressed hairs. Phyllodes coriaceous, straight or
slightly hooked, with dense appressed silvery hairs, somewhat golden on young
phyllodes, (5—)7~11 cm long, 2-5 mm broad, (15—)20~—35(—40) times as long
as broad; obscure parallel longitudinal nerves, 1-3 more prominent than the
rest; pulvinus 1-2 mm long;-basal gland inconspicuous. Heads of 30-40 flowers
in very densely appressed pubescent axillary 2-4 branched racemes, axis 3-11 mm
long; peduncles 2-8 mm long. Flowers S—merous; calyx lobes + free, 0-8-1 mm

“Acacia maranoensis species nova; a speciebus ceteris gregis Microneurae capitulis amplis
differt, sed arctius similem A. melvillei Pedley est. Typus: Pedley 2410 (BRI, holo; A,
CANB, K, L, MO, NSW, PR, LE, RSA, iso)

Arbor usque 10m alta cortice fuscata sulcata tecta; ramuli angulares furfuracei flavidi,
Phyllodia coriacea, furfuracea whi juvenia, recta linearia acuta aliquando leviter uncinata,
11~15(—20) cm longa, 4-7 mm lata, 16-30(—40)—-plo longiora quam lata, crebre obscure
longitudinaliter nervata, 1-3 nervis paulo prominentibus; glans basalis incenspicua; pulvinus
1-2mm longus. Capitula 30-60—-flora leviter elongata in racemos 3—6—ramosos axillares,
axe 2—5i(-7) mm: longo glabro furfuraceo vel sparsim pubescenti et pedunculis indumento
similari 3-8 mm: longis instructos disposita, Flores 5—-meri; calyx membranaceus 0-6~-0°85 mm
longis lobis oblongis obtusis pubescentibus fimbriatis tubum + aequantibus, corolla sparsim
vel dense — pubescens, 1-4-1-6(-1-8) mm longa calyce 1-8-2-3-plo longior; stamina circa
4mm. longa; ovarium dense pubescens. Legumen glabrum lineare wbi maturum non visum;
semina fortasse transverse ordinata.

195

long, consisting of a membranous glabrous stipe and a thicken, pubescent rounded
lamina ca 0:3mm broad, somewhat incurved at the top, the hairs slightly
yellowish; corolla lobes free, obovate, 1-1-1:3 mm long, 1:2—1:5 times as long
as calyx, densely pubescent sometimes only at top; stamens 2—3 mm long; ovary
densely pubescent. Pod fiat but slightly turgid, constricted between the seeds
with appressed hairs, 10-12 cm long, ca 6mm wide. Seeds longitudinal ca
6 < 4mm; areole large, broad, open; funicle thickened and folded about 3 times
beneath seed.

Grecory Sour Districr: 15 miles [24km] SE of “Naryilco”, 28°42'S 142°08’ E,
Silcock S354, Warreco Disrricr: Beechal Creek, 81 miles [130km] from Charleville on
old Quilpie Road, Sep 1963, Everist 7522,

Acacia calcicola is common in shrubland with A. aneura on degraded sand-
hills in far south-western Queensland, north of Tibooburra (New South Wales).
It occurs sporadically, usually on drainage lines, in the Bulloo and Paroo basins.
In South Australia and the Northern Territory A. calcicola occurs on calcareous
soils derived from limestone, but in Queensland it is found only on more or less
neutral soils. It flowers in October and November but immature pods have also
been collected in September, Flowering may be dependent on rain falling when
temperatures are high in the spring and early summer.

Like other species of the Microneurae group, A. calcicola is more readily
identified in the field than in the herbarium. It is a dense rounded shrub or small
tree with yellow-green fresh growth contrasting with darker green old phyllodes,
A. cana is probably its nearest relative. This has small heads of flowers in usually
shorter racemes and small calyxes about a third to half as long as the corolla.

95, Acacia microsperma Pedley, Contrib. Qd Herb. 15:3 (1974). Type: “Pine
Hills” ca 18 miles N of Gradule, Sep 1946, Everist 2696 (BRI, holo;
A, K, iso).

A tree to ca 10 m tall with angular scurfy branchlets pubescent with appressed
hairs. Phyllodes coriaceous, linear, usually a little hooked at the tip, broadest a
little above the middle, pruinose, covered with short appressed hairs; (4-)7+5~—
12:5 cm long, 1:5-4mm wide, 20-80 times as long as wide; one longitudinal
nerve slightly more prominent, the others numerous + parallel indistinct; an
indistinct gland, consisting of a small swelling and proximal orifice, at the base;
pulvinus ca 1mm long. Heads of 20-30(—40) flowers in axillary racemes made
up of a pubescent axis of 0:5—2 mm long and 3-4 pubescent branches 3—6 mm
long or sometimes the racemes reduced to clusters of heads in the axils. Flowers
5—merous; calyx 0:5-0-7 mm long with short obtuse lobes, the whole pubescent
or the lower part glabrous; corolla lobes free or joined to the middle, 1-1-6 mm
long, 2—2:5 times as long as the calyx, pubescent; ovary pubescent. Pod up to
6cm long, 2—3 mm wide, flat but convex over the seeds and contracted between
them. Seeds 2:5—4 mm long, 1:5 mm wide, longitudinal with the funicle folded
many times forming an aril.

WARREGO District: ca 45km EB of Adavale, 26°S 145°02/E, Sep 1967, Pedley 2499.
MaARANOA District: “Bonus Downs” ca 30 miles [48 km] S of Mitchell, Nov 1957, Everist
5684,

Acacia microsperma (bowyakka) often forms dense stands alone or with
Eucalyptus thozetiana on shallow soil overlying weathered rock. It occurs from
about Talwood to Adavale but its range is rather fragmented within this area.
It flowers usually in September and October and fruits about December.

~ 196

96. Acacia cana Maiden, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. 53, errata (1920). Based
on A. eremaea Maiden, J. & Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S.W. 53:206 (1920),
non C, Andrews (1904). Type: Milparinka, Sep 1906, Ivey (NSW, holo;
BM, K, iso)

Tree to 20m tall with grey fissured, long-flaky and fibrous bark; branchlets
ribbed with appressed white hairs, glabrescent. Phyllodes. coriaceous, linear,
straight or slightly falcate, acute, sometimes slightly hooked, with dense silvery
appressed hairs, becoming sparse or absent; (4—-)6-13(-16) cm long,
(1-5~)3-5(-6) mm wide, (10—)15-50(—75) times as long as wide; many fine
parallel nerves, 1-3 slightly more prominent than the rest; pulvinus 1-3 mm
long; gland basal, inconspicuous particularly when phyllode narrow, Heads of
(15~)25-30 flowers in axillary densely appressed pubescent 2-6 branched
racemes, indumentum usually silvery but occasionally golden, axis 1-4 mm (rarely
to 12 mm) long, peduncles 3-8 mm (rarely to 11 mm) long. Flowers 5—merous;
calyx 0-5—0-6(—0:8) mm long with lobes 0:2—0:3 mm long, sparsely to densely
pubescent especially in the upper half; corolla 1-1-1-6(—1-8) mm long, 2:2-2-7
times as long as the calyx with some appressed hairs; stamens 2-5-3 mm long;
ovary densely white pubescent. Pod + flat, longitudinally striate, raised over seeds
and somewhat contracted between them, up to 10cm long, 5-6 mm broad; seeds
longitudinal, disc-like with slight rim, 4-6 mm long, 3-4 mm broad; areole not
prominent, open; funicle ribbon-like with about 1-3 folds under the seed.

BURKE DIsTRIcT: 10 miles [16km] N of Hughenden, Jun 1953, Lazarides 3613. Coox
Districr: 4 miles [6km] SE of Einasleigh, Jun 1966, Pedley 2113. NorTH KENNEDY
Districr; 20 miles [32km] W of Bowen, Jun 1958, Pedley 266. MITCHELL DISTRICT:
between Blackall & Yalleroi, May 1937, Everist 1501. SourH KENNEDY 'DIstrIcT: 4 miles
[6 km} ESE of “Wells Plains” [90km + N of Clermont], Aug 1964, Adams 1257. GREGORY
SOUTH District; “Raymore”, ca 60 miles [95 km] SE of Windorah, Aug. 1963, Everist 7472.
WarREGO Districr: Grey Range, between Quilpie & Eromanga, May 1928, White.

Acacia cana (boree) is a common tree, either singly or in open groves,
in Astrebla grassland on rolling country from a little north of Hughenden to ~
about Tambo. Outside of its main area of distribution there are scattered
occurrences, usually fringing A. cambagei communities in the southern part of
the Suttor basin and near Quilpie, and in pure stands near Einasleigh. In these
places A. cana occurs on clay soils, but near Bowen, more than 200 km from
the Suttor basin localities, it'is reported to occur on sandy soils. Milparinka, the
type locality of the species, is about its southern limit. There is a considerable
range of variation in A. cana, particularly in width of phyllodes and in the
number of heads in the racemes. Plants from Milparinka and from near Bowen
have narrow phyllodes and racemes with fewer heads than plants from the main
range of the species.

Though Maiden in the protologue of A. eremaea, a name he immediately
corrected to A. cana, cited a specimen collected from the Thompson River,
Longreach, there has been some question whether in fact the “boree” from central
inland Queensland was in fact A. cana, Queensland plants are usually larger
with broader, less pointed phyllodes, but I have not found any significant
differences in flowering or fruiting characters. Analysis of the dimensions of the
phyllodes (see p. 89) also indicates that the application of the name A. cana
to Queensland plants is correct.

Flowering occurs from May to July, and fruiting in October and November.
Only a small proportion of specimens bear fruit.

197

97. *Acacia ammophila Pedley. Type: Dynevor Lakes, 32 km E of Thargomin-
dah, 28°5’S 144°12’R, May 1971, Boyland 2901 (BRI, holo).

Tree to about 6m tall with dark grey furrowed bark; branchlets slender
angular, with white appressed pubescence, becoming glabrous on angles. Phyllodes
coriaceous, ++ straight, acute, with yellowish margins and indumentum of
appressed white hairs, sparse on older phyllodes, 10—-20cm long, 2-5-6 mm
broad, 25-50 times as long as broad, three longitudinal nerves slightly more
prominent than the other parallel longitudinal nerves; gland basal; pulvinus 2-3 mm
long. Heads of 25~30 flowers in short axillary appressed pubescent 2—4 branched
racemes sometimes reduced to one flower head and sometimes growing out into
leafy shoots, axis 1-3(—4) mm long, peduncles 7-11 mm long. Flowers 5—merous;
calyx 0-5-0'6mm long, deeply lobed with -: oblong obtuse ciliate, slightly
pubescent lobes; corolla glabrous 1:3-1-:5 mm long, ca 2-5 times as long as
the calyx; ovary densely pubescent, Pod 13-17 cm long, 4-5 mm broad, flat,
contracted between seeds, minutely appressed pubescent, glabrescent longitudinally
striate. Seeds longitudinal, funicle ribbon-like, once or twice folded beneath seed.

WaRREGO Districr: 20 miles [32km] W of Adavale, Sep 1967, Pedley 2494; Dynevor
Lakes, 32 km E of Thargomindah, Aug 1963, Everist 7494,

Acacia ammophila is known from only two localities—near Dynevor Lakes,
32 km east of Thargomindah where it occurs on sandy red earth on the lower
slopes of dunes and on surrounding areas with A. aneura, and 32, km east of Adavale
where it occurs on heavier alluvial soil with A. calcicola. Flowers have been
collected in May and fruits seem to mature about October. The affinities of the
species are not clear. In the field it resembles A. cana but it differs from this and
other species of the Microneurae group in having flat pods distinctly contracted
between the seeds,

98. Acacia pendula A. Cunn. ex G, Don, Gen. Syst. 2:403 (1832). Type:
434

Lachlan River, Jun ——— 817”

Cunningham (K; BM, iso; lectotypus novus).

A. leucophylla Lindl. in Mitchell, Three Exped, Eastern Australia 2:13
1838), non Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed 1:101 (1827), nomen. Type: not seen.

*Acacia ammophila species nova ab A. microsperma Pedley pedunculis longioribus, calycis
lobatis profundius Jeguminibus seminibusque amplioribus, et ab A. cana Maiden calycis
lobatis profunde corollis glabris leguminibus inter semina contractioribus sine indumento
argenteo differt. Typus: Boyland 2901 (BRI, holo).

Arbor usque 6m alta cortice atrogrisea sulcata tecta; ramuli tenues angulares albide
pubescentes in angulis glabrescentes, Phyllodia ‘coriacea + stricta acuta marginibus flavidis
et indumento (sparso in phyllodiis vetioribus) pilorum alborum appressorum praedita,
10—20 cm longa, 2-5-6 mm lata, 25—50-plo longiora quam lata; 3 nervi longitudinales paulo
prominentiores quam ceteri nervi longitudinales paralleli; glans basalis; pulvinus 2-3 mm
longus. Capitula 25-30-flora in racemos breves 2—4-ramosos axillares pubescentes, axe
1-3(-4) mm iongo pedunculis 7-11 mm _ longis instructos disposita, interdum racemus ad
capitulum singulare reductus vel interdum racemus in surculum foliaceum crescens, Flores
5-meri; calyx 0:5-0:6mm longus profunde lobatus lobis + oblongis obtusis ciliatis leviter
pubescentibus; corolla glabra 1-3-1 5mm longa, calyce circa 2° 5—plo longior; ovarium dense
pubescens. Legumen 13-17 cm longum, 4-5 mm latum, planum, inter semina contractum
minute pubescens glabrescens striatum longitudinaliter. Semina longitudinaliter disposita;
funiculus subter semino semel vel bis plicatus. .

198

Tree to 12m tall with pendulous branches; branchlets brownish, slender,
angular, at first with indumentum of dense appressed hairs, coming off leaving
hair in patches. Phyllodes sometimes rather membranous, straight or curved,
narrowed gradually to the base, acute or apiculate, densely to sparsely appressed
pubescent 5—10(—14) cm long, 4-8(—9) mm wide, (6—)9-20(—25) times as long
as wide; many parallel longitudinal nerves, 1-3 more prominent that the rest;
pulvinus 1--2:5 mm long; gland + basal. Heads of 14~20 flowers in 2—4 branched
moderately to densely appressed pubescent axillary racemes; axis 1-2-5 mm long
peduncles 1:5-4-5 mm long, the axis rarely up to 2cm long with 10 branches.
Flowers 5—merous; calyx membranous, 0-6-0:7 mm long, lobes finally free,
oblong, fimbriate, paler and concave at the top, sometimes pubescent; corolla
1:2-1:3 mm long, about twice as long as the calyx, lobes united to the middle
or free, sparsely appressed pubescent or less frequently glabrous; stamens ca
3 mm long; ovary densely pubescent with appressed hairs (glabrous when rudimen-
tary). Pod flat sparsely appressed pubescent, 4-8cm long, 8-18mm wide,
winged along upper margin, the wing ca 3mm broad, with reticulate transverse
nerves. Seeds transverse, 5-7 mm long, ca 4-5 mm broad, rimmed; areoie short,
broad, open; funicle scarcely thickened with 1-2 folds under the seed. (Fig.
10K, pod).

MITCHELL Disrrict: “Terrick Terrick”, ca 40 miles [64km] SW of Blackall, Sep
1960, Everist. LEICHHARDT DistricT: ca 10 miles [16km] N of Emerald, Jul 1962, Story &
Yapp 191. WarrEco District: Morven, May 1934, Blake 5675. MARANOA DISTRICT: 22

miles [35 km] W of Roma, Oct 1948, Everist 3521. DARLING Downs DISTRICT: Goondiwindi,
May 1956, Jones.

Acacia pendula which is known as myall in Queensland and boree in New
South Wales is an attractive silvery tree with pendulous branchlets. It ranges from
the Clermont—-Emerald area in central Queensland southward into New South
Wales. It commonly forms groves in glassland on clay soils but it is also
associated with Eucalyptus populnea, or less commonly, A. harpophylla. It flowers
in May and June and mature fruits have been collected in October and November.

99, Acacia. cambagei R. T. Baker, Proc. Linn, Soc. N.S.W. 25:661 (1900).
Type: Bourke, Cambage (not seen).

Misapplied name: A. georginae auct. non F, M. Bailey; Domin, Biblioth.
Bot. 89:261 (1926).

Spreading tree to 15m with dark grey flaky bark; branchlets angular,
glabrous to densely appressed hairy. Phyllodes coriaceous, usually: glabrous but
with scattered dense appressed hairs when young, often with greyish bloom coming
off with age, straight or falcate, acute, 5~12(-13) cm long, 4-10(—14) mm wide,
6-16 (sometimes to 27) times as long as wide, 1-3 nerves prominent, the rest
(ca 30) obscure; pulvinus 2—4(-6) mm long; giand at the base not prominent,
merely a small swelling with a small orifice. Heads of 15—25 flowers in short, 4—10,
rarely 20-branched racemes sometimes growing into leafy shoots, the axis 2-9 mm
long, occasionally up to 3cm long, sparsely to densely appressed pubescent,
branches 5—8(—12) mm long, sparsely appressed pubescent. Flowers 5—merous;
calyx lobes 0-5—0-6 mm long, free or united to the middle, obtuse, pubescent at
the top; corolla lobes 1-1-1:3mm long, + free, glabrous or with a few hairs at
the back; stamens ca 3 mm long; ovary velutinous (glabrous if aborted early in
development). Pods flat, rather membranous, coarsely reticulately nerved, straight,
curved or twisted, up to 13 cm long, 9-12 mm wide. Seeds longitudinal, soft with
a distinct rim at the distal.end (at least when dry), 7-5-9 mm long, 5-5-7 mm
wide; areole irregular, short, open; funicle slightly thickened and folded.

199

Burke District: 40 miles [64 km] NE of Richmond, Jun 1954, Speck 4479. GREGORY
Nort. District: “Ardmore”, near Split Creek, Oct 1962, Pedley 1135. MrrcueLt District:
Blackall, Oct 1939, Everist 1891. SourH KENNEDY DistRIcT: ca 62 miles [100 km] NNW
of Clermont, May 1964, Adams 958. LEICHHARDT District: 7 miles [11 km] SE of
“Batheaston”, Jul 1962, Story & Yapp 156. Grecory SoutrH Districr: “Nockatunga”,
80 miles [128 km] W of Thargomindah, Jun 1936, Blake 11815. Warreco Districr: Carbean
near Cunnamulla, Mar 1941, White 11814. Maranoa District: 38 miles [61 km] W of
“Boolba”, 28°S 147°32’E, Jun 1969, Trapnell Eto.

A, cambagei (‘“gidgee”, “gidyea” or “gidgea’) is widely distributed from
the Northern Territory west of Camooweal through inland district into north-
western New South Wales. In the basin of the Georgina River it is replaced by
A, georginae, On the whole the geographic range of A. cambagei is west of that
of A. harpophylla but in the basins of the Belyando and Suttor Rivers the two

_ Species intermingle. Where they occur together A. harpophylla is found in moister

situations, such as on the edge of melonholes or along drainage lines. As in
A, harpophylla flowering is probably dependent to some extent on adequate soil
moisture and correct temperature, but flowering material has been collected from
April to July and fruits from August to October,

A. cambagei is found usually in extensive dense stands (open-forests) on
dark cracking clay soils in the southern and eastern part of its range, but in the
north-west it forms open-woodland communities on loamy soil as well as open- |
forests. Stands of gidgee are often associated with grassland. Flowering trees
have an evil smell, found in other species but not as powerfully.

The identification of A. cambagei and its near relative A. georginae are seldom
difficult in the field, but herbarium specimens might be confused with
A.: omalophylla, which however: has -usually narrower phyllodes less branched
racemes and narrower pods. The differences between A. cambagei and

_A, georginae are noted under .A. georginae,

100. Acacia georginae F. M. Bailey, Bot. Bull. 13: 2 (1896). Type: Georgina
River, sine coll. [Bick] (BRI, holo).

Tree to 8 m tall but usually 3-5 m, with dark grey flaky bark similar to that
of A. cambagei. Branchlets angular with grey bloom and scattered appressed hairs.
Phyllodes coriaceous with greyish bloom and scattered appressed hairs, straight,
acute, 4:5-9 cm long, 5—12(—15) times as long as wide; 1—3 longitudinal nerves
prominent, the rest indistinct; gland, indistinct, basal; pulvinus 2—4 mm _ long.
Heads of 20-25 flowers in 5—-6(—13) branched, moderately to densely appressed
pubescent racemes, the axis 4-8(—20) mm long, peduncles 7—9(—-12) mm long.
Flowers 5—merous; calyx 0:7-0-:9 mm long, free linear, spathulate or oblong,
obtuse, ciliate; corolla (1-3-)1-5—1-8 mm long, lobes at first united to the middle,
eventually free, moderately to densely appressed pubescent;.stamens ca 3 mm
long; ovary velutinous. Pod flat, curved or coiled, reticulately nerved, glabrous
or with sparse appressed hairs particularly near the margin, 6-13 cm _ long,
1:5-2:5 cm wide; seeds transverse or somewhat oblique, with a distinct acute
rim, 9-10(—12) mm long, 7—-8(~-11) mm wide; areole obscure; funicle hardly
thickened or folded.

Grecory Nortu Districr: 24 miles [38km] NW of “Oban”, May 1948, Perry 802,

Acacia georginae (Georgina gidgee) is restricted to the part of the Georgina
River basin between about 21°S and 23°S latitudes in Queensland and adjacent
parts of the Northern Territory. It forms woodland or open-woodland communities

58237—E

200

on soils ranging from cracking clays to loams. It is extremely toxic to animals as

it contains fluoroacetic acid (see Everist 1974, for references) and is therefore of
considerable economic importance.

It is not sympatric with A. cambagei but on the eastern and northern edge
of the range of A. georginae where the two do occasionally occur together they
may be difficult to distinguish. A. georginae has broad twisted pods and a densely
pubescent corolla and is usually a smaller and more gnarled tree than A. cambagei.
The flowering and fruiting behaviour of the two are similar.

101. Acacia omalophylla A. Cunn. ex Benth., London J. Bot. 1:365 (1842);

Fl, Austr, 2:383 (1864). Type: Lachlan River and Liverpool Plains, May
oe 7? Cunningham (K; BM, iso; lectotypus novus).

Tree to ca 6m tall; branchlets angular varying from moderately to sparsely
appressed pubescent (hairs ca 0-1mm long), occasionally glabrous. Phyllodes
coriaceous, straight or slightly curved, about equally narrowed to each end,
sometimes slightly hooked, slightly scurfy to glabrous, (4—)5—8(—11) cm long,
(4—)5-7(-9) mm wide, 8-15 (—20) times as long as wide; many parallel longi-
tudinal nerves, fine and inconspicuous, 3 more prominent; gland basal; pulvinus
2mm long. Heads of 20-30 flowers in condensed axillary sparsely to densely
pubescent racemes of 2—3 branches, the axis 1-5-5 mm long, peduncles 3—5 mm
long. Flowers 5—merous; calyx 0: 5-0: 7 mm long, glabrous with obtuse fimbriate
lobes ca 0:2 mm long; corolla 1-2-1-5 mm long, 2:2—2:8 times as long as the
calyx,, the lobes =: free glabrous; stamens ca 3mm long; ovary densely white
appressed pubescent. Pods + flat up to 9cm long, 3-4 mm wide, with prominent
margins, slightly raised over the seeds and slightly contracted between them,
glabrous or with a few scattered hairs; seeds longitudinal, ca 4mm long, 2-2-2 mm

wide with small u-shaped areole; funicle twice folded into aril on one side at base
of seed.

WarrEGO Districr: “Monamby”, 5 miles [8km] W of Cooladdi [112km W of -
Charleville], Sep 1966, Burrows. MARANOA Districr: “Goondoola”, 40 miles [64 km] SE of
St George, Dec 1961, Pedley 930,

Acacia omalophylla (yarran) is not common in Queensland. It is restricted
to the Warrego and western part of the Maranoa district where it is found as
scattered trees usually with Eucalyptus populnea on texture-contrast soils. It
flowers irregularly, in the period May to September.

. A. omalophylla resembles A. pendula closely in size and shape of phyllodes,

and in characters of the inflorescence and flowers, but 4. pendula is usually
pubescent and has broader pods with a distinct winged margin and transverse
seeds.. The common name yarran is also applied in Queensland to A. melvillei
which has broader phyllodes and broad pods with transverse seeds.

Bentham used the epithet ‘ ‘omalophylla” in the protologue, Later he changed
this to “homalophylla” which is etymologically more correct. Cunningham in his
manuscript (herb, Kew) however used the form “omalophylla” and I believe this
is the spelling that must.be adopted.

cooescunecramcayrecerranth

TeiivlRNnE

201

102. *Acacia melvillei Pedley. Type: 9 miles [14 km] ENE of Springsure, Sep
1961, Lazarides & Story 38 (BRI, holo).

Tree up to ca 15m tall; branchlets yellowish, angular, usually glabrous
or sometimes sparsely to moderately appressed pubescent. Phyllodes coriaceous,
oblong or narrowly elliptic, glabrous or with a few appressed hairs, 5—8(—10°5) cm
long, (5—)7-12(-25) mm wide, (3:5—)6:5—-10:5(—13:5) times as long as
wide, many fine inconspicuous parallel nerves, 3 somewhat more prominent;
gland basal, merely a swelling; pulvinus 2(-4) mm long. Heads of 30-50
flowers in condensed axillary racemes of 3—4(—5) branches, the axis 2-4(—7) mm
long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; bracteoles concave. Flowers 5—merous;
calyx rather membranous, 0:5—-0-7(—0:8) mm long, with obtuse fimbriate lobes
0-2-0-3 mm Jong sometimes slightly pubescent on the back; corolla 1:3-1:6 mm
long (1:5—)2—3 times as long as the calyx, lobes eventually free; stamens ca 3 mm
long; ovary densely (rarely rather sparsely) appressed pubescent, glabrous when |
rudimentary. Pod flat, membranous, transversely reticulately nerved up to
9cm long, ca 1 cm wide; seeds transverse, 3:5-4:5 mm long, 2:5—4 mm broad,
rather thick; areole open elongate; funicle folded 4-5 times, tonne atil bencath
the seed. (Fig. 8e, phyllode).

imiditaines Districr: 9 miles [14 km] ENE of Springsure, Sep 1961, Lazarides & Story
38, MARANOA DISTRICT: Roma, Scortechini. DARLING Downs DISTRICT: 11 miles [18 km] SW

of Dalby on Tara Road, Aug 1946, Everist 2665. BURNETT DistTricT: Ironpot Creek, Aug
1947, Michael 3017.

In Queensland both A. melvillet and A. emalophylla are known as “yarran”’.
A. melvillei ranges from the Clermont-Emerald area to about Dalby and is
also found in inland New South Wales and at Mildura in Victoria. It occurs
on fine-textured soils and often forms groves either in woodland of Eucalyptus
populnea (poplar box) or in grassland. Flowering occurs from July to October
and fruiting specimens have been collected in November and December.

A, melvillei is distinguished from A. omalophylla with which it has been
confused by its usually broader phyllodes, larger heads and transverse seeds.
In herb. Kew and in most eastern Australian herbaria it has been recognised
as being different from A. omalophylia. The species is named in honour of Dr
Ronald Melville who segregated and annotated specimens of A. melyillei at Kew.

*Acacia mielvillei species nova affinis A, omalophyllae A. Cunn. ex Benth. plerumque
phyilodiis latioribus capitulis amplioribus et seminibus transverse dispositis differt. Typus:
Lazarides & Story 38 (BRI, holo).

Arbor usque circa 15m alta; ramuli flavidi angulares glabri vel interdum sparsim
vel moderate dense pubescentes. Phyllodia coriacea oblonga vel anguste elliptica glabra vel
sparsim pubescentia, 5-8(—10:5) cm longa, (5~)7—12(—25) mm lata, (3:5—}6°5-10-5(-13°5)-
plo longiora quam lata, nervis multis numerosis longitudinalibus, 3 aliquantum prominen-
tioribus praedita; glans basalis tantum tumor; pulvinus 2(-4) mm longus. Capitula 30-50-—flora
in racemos condensos axillares 3—4(— 5)—ramosos, axe 2-4(—7) mm longo glabro vel sparsim
pubescenti instructos disposita; braceteolus concavus. Flores 5—meri; calyx aliquantum
membraneus 0:5-0'7(-0°8) mm longus lobis obtusis fimbritis 0:2-0-3 mm longis dorsalis
leviter pubescentibus; corolla 1+3-1: 6mm longa calyce (1:5—)2—3-plo longior lobis demum
libris; stamina circa 3mm longa; ovaritum dense (raro sparsim) pubescens, glabrum ubi_
rudimentale. Legumen planum membraneum transverse reticulate nervatum, usque 9cm
longum, 1 cm latum; semina transversa, 3:5-4-5 mm longa, 2:5—4 mm lata, aliquantum crassa;
areolus apertus elongatus; funiculus 4—5—plo plicatus arillum subter semino faciens.

202

103. Acacia montana Benth., London J. Bot. 1:360 (1842). Type: High land
near Liverpool Plains, Fraser (K, holo).

A, clavata Schlect., Linnaea 20:662 (1847). Type: Auf dem 6stlichen
Abhange der Berge nach den Scrub beim a ee August, Behr
(B, not seen).

Shrub; branchlets with yellowish nerves and sparse short crisped hairs; stipules
short linear, 0-5 mm long, deciduous. Phyllodes subsessile, viscid, sometimes
with scattered hairs bent sharply near the base, along phyllodes near the base
and along the margin, narrowly oblong, obtuse, 2-4 cm Jong, 2:5-5:5 mm wide,
5-13 times as long as wide; two equally prominent yellowish longitudinal nerves
and -& translucent lesser nerves reticulate between them. Heads of ca 25
flowers in pairs in the axils on rather glutinous, hirsute peduncles ca 3mm
long with a basal ovate concave bract. Flowers 5—merous; calyx lobes free
almost to the base, 0-:5-0-6 mm long, oblong, obtuse fimbriate, rather hirsute;
corolla lobes, acute, free, 1:3-1:5 mm long, ca 2:5 times as long as the calyx;
stamens ca 2-5 mm long; ovary hirsute. Pods ca 2:5 cm long, 2mm _ broad,
lanate. Seeds longitudinal, ca 3mm long, 1-5 mm broad, the funicle 3—folded,
forming cupular aril beneath the seed.

DarLING Downs District: Amiens, 10 miles [16 km] WNW of Stanthorpe, Oct 1963,
Pedley 1503.

Acacia montana is uncommon in Queensland. It has been collected only
a few times, from the south-eastern part of the Darling Downs district. It flowers
‘in September and fruit mature towards the end of the year. Specimens from
Queensland have narrower phyllodes than. the type specimen, but there is no
doubt about the identity of the plant.

104, Re din ixiophylla A. Cunn. ex Benth., London J. Bot. 1:364 (1842);

Maiden, J. & Eres soy: Soc. N.S.W. 49:502 (1916). Type: North of

Liverpool Plains, ce a , Cunningham (K, holo). ;

A. fuliginea R. T, Baker, Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S.W. 31:712 (1906). Type:
Bylong Ranges (Goulburn River), Nov 1892, Baker (NSW, holo),

Dense flat-topped shrub to 3m tall; stipules setaceous, ca 0-5 mm long;
branchlets yellowish, ribbed, very glutinous and densely pubescent, Phyllodes
coriaceous, tapered equally to each end, apiculate, glutinous, usually with
scattered soft hairs up to 0:5 mm long (4 7—)2—3(—4) cm long, 3—7(—9) mm
wide, (2—)3—7(—10) times as long as wide; 3-5 parallel longitudinal nerves
prominent and others = translucent, loosely anastomosing, pulvinus very short;
gland small, consisting of a rim with a small orifice, basal, usually midden by
hairs and resin, Heads of 20-35 flowers in 2—3 branched, glutinous, -_ densely
pubescent racemes, axis 2-6mm long, peduncles 2-4 mm_ long; occasionally
the axis growing out into leafy shoots before anthesis, and peduncles then extra-
axillary. Flowers 5—merous; calyx lobes free (0-6-)0:8—-1 mm long, obovate
or spathulate, acute or obtuse, usually with a few long hairs at the top; corolla
lobes free or united to the middle glabrous, (1:2-)1-4-1:7mm long, 1-4-2
times as long as the calyx; stamens 3-4mm long; ovary densely pubescent,
the hairs sometimes long. Pod linear, raised over the seeds, curved or coiled,
glutinous, glabrous, ca 5cm long, 2— 3mm broad, Seeds longitudinal, 4—5 mm
long, ca 1-8mm wide with a prominent large oblong open areole; funicle 2—3

times folded beneath seed.

203

MircHeLL, District: 45 miles [72 km] N of Jericho, Aug 1962, Cockburn, SourTu
KENNEDY Districr: 40 miles [64km] S of Alpha, Apr 1961, Jolinson 2172. LeICHHARDT
District: near “Mt Playfair’, Sep 1963, Cockburn. Daruinc Downs Disrricr: Miles,
Sep 1959, Everist 6143. MoRETON DISTRICT: Heifer Creek, Aug 1931, White 7771.

A. ixiophylla is common east of Inglewood and around Miles, but there
are sporadic occurrences as far north as Alpha and Jericho, It favours deep
sandy soils with Callitris columellaris (Cypress pine) and sand overlying alkaline
clay subsoil with Casuarina leuhmannii (bull oak). The flowering period is
short, usually late August and September; and pods mature in November and
December. Because of its habit and déep yellow flowers the species is often
cultivated, but is often attacked by sooty mould.

Maiden discussed the identity and distribution of A. ixiophylla and A.
montana at some length. I agree with his conclusion that Baker applied
the name A. ixiophylla to A. montana and that Baker’s A. fuliginea is identical
with A. ixiophylla. | have not seen type material of A. glutinosa F. Muell. and
do not know whether it and A. ixiophylla are conspecific. Though A. ixiophylla
does occur in Western Australia neither Drummond JJ/129 nor IV/ 13 (both
K) can be referred to either A. ixiophylla or A. montana. ,

In the protologue of A. redolens, Maslin stated that the gland of A,
ixiophylla was some millimetres above the distal end of the pulvinus. ‘This is
not true of Queensland specimens nor of specimens seen by Maiden.

105. Acacia monfticola J. M. Black, Trans. Roy. Soc. Sth Aust. 61:246 (1937).
Based on A. impressa F. Muell., J. Proc. Linn, Soc. Bot. 3:133 (1859),
non Lindl. Syntypes: Dividing Tableland between Sturts Creek and
Victoria River, Mueller 43 (MEL; K, iso); Sturts Creek, pyelier 8
(MEL; K, iso).

Shrub to ca 4m tall with dry reddish brown bark curling off in thin strips
(“minneritchie” bark—similar to that of A. cyperophylla and A. chisholmii);
branchlets ribbed, glutinous, clothed with moderately dense erect short hairs ca
O-1mm long; stipules 1:2 mm, triangular, persistent. Phyllodes glutinous with
some short hairs on the margins, oblong or obovate, obtuse or retuse, mucronulate,
the mucro ca 0:7 mm long, dark and deciduous, (13—) 15-25 mm long, 7-10 mm
wide, 1-5~2-+5(—3-5) times as long as wide, with 3-5 translucent longitudinal
nerves and rather coarse reticulate nerves between them; gland small, disc-like
at the distal end of the pulvinus or slit-like and ca 1mm above it, prominent
because it differs in colour from the rest of the phyllode; pulvinus ca 1 mm long.
Heads ca 18—flowered, single in the upper axils on peduncles 13-16 mm long
with indumentum similar to that of the branchlets; heads somewhat elongated _
especially on cultivated plants. Flowers 5—merous; calyx 0:75—-0:85(—1:2) mm
long, glutinous, glabrous except for the pubescent margins of the obtuse lobes
0-3-0:5 mm long, the sinuses obtuse; corolla 2-2-2(—2:8) mm long, thick,

_ glabrous, striate with ca 5 obscure longitudinal nerves towards the centre of each

lobe, 2-3-2-8 times as long as the calyx; stamens ca 5 mm long; ovary white
hispid or densely papillose with féw hairs. Pod flat, raised over the seeds,
glutinous, hispid, nerve-like slightly tuberculate margins, obliquely transversely
veined, the veins sometimes hidden by the indumentum, 4-6:5 cm long, ca 1 cm
wide. Seeds transverse or slightly oblique, 5-6 mm long, 3:5-4:5 mm wide, ca
2mm thick with a small closed areole surrounded by a pale area; funicle folded
and flattened into a conspicuous aril.
BURKE Districr: 33 miles [53 km] from Mt Isa on Cloncurry Road, Feb 1937, Everist
& Smith 204,
58237—F

204

Acacia monticola occurs in Queensland only in the vicinity of Mt Isa and
at Settlement Creek. It flowers in May and fruits in September and October. It
is not closely related to any other species and has several characters which set it
apart from others of section Plurinerves, Its bark is similar to that of some species

of section Juliflorae, and the striate corolla Js found only 3 in A, phlebocarpa_and.......

106. Acacia viscidula Benth., London J. Bot. 1:363 (1842). Type: Lachlan
River, Fraser (K, holo),

A, viscidula var. angustifolia Benth., Fl. Aust. 2:387 (1864). Type: (not
located).

| Shrub to ca 3m tall; branchlets resinous with yellowish ribs and sparse
short hairs, often infested with sooty mould; stipules concave, fimbriate, ca 1mm
long. Phyllodes linear, straight or curved, apiculate with a slightly oblique point,
glabrous or with a few marginal hairs, or sometimes moderately pubescent when
young, the hairs 0-1 mm long, 4-8 cm long, 1-2:5(—3) mm wide, 17-27 times
as long as broad, 5-7 -:parallel translucent longitudinal nerves slightly anasto-
mosing, Heads of 20—25(~35) flowers in pairs in the upper axils, on sparsely
to moderately pubescent peduncles (2—)3-5(—8) mm long. Flowers 5—merous;
calyx lobes (0-7—)0:8—i mm long, united in the lower third, oblong, concave,
pubescent in the upper half with crisped hairs; corolla lobes + free, obovate
ck free (1-1~)1-3-1-5 mm long, 1-4-1-8(-1-9) times as long as the calyx
lobes slightly to moderately pubescent in the upper half; stamens 2:5—3-5 mm
long; ovary pubescent with spreading hairs ca 0-3mm long. Pod linear with
nerve-like margins raised over the seeds, ca 4:5 cm long, 2:5 mm wide, viscid,
sparsely pubescent. Seeds longitudinal, ca 4mm Jong, 2mm broad; areole open,
large in proportion to seed; funicle folded about 4 times to form basal aril.

Dartinc Downs Districr: Messines, Sep 1930, Hubbard 3979. Moreton District:
Crows Nest Falls, May 1960, Everist; Mt Maroon, Sep 1939, Goy & Smith 712.

Acacia viscidula is not a common species in Queensland. It occurs among
rocks in the elevated country around Stanthorpe and on mountain peaks in the
Moreton District. It flowers in September and October and the only fruiting
specimen I have seen from Queensland was collected in November. The phyllodes
of the Queensland material of A. viscidula are narrower than those of the type

~ material of the variety and for the time being at “least I have not eorisidered
varietal distinctions.

107. Acacia dictyophleba F. Muell., Fragm. 3:128 (1862). Type: Mt Humphries,
McDouall Stuart (MEL, holo).

Shrub, often glaucous; branchlets ribbed, glutinous, often with paler pustules;
stipules =< persistent, 1-1:5mm long. Phyllodes glabrous, glutinous with
irregular tubercles on the nerves and minute pustules in the intercostal areas,
47cm long, (6-)9-18mm wide, 3-7({-9) times as long as wide, obtuse
mucronulate, broadest above the middle with 2(—3) prominent longitudinal nerves
and arching secondary nerves forming coarse reticulum; gland basal, large with
a wide brown rim, a second smaller gland on the dorsal margin near the mucro.
Heads of 40-50 flowers on glutinous peduncles 15—20mm long in pairs, or

205

single’ in the upper axils, Flowers 5—merous; calyx 1-7-2 mm long with thick
subacute, slightly incurved lobes 0:7-0:8 mm long; corolla 2-3-2-6 mm long,
ca 1+5 times as long as the calyx; stamens 4-6 mm long; ovary glabrous, pod.
not seen. (Fig. 8h, phyllode.)

Grecory SoutH District: Poeppel Corner, 26°S 138°E, Sep 1966, Boyland 256.

Acacia dictyophleba is restricted to the southern part of the Northern.
Territory and the south-western part of Queensland where it is found almost
invariably on sand-hills. It flowers from May to about July.

It is distinguished from the more widely spread A. melleodora in having
larger and more coarsely veined phyllodes and larger flowers forming much
larger heads which are bright yellow.

108, *Acacia melleodora Pedley. Type: Charters Towers—Clermont Road ca
171 [275 km] from Charters Towers, May 1960, Johnson 1909 aon
holo),

Shrub to ca 3m tall; branchlets ribbed, obscurely tuberculate, glutinous;
stipules setaceous, 1~1:5 mm long. Phyllodes coriaceous, stiff, straight obtuse
glutinous, usually with a few small tubercles, 3-4-5 cm long, (5—)7—10(—12) mm
wide, 3-6 times as long as wide, young ones smaller and darker; nerves prominent,
2-3 major longitudinal ones and oblique anastomosing secondary ones; gland
basal elongate, prominent, ca 1-5 mm long with a thick dark rim and small orifice,
Heads of 30-40 flowers on glutinous axillary peduncles 1-2(2:5)cm_ long.
Flowers 5—merous; calyx cylindrical, thick, somewhat resinous, 1:1—-1:5 mm
long with obtuse scurfy incurved lobes 0-2—0:3 mm long; corolla lobes, glabrous,
united to the middle or rarely free, 1-6—-1:9(—2) mm long, 1+2-1-6 times as
long as the calyx; stamens 3-4 mm long; ovary glabrous or scurfy, somewhat
resinous. Pods thin, rather brittle, flat, raised over the seeds alternately on each
side, transversely veined ca 5cm long, 1—1:5cm wide. Seeds transverse ca
4mm long, ca 2:5 mm broad; areole broad, open.

BurKE Districr: 30 miles [48 km] NNE of Mt Isa, May 1948, Perry 767. GREGORY
Norra Districr: “Headingley” ca 30 miles [50 km] N of Urandangie, Dec 1947, Everist
3339. Mitcuery Districr: 23 miles [37 km] E of Barcaldine, Sep 1956, Burbidge 5534.
SoutH KENNEpy Disrricr: Charters Towers—Clermont Road, ca 141 miles [225 km] from
Charters Towers, May 1960, Johnson 1903.

*Acacia melleodora species nova affinis A. dictyophiebae F. Muell. phyllodiis parvis tenuis
nervatis floribus capitulisque parvis differt. Typus: Johnson 1909 (BRI, holo).

Frutex usque 3m altus; ramuli costati obscure tuberculati glutinosi; stipulae setaceae
1-1:5mm longae. Phyllodia coriacea rigentia stricta obtusa glutinosa plerumque aliquot
tuberculis parvis ornata, 3~ 4-Scm longa, (5—)7- 10(— 12) mm lata, 3- -6-plo longiora quam
lata, phyllodia juvenia parviora fuscatioraque; nervi prominentes, 2-3 majores longitudinales
et oblique anastomosantes secundarii; glans basalis elongata prominens circa 1:5 mm longa
margine crasso. fuscato et-orificio parvo constata. Capitula 30—-40-flora in pedunculos axillares
glutinosos 1-2(-2:5) cm longos disvosita. Flores S—meri; calyx cylindicus crassus aliquantum
resinosus. 1:1-1:5mm longus lobis obtusis furfuraceis incurvatis 0:2-0-3 mm longis; [obi
corollae glabri ad medium connati vel raro libri, 1:6-1-9(—2) mm longi, calyce 1-2—1+6-plo
longiores; stamina 3-4mm longa; ovarium glabrum furfuraceumve. aliquantum resinosum.
Legumen cartilagineum planum supra seMina convexum utrinque alternatim, transverse
venosum circa Scm longum 1J-1:5cm latum, Semina transverse disposita. ca 4mm longa
ca 2:5mm lata; areolus latus apertus,

206

Acacia melleodora is widely spread in inland parts of Queensland, the
southern part of the Northern Territory and the extreme eastern part of central
Western Australia. In Queensland it is extremely common on sandy red earths
in the Mitchell district but it has also been recorded from shallow stony soils. It
flowers in May and June and fruits in October and November. |

It differs from A. dictyophleba, with which it has been confused in having
smaller, less coarsely veined phyllodes, smaller flowers and smaller heads. When
fresh it has usually a bright green varnished appearance and has a sweet smell
even when dry.

109, Acacia dawsonii R. T, Baker, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 22:153 t.8 (1897).
Type: Rylstone, 11 Sep 1895, Baker (NSW, holo; K, iso).

Shrub; branchlets with translucent resinous ribs, densely pubescent between
them with appressed hairs. Phyllodes coriaceous, glabrous, linear + acute, up to
6cm long and 4mm broad, but often 3:5cm long and 3-5mm broad, up to
10 parallel longitudinal nerves, two of which are rather prominent, rather widely
spaced with few anastomoses; gland near base; pulvinus ca 1mm long. Heads
of 4-6 flowers in 5—branched racemes up to 1 cm long, the axis and peduncles
(ca 1mm long) with minute appressed hairs. Flowers S—merous; calyx 0-9 mm
long divided into broad + oblong acute lobes, scurfy in the upper part; corolla
1:5 mm long with slightly scurfy lobes; stamens ca 3 mm long; ovary ~£ papillose.
Pods not seen,

DaRLING Downs District: Amiens near Stanthorpe, Sep 1966, Harslett in Ward 287.

Only one specimen of A. dawsonii has been collected in Queensland. The
species is widespread in tableland districts of New South Wales. The small heads
in short racemes distinguish it from.all other species found in Queensland.

110, Acacia retivenia F. Muell., Fragm. 3:128 (1862). Type: Shorts Range,
McDouall Stuart (MEL, holo; K, iso). |

Shrub to ca 2-5 m tall; branchlets terete with indumentum of dense white
hairs up to 0:5 mm long or glabrous; deltoid stipules ca 2mm long. Phyllodes
coriaceous, orbicular, retuse with a mucro, indumentum of dense crisped hairs or
glabrous; 3—4 prominent longitudinal nerves and a fine but prominent reticulum
of transverse nerves, the nerves raised, especially in dried material, the lower
nerve + straight, terminating at the mucro, the upper ones running to the
margin which is often shallowly indented, 3-5(—6) cm long, (2—)2:5—4(—5) cm
wide, 1—1:3(—1-6) times as long as wide; gland basal, large, with a distinct
rim and a small orifice and 2 or 3 similar smaller glands on the margin near the
termination of the upper nerves; pulvinus short. Flowers in a terminal raceme
formed by the reduction of the upper phyllodes, 3—20 heads of 50—70 flowers
on densely pubescent peduncles 15-30 mm long; receptacle densely hairy; brac-
teoles linear, acute, projecting beyond the flower buds. Flowers 5—merous;
calyx 1-6-2 mm long, rather stout, lobed to the middle, thickened at the top,
a few hairs at the base and top; corolla 1:1-2-4 (rarely 3) mm long, lobed
to the middle, rather thick, incurved, -+ pubescent on the lobes, 1-3—1-:7 times
as long as the calyx; stamens 4-5—4-6 mm long; ovary densely pubescent, some-
times only in the upper half. Pod flat, woody, transversely reticulate veined,
to 5cm long, ca 1:5cm wide; densely pubescent or glabrate; seeds transverse
ca 5:5mm long, 3:7mm wide and 1:7 mm thick; areole large and closed;
funicle thickened, folded and expanded into a cup-shaped aril.

207

BURKE Disrrict: 52km EK of Mt Isa, 1972, Maconochie 1641; 60 miles [96km] ESE
of Camooweal, May 1948, Perry 762 (glabrous variant).

Acacia retivenia occurs on gravelly soils, usually with Eucalyptus leucophloia
and Triodia spp. in the vicinity of Mt Isa and near Settlement Creek and
extends to the Northern Territory. It flowers from about May to August and
mature pods have been collected from August to October,

A. retivenia is a distinctive plant with rather light green foliage and large
yellow heads in a terminal raceme. A striking variant lacking the dense indumen-
tum of the usual widespread form is found between Camooweal and Mt Isa. Both
forms grow together and, despite its different appearance in the field and in
the herbarium, the glabrous variant is not considered worthy of formal recognition.

111. Acacia venulosa Benth., London J. Bot. 1:366 (1842); F. Muell., Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S.W. ser. 2. 5:18 (1890), pro syn; R. T. Baker, op. cit.
10:383 (1895). Type: Barren country lying north of the Dumaresq River

in 29°S, May eas Cunningham (K, holo).

A. lanigera A. Cunn. var. venulosa (Benth.) Moore & Betche, Handb. FI.:
N.S.W. 162 (1893). Based on A. venulosa Benth.

Erect little branched shrub to 2m; branchlets ribbed with indumentum of
soft curled hairs. Phyllodes coriaceous, narrowly elliptic or narrowly ovate,
straight or curved, acute or obtuse, mucronulate, scurfy and with scattered
hairs particularly near the margin, (3-)5-9cm long, 4-12(-14) mm wide,
(5—)6—-9(—10) times as Jong as wide, 3 prominent longitudinal nerves with
ca 6 other + parallel nerves forming elongated anastomoses; gland 1—5 mm
from the base; pulvinus 1-3 mm long. Heads of 30-40(—50) flowers on densely
pubescent peduncles 3-8 mm long, in pairs in the axils or in 2—8 branched
racemes, the axis 1-9 mm or rarely up to 25mm iong. Flowers 5—merous;
calyx lobes free or united only at base, 0:9-1:1mm long, spathulate, obtuse,
pubescent or merely scurfy in the upper half; corolla glabrous, 1-6—2 mm long,
1-6-1-8 times as long as the calyx, the lobes usually 0-8 mm long, stamens
3-4 mm long; ovary with indumentum of dense matted hairs. Pod flat, linear, thin,
with nerve-like margins, slightly raised over the seeds alternately on each surface,
ca 7-5cm long, 6mm wide, densely pubescent. Seeds longitudinal, 4:5 mm long,
ca 3mm wide; areole rather large, open; funicle gradually thickened, folded twice
to form basal aril.

LEICHHARDT DistricT: Blackdown Tableland, ca 32km SE of Blackwater, Sep 1971,
Henderson, Durrington & Sharpe 942. DARLING Downs Districr: 8 miles [13 km] E of
Wyberba, Oct 1958, Pedley 318. MoRETON District: Crows Nest, Oct 1921, White.

Acacia venulosa occurs on shallow granite soils in eucalypt open-forest in
the vicinity of Stanthorpe and at Crows Nest. It has also been collected
from the Blackdown Tableland, 350 km northwards, where it grows on shallow
soils derived from sandstone. It has not been collected from other areas
of sandstone such as Isla Gorge and the Carnarvon Gorge. Flowering occurs
from August to October, and fruits mature in December and January.

A, venulosa. A. baeuerlenii (which occur in Queensland), A. lanigera A.
Cunn. and A.. elongata Sieb. ex DC. (which do not) are a group of species
with similar venation and similar inflorescences. Mueller placed A. venulosa
under A. lanigera and Moore and Betche reduced A. venulosa to a variety of
A, lanigera, Baker however, considered A. lanigera and A. venulosa to be distinct
—a view I share.

208

112. Acacia baeuerlenii Maiden & R. T, Baker, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. ser. 2.

10:583 (1895). Type: New Italy, Nov 1895, Bauerlen (NSW, holo;
BRI, K, iso). :

Slender, often single-stemmed, shrub to 4m; branchlets ribbed, furry with
dense erect soft white or brown hairs ca 0:2mm long. Phyllodes straight,
broadest about the middle, acute with a small mucro, with scattered hairs when
young, hairs restricted to pulvinus and base when old, 8—10(-15) cm long,
(4:5—)6-8(—13) mm wide, 10-15(—20) times as long as wide; 3 slight prominent
longitudinal nerves with about 12 other + parallel ones, anastomosing but not
as frequently as in A. venulosa; gland smaller, ca 1mm from the base, usually
with a tuft of hairs obscuring the orifice. Heads of ca 35 flowers in extremely
reduced densely pubescent racemes, often appearing as single or paired peduncles,
axis of raceme up to 2mm long with peduncles 7-10mm long. Flowers
S—merous, calyx laxly pubescent, ca 1 mm long, lobes ca 0-2 mm long; corolla
2—2:2mm long; stamens 7-8 mm long; ovary with dense matted hairs. Pod
flat, raised over the seeds, alternately on each surface furry except for glabrous
marginal nerve, 7:5 cm long, 9 mm wide; sceds longitudinal or slightly oblique,
5-5:5 mm long, 3~3:2 mm broad, ca 2:5 mm thick; areole large, open; funicle
twice folded to form basal aril. ;

MoreETon District: near Plunkett, Aug 1930, Hubbard 3779.

In Queensland A. baeuerlenii is known from only two localities—Helidon
and Plunkett (near Tamborine Village) where it occurs on sandstone. It is an
attractive shrub with large heads of white flowers in June and July, and is now
cultivated to a limited extent. The large heads and more elongate phyllodes
distinguish it from A. venulosa,

113. Acacia simsii A. Cunn. ex Benth., London J. Bot. 1:368 (1842), FI.
Aust, 2:382 (1864); Pedley, Contr. Qd Herb. 18:13 (1975). Type*:
Cleveland Bay, Jun a5 -, Cunningham (BM, iso).

Shrub to 4m tall; branchlets slender, angular, glabrous, Jenticels sometimes
conspicuous; stipules somewhat persistent, triangular, up to ca 1mm long,
Phyllodes rather membranous, glabrous, punctulate, usually papillose on the
margins, straight or sometimes curved, linear, tapered to each end, acute some-
times apiculate, 5-11(-14) cm long, 2-7 mm wide, 13-33(—50) times as long
as broad, many nerved, 1-3 more prominent than the rest and the others widely
spaced, obscure when phyllode is narrow; gland small, always at base of phyllode
with 1-5 similar smaller ones along dorsal margin; pulvinus 1-2 mm long.
Inflorescence usually an axillary group of flowers (evidently a condensed raceme
which-may grow out into a leafy shoot), consisting of two pairs of heads, one
head of each pair maturing before the other; heads of 25-30; peduncles glabrous,
5-8 mm long. Flowers 5—merous; calyx 0:6-0-8(—1) mm long, membranous
with coarsely fimbriate rounded or obtuse lobes 0:2—0:3 mm long, or lobed to
the base; corolla 1-3~1-5 mm long, separating to the middle or to the base into
glabrous, elliptic uninerved lobes, 1:5—2 times as long as the calyx; stamens ca
3mm long; ovary glabrous. Pod glaucous, flat with nerve-like margins, raised
over the seeds alternately on each side and sometimes contracted between them,

*Incorrectly cited previously as Cunningham ar

209

5-8 cm long, 4-5(—7) mm wide. Seeds longitudinal, 3-4 mm long, ca 3mm
wide and 1-5 mm thick; areole pale, open or closed; funicle + straight, thickened
to form a clavate aril beneath the seed.

Cook District: 65 miles [105 km] S of Cape York, 10°37’S 142°27’E, Jun 1968,
Pedley 2727; Stannary Hills, Apr 1908, Bancroft. NorrTH KENNEDY DISTRICT: Magnetic L,
Jul 1938, Goy 339,

Acacia simsii is a common, and often collected, plant in coastal and sub-
coastal districts of Queensland. north of about Proserpine. It commonly occurs
on sandy or gravelly soils in eucalypt open-forest and woodland but has also
been reported from disturbed rain forest at Kuranda, It also occurs in the
eastern part of Arnhem Land and in New Guinea. Flowers and fruits have been
collected at most times of the year but the peak of flowering appears to be in
January and February.

The structure of the inflorescence and the venation of the phylledes suggest
that A. simsii, A. ramiflora, A, excelsa, A. complanata, A. legnota, A. fleckeri
and A. multisiliqua are related and they with some extra-Australia species could
well form a distinct series. A. multisiliqua was treated by Bentham as a variety of
A, simsii but it is specifically distinct.

In herb. Kew there is considerable confusion in type and other material of
A, simsii and A, multisiliqua. There are two sheets segregated as type material.
One of the sheets bears a label which identifies the material as being Acacia
simsii, collected by Cunningham, but evidently three collections are represented:

1. Sims Island, April aN

1818
314
2. Cleveland Bay, June ia
316
3. Repulse Bay, June ——— 18TD
Of the four fragments on this labelled sheet two have a small tag “ ae The

other two fragments are not tagged. Only one of the fragments with

the tag ee is A. simsii. The other one and the two untagged fragments

are A. muiltisiliqua. There are four twigs on the second sheet, all of them

A. muttisiliqua.

ab , the holotype of A. simsti, cannot be identified with

certainty. If it is represented at all on the sheets segregated as type material at
Kew then it must be ore of the untagged fragments, all of which are A. multisiliqua.

Cunningham

The material at BM is of considerable value. The same three collections
as at Kew are represented, Cunningham 211, 314 and 316, but they are distinct.
Cunningham 211 consists of two twigs, both A. multisiliqua; Cunningham 316
of three pieces, two of A. simsii and one of A. multisiliqua; and Cunningham
314 of five fragments, all of A. simsit. a

_ I have considered it prudent to disregard the collections at Kew as’ being
too confused to be of value, and to depend for the interpretation of A. simsii on
nig at BM, an isotype. The confusion evident
in the Kew collections is probably a longstanding ¢ one wien led to Beats
treatment of A. multisiliqua.

the collection of Cunningham -

210

114. Acacia ramiflora Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:814 (1926). Type: In collibus
arenosis Dividing Range dictis apud opp. Pentland, Feb 1910, Domin
5332” (PR, holo)

Slender shrub ca 3m tall; branchlets angular, glabrous; stipules small, —
persistent. Phyllodes glabrous, straight or falcate, broadest above the middle,
abruptly acuminate, the point up to ca 2mm long, attenuate at the base,
8—12(-15) cm long, 3-6(—8) mm wide, 14-35(-50) times as long as wide,
three longitudinal nerves prominent with a few less prominent anastomosing
nerves between them; gland small, 1-4 mm from the base; pulvinus 1-:5-2:5 mm
long. Heads of 20-30 flowers on glabrous peduncles 3-4 mm long, subtended
by a small ovate, concave bract, cither in pairs or, as in A. simsii, in fours in
the axils. Flowers 5—merous; calyx ca 0:8 mm long divided almost to the middle,
with fimbriate, subacute lobes; corolla 1-6 mm long, glabrous, divided to about
the middle; stamens 3 mm long; ovary glabrous. Pods somewhat glaucous, flat
with nerved margins, raised over the seeds alternately on each side, 5-9 cm long,
8mm wide; seeds longitudinal, not mature but the areole probably closed and
the funicle without folds,

Cook Districr: Robinson River, Jul 1925, Brass 409. MITCHELL District: 34 km
from Pentland towards Torrens Creek, Aug 1972, Gittins 2524,

Acacia ramiflora is restricted to sandstone hills of the Dividing Range near
Pentland, and near the headwaters of the Gilbert River. It is evidently rare
as it has been collected only three times, twice with young pods in July and
August, and in flower in February. A. ramiflora and A. simsii are morphologically
very similar. The phyllodes, short peduncles and broad pods distinguish A.
ramiflora from the other.

115. Acacia complanata A. Cunn. ex Benth., London J. Bot. 1:369 (1842),
Syntypes: barren country lying north of Dumaresq River in 29°S,

ran , Cunningham (No. 90 of his 1829 list) (K; BM, iso); Brisbane
River, in 1829, Fraser (K). :

A. anceps Hook, Ic. Plant. t.167 (1832), non DC. (1825). Type:
Brisbane River, in 1829, Fraser (K, holo).

Shrub to 5 m tall, branches arching downwards; branchlets flattened, winged,
the phyllodes inserted above a small tooth. Phyllodes elliptic, obtuse, glabrous,
5~10(—11-5) cm long, (12—)16—30(—45) mm broad, 2—4:5(—7:5) times as long
as wide; ca 9 prominent longitudinal nerves with fainter oblique nerves forming
elongate anastomoses; gland 2—-8(—12) mm from the base, a prominent rim
projecting from the margin and a small orifice; pulvinus .2—3mm long. Heads
of 40-45 flowers in axillary groups of 4-8 flowers (reduced racemes}, peduncles
glabrous, 8-12 mm long, occasionally heads in racemes the axis to 12 mm long;
bracteoles peltate. Flowers 5—merous; calyx lobes -+ free or united to the
middle, spathulate, obtuse 1-1~1-5 mm long, pubescent in the upper half;
corolla lobes free or united in lower third, 1:6—-2-5 mm long, 1-3-2 times as
long as calyx, glabrous; stamens 4-5 mm long; ovary glabrous. Pod flat raised
_ over seeds alternately on each side, reticulately nerved, glaucous, 10-15 cm

211

long, 7:5—-10 mm wide. Seeds longitudinal or slightly oblique, ca 5-5 mm long,
4-5 mm wide; areole - closed with pale halo; funicle ribbon-like, wrinkled and
stout, running to hilar end of seed then recurved and passing completely around
_ seed to base.

SouTH KENNEDY District: 55 miles [88 km] S$ of Alpha, Apr 1961, Johnson 2179.
LEICcCHHARDT Districr: Isla Gorge, 25°9’S 149°57’°R, Sep 1968, Everist 8014. Porr Curtis
DistricT: Rosedale, Dovey. DarLinc Downs Districr: near Gurulmundi, Nov 1930,
Hubbard 5154, Burnetrr District: Biggenden Bluff [Mt Walsh], May 1931, White 7690.
Wipe Bay District: Gundiah, Jun 1927, White 3496. Moreron Districr: Mt Gravatt,
Mar 1931, White 7408. ;

Acacia complanata is more or less restricted to rather shallow soils on
sandstone in coastal districts as far north as about Bundaberg and in subcoastal
districts north to the Blackdown Tableland, It is not particularly common but
its deep yellow flowers and dark green phyllodes are attractive and conspicuous,
and it is often collected. It flowers from December to about April and mature fruit
have been collected from June to November. The strongly flattened branchlets
distinguish it from all its near relatives except A. homoclada which has usually
narrower and more elongata phyllodes,

The holotype of A. anceps Hook. is apparently one of the specimens cited
cited by Bentham in the protologue of A. complanata.

116. *Acacia fleckeri Pedley. Type: Pascoe River crossing of Iron Range-Wenlock
Road, Jul 1948, Brass 19664 (BRI, holo; K, iso).

Shrub to 6m tall; branchlets glabrous angular. Phyllodes glabrous straight,
broadest above the middle, obtuse, mucronulate, 9-12 cm long, ca 3-4 cm wide,
2:8—4 times as long as broad; 4—6 prominent longitudinal nerves with fainter
oblique nerves running from them forming loose reticulum; gland small ca
1mm from base; pulvinus ca 2mm long. Inflorescence and flowers unknown,
probably similar to those of A. complanata. Pods linear glabrous, 9-12 cm
long, 8-9 mm wide, flat but raised over seeds alternately on each surface;
seeds (very immature) longitudinal, encircled by the funicle. (Fig. 8g, phyllode)

Coox District: Pascoe River, Jul 1949, Flecker NQNC 13194,

Acacia fleckeri has been collected only on the Pascoe River but I have
seen it also on the Wenlock. In both places it occurs on deep sand. Among
the Australian species it most closely resembles A. complanata though it lacks
the markedly flattened stems. Its phyllodes resemble those of A. simplex which
however has more longitudinal nerves and broader pods.

*A, fleckeri species nova affinis 4. complanatae A, Cunn. ex Benth. et A. simplicis (Sparrm.)
Pedley; ab illa ramulis nom valde complanatis, ab hac nervis longitudinalibus paucis et
leguminibus tenuiorbus differt. Typus: Brass 19664 (BRI, holotypus; K, isotypus).

Frutex usque 6m altus; ramuli glabri angulares, Phyllodia glabra recta latissima
supra medium obtusa mucronulata 9-12 cm longa ca 3-4mm lata, 2-4-8-plo longiora quam
lata; 4-6 nervj longitudinales prominentes et obliqui inconspicuores eos enascentes reticulum
laxum facientes; glans parva 1mm supra basin; pulvinus 2mm longus. Inflorescentia et
flores ignoti. Legumina linearia glabra 9-12cm longa 8-9 mm Tata, plana convexa supra
semina utrinque alternatim,; semina (perimmatura) longitudinalia funiculo cincta,

212

117. Acacia multisiliqua (Benth.) Maconochie, J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. (in press).
Based on A. simsii A. Cunn. ex Benth, var. multisiliqua Benth., Fl. Aust.
2:382 (1864). Type: Carpentaria Island h4, 20 December 1802, Brown
(K, holo).

Slender shrub, branchlets angular, slender; phyllodes coriaceous (rather
fleshy when fresh), glabrous, straight or curved, linear, acute, mucronulate,
3-5-7:5 cm long, 4-10(—13) mm wide, 5—15(—18) times as long as wide, with
(1 or) 3 well marked longitudinal nerves, not or little nerved between them,
margin ribbon-like, minutely papillose; gland, a prominent flaring of the margin
with a small orifice (1-)2:5~7 mm from the base with often 1 or 2. similar
but smaller giands along the dorsal margin. Inflorescence similar to that of
A. simsit. Flowers 5—merous; calyx divided to the base into lobes.ca 0-8 mm
long, expanded into short ovate obtuse Jamina ca 0:1 mm wide, with a few long
hairs on the stipe; corolla 1-4 mm long, divided to the base, glabrous; stamens
ca 3mm long; ovary glabrous. Pod similar in shape to that of A. simsii,
4-5 cm long, ca 4mm wide; seeds longitudinal, 4mm long, 3—-3-5mm wide,
ca 1:6mm thick; shield open or closed, pale; funicle similar to that of
A, simsii. (Fig. 8f, phyllode).

Burke District: Adels Grove, Apr 1948, de Lestang 408, Cook District: Mt
Molloy, Apr 1932, Brass 2504, Nortu KENNEDY District: Shute Harbour near Proserpine,
Jul 1963, Jones, MITCHELL District: 72 miles [115 km] E of Hughenden, Aug 1970, Correll
36. SoUTH KENNEDY Districr: “Disney”, ca 90 miles [145 km] N of Clermont, Jul 1964,
Pediey 1725.

Acacia multisiligua is widely spread in tropical Queensland and the northern
part of the Northern Territory. It ranges more widely but is not as common
as A. simsti. It seems to be confined to shallow soil often overlying sandstone.
It flowers and fruits throughout the year.

Acacia multisiliqua and A. simsii are specifically distinct. Bentham’s note
in the protoloque of A. simsii var. multisiliqua that “both phyllodia occur on
one specimen” is not true and must have been due to the confused state of
the collections that Bentham worked with at Kew.

118. Acacia excelsa Benth. in Mitch. Trop. Aust. 225 (1848). Type: Sub-
tropical New Holland, 6 Jul 1846, Mitchell “187” (K, holo).

A. daintreeana F. Muell., Fragm. 4:6 (1863). Type: Clarke River, Daintree
(MEL, holo; K, iso).

A. excelsa var. daintreeana (F. Muell.) Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:264 (1926)
(“Daintreana”). Based on A. daintreeana F. Muell.

A. excelsa Benth. var. polyphleba Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:263 (1926).
Type: in xerodrymio apud opp. Pentland, Mar 1910, Domin (PR, holo).

A, excelsa Benth. var. glaucescens Domin, loc. cit. (1926). Type: in col-
libus arenosis Dividing Range apud opp. Jericho, Mar 1910, Domin (PR,
holo).

Tree to 15mm tall; bark dark grey hard fissured; small branches some-
times pendulous; branchlets angular glabrous. Phyllodes elliptic, obtuse or
rarely acute, glabrous, variable in size (3—)4—6-5(-9) cm long, 3-16(-26) mm
wide, (3—)4—12(-18) times as long as wide, with 3-6 parallel widely spaced
longitudinal nerves, few or no secondary nerves and indistinct oblique nerves
running off main ones: gland with a small orifice ca 2mm from the base, often
conspicuous because of indentation of the margin; pulvinus 1-2 mm long, Heads
of 25-35 flowers on glabrous peduncles 5-10(—15) mm long, in axillary groups

213

of 3 or 4, or occasionally in 3-4 branched axillary racemes, the axis up to
10mm long, Flowers 5—merous; calyx lobes + free, broad spathulate, obtuse
or subacute, 0:7—1-1 mm long, 0:3—0:5 mm broad, glabrous or sparsely pubes-
cent; corolla lobes + free, obovate, glabrous, 1-5-2 mm long, 1-6-2 times
as long as the calyx; stamens few (25-35), 4:5-6:5 mm long; ovary glabrous,
Pod flat, narrowly winged, coarsely reticulately nerved, 7-11 cm long, 6—9(—12)
mm broad, contracted between the seeds and breaking at constrictions. Seeds
Jongitudinal, ca 5mm long, 4:5mm wide, areole small, open, pale; funicle
not at all thickened or folded.

118a, A, excelsa subsp. excelsa

Phyllodes (3—)4—6-5(—9) cm long, (5-)8- 16(-26 mm wide, (3—)4—7(-—10)
times as long .as wide with ca 6 + parallel longitudinal nerves and few secondary
nerves.

BurKE Disrricr: 40 miles [64 km] NE of Richmond, Jun 1954, Speck 4481. NortTa
KENNEDY Districr: Broughton River, 7 miles [11 km] S of Charters Towers, Jun 1966,
Pedley 2124, MircHeLy District: Barcaldine, Apr 1919, White. Sours KENNEDY DIstRICT:
near Mt Douglas, May 1962, Gittins 481. LEICHHARDT District: Wandoan, Nov 1930,
Hubbard 5018. Warreco DISTRICT: Cunnamulla, Apr 1936, Blake 11185, DARLING Downs
Disrricr: “Glenoie” near Hannaford, Apr 1939, Everist 1785, BuRNETY District: Eidsvold,
May 1913, Bancroft, MaArANoa District: 60 km W of Bollon, Apr 1972, Weston 40.

118b. *A. excelsa subsp. angusta. Pedley, Type: Burke District: near Mistake

Creek, about 100 miles S of Cloncurry, June 1934, Blake 6414 (BRI,
holo).

Phyllodes 4—5(—7) cm long, 3-5-5 mm wide, 9—12(-—18) times as long as
wide with 3 + parallel longitudinal nerves, no secondary and few oblique nerves.
BuRKE Disrricr: near Mistake Creek, ca 100 miles [160 km] S$ of Cloncurry, Jun

1934, Blake 6414. Warreco DIsTRICcT: Climax Downs, ca 76 miles [120km] SSW of
Cunnamulla, : ‘Nov 1957, Everist 5641.

Acacia excelsa (ironwood) is widely dieu’ in inland parts of Queensland
and extends southward into New South Wales. It favours loamy or sandy soil
often with Eucalyptus populnea. The main period of flowering is from April to
July. Fruits remain on the trees for some time and have been collected in almost
every month of the year.

Phyllodes vary considerably in size even on the one tree. Small plants
grazed by stock often have small phyllodes while the phyllodes of young or
vigorously growing shoots are usually broad. The variation in size of phyllodes
led to the description of the two varieties by Domin,

A variant, A. excelsa subsp. angusta, which has narrow elongate phyllodes
outside the usual range of variation of the species, occurs. along the western edge
of the range of the species, extending from Cloncurry to Nymagee in New South
Wales. It was figured by Maiden (For. Fl. N.S.W. 4: t.125 (1908)) as a
“narrow-leaved form”. The variety approaches A. estrophiolata F, Muell, the
species known in the Northern Territory as ironwood which, however, has even
longer and narrower phyllodes. The venation of the phyllodes and the structure
of the inflorescences points to a relationship between A. excelsa, A. simsii and
other species noted on p. 84.

*A, excelsa subsp. angusta Pedley, subsp. nov.

Phyllodia 4—5(—7) cm longa, 3-3:5imm_ lata, 9-12(—18)-plo longiora quam lata, 3
nervis + parallelis longitudinalibus, spcitiriarns nullis et obliquis paucis praedita, Typus:
Blake 6414 (BRI, holo).

214

119, Acacia homaloclada F. Muell., Fragm. 11:34 (1878). Syntypes: Hinchin-
brook I., 8 Nov 1867, and 13 Nov 1867, Dallachy (MEL).

Shrub to 5m tall; branchlets flattened, ca 2mm wide. Phyllodes not very
coriaceous, curved, oblong or elliptic, acute or obtuse, 6-11 cm long, 9-20 mm
wide (3:5—) 5—8 times as long as wide, to 13 cm long and 2:5 cm wide on young
plants; 3 longitudinal nerves prominent, secondary nerves few, coarsely reticulate;
gland prominent, rimmed with slightly elongate orifice 2-6 mm from the base;
pulvinus 2—3 mm long. Heads of ca 25 flowers on glabrous axillary peduncles ca
8mm long in pairs in the upper axils or in racemes up to 8cm long with 9
branches or in terminal panicles. Flowers glabrous, 5—merous; calyx with free
narrowly spathulate lobes 1-1-3mm long; corolla 2—2:1 mm long, divided to
the middle; stamens ca 3-5 mm long; ovary glabrous. Pods flat, glaucous, raised
over the seeds with a prominent raised margin, slightly contracted between the
seeds, ca 9cm long, 8-9 mm wide. Seeds (immature), longitudinal, flat, ca 3-5
mm long; areole closed; funicle half-encircling seeds,

Cook District: Yarrabah, Aug 1918, Michael. Norra KeNNepy Districr: 10 miles
[16km] N of Ingham, 18°29’S 146°10’E, Jun 1968, Pedley 2600.

Acacia homatoclada is a little known and uncommon species restricted to low
sandy country near the sea from Hinchinbrook Island to Cape Flattery. It is an
attractive shrub with a white trunk, arching branching and pink young shoots.
Flowering occurs between May and August.

120. *Acacia hylonoma Pedley. Type: Cook District: East of May Peak, Yarra-
bah Aboriginal Reserve, 16°57’S 145°54’E, Dec 1972, Webb & Tracey
10764 (BRI, holo).

Tree to 15 m tall; branchlets acutely angular reddish lenticellular glabrous;
stipules deltoid ca 0:5 mm long. Phyllodes glabrous, straight or curved, — acute,
widest at or below the middle, 8-13-5 cm long, 7-16(—25) mm wide, 5—10(—16)
times as long as wide; up to 10 longitudinal nerves 1-5-2 mm apart with less
prominent loosely anastomosing secondary nerves between them; gland small,
-5~15 mm from the base; pulvinus = flat, 1-2mm long. Inflorescence axillary,
usually consisting of two pairs of heads, one head of each pair maturing. before
the other (evidently a condensed raceme); heads ca 25—flowered; peduncles
5-8 mm Jong, glabrous. Flowers 5—merous; calyx glabrous, 1:1-1:2mm long,
eventually separating into distinct lobes; corolla 1-8-2 mm long, 1-6 times as
long as the calyx; stamens ca 2:5 mm long; ovary glabrous. Pods ca 9 cm long,
12mm wide, valves glabrous, papery. Seeds longitudinal, 5mm long, 3-5~4 mm
wide; areole large, constricted but open; funicle slightly thickened and folded,
but not expanded beneath seed.

*Acacia hylonoma Pedley, species nova affinis A. simsii A. Cunn, ex Benth. phyllodiis
floribus leguminibus seminibusque grandioribus differt. Typus: Webb & Tracey 10764 (BRI,
holotypus). :

Arbor usque 15m altus; ramuli acutangulati rubescentes lenticellulati glabri; stipulae
deltoideae circa 0-5mm longae. Phyllodia glabra, recta curvatave, + acuta, latissima ad
vel infra medium, 8-13:5 cm longa, 7-16(-25) mm lata, 5-10(—-16)—plo longiora quam lata;
nervi longitudinales '((usque 10) 1-5-2 mm distantes inter eos nervis secundariis prominentibus
laxe anastomantibus praediti; glans parva e basi 5-15 mm posita; pulvinus + planus 1-2 mm
longus. Inflorescentia axillaris pleramque ex paribus duobus capitulorum circa 25—flororum,
capitulo uno utrique excreto ante alterum constans (perspicue racemus condensatus); pedunculi
glabri 5-8mm longi. Flores 5—meri; calyx glaber 1:1-1-2mm longus demum in lobos
distinctos secedens; corolla 1:8-2mm longa, quam calyx 1:+6—-plo longior; stamina circa
2:5mm longa; ovarium glabrum. Legumen circa 9cm jlongum, 12mm latum, valvis
glabris chartaceis. Semina longitudinales 5mm longa, 3-5-4 mm lata; areola ampla, aperta
sed basi constricta; funiculus leviter crassus plicatusque autem sub semine non expansus.

“Loach = peneyammme ys pthread rou nies pe can saendaaemdaneraenmemnaeeeas*

215

Cook District: State Forest Reserve 933, ca 17°S 145°50’E, SE of Cairns, Aug 1973, |

Sanderson 202 (QRS), Feb 1975, Hyland 3173 (RF.K.) & 8011 (QRS).

Acacia hylonoma is one of the few Australian species of Acacia found in
rainforest. It has been collected only south-east of Cairns where it reaches 15 m
tall and 20cm d.b.h. The type collection includes flowers and fruit. The venation
of the phyllodes and structure of the inflorescence indicate a close relationship
with A. simsii and A. ramiflora.

121. *Acacia legnota Pedley. Type: Cook District: North shore of Endeavour
River, Cooktown, Jun 1968, Brass 33843-ex Flecker Herbarium of North
Queensland Naturalists’ Club (BRI, holo; K, QRS, iso).

Small tree; branchlets somewhat angular, glabrous. Phyllodes strongly
falcate, broadest above the middle, attenuate at the base, acute or obtuse
mucronulate, glabrous 12-18cm long 10-17 mm wide, 9-14 times as long as
wide; about 7 prominent longitudinal nerves, sometimes with faint ones between
and faint oblique anastomosing nerves; gland at base or up to 2 cm from the base;
pulvinus wrinkled, 3—4mm long. Heads of ca 35 flowers on glabrous peduncles
20-25 mm long, the peduncle a single branch, subtended by a small concave
bract, arising from an axis 3~7 mm long; occasionally the axis growing out into a
leafy shoot, 2 or 4 axes in each axil. Flowers 5—merous; calyx lobes narrowly
spathulate, +: free, 1:2-1-3 mm long, a few hairs near the top; corolla lobes
+ free narrowly obovate, glabrous, 1-6 mm long; stamens ca 3 mm long; ovary
glabrous. Pod flat glabrous, up to 12 cm long, ca 11 mm wide with a well defined
slightly raised pale margin up to 2mm wide when mature. Seeds longitudinal
suboval, 4:5-S mm long, ca 4mm broad; areole large, closed; funicle once
folded forming cupular aril. (Fig 9f, inflorescence).

Cook Distrricr: Aboriginal Reserve 1, between Mclvor River & C. Flattery, 15°05’S
145°15°B, Nov 1972, Hyland 6517 & 6540. .

Acacia legnota is known from two localities between Cooktown and Cape
Flattery. In both places it occurs in heath on sand. Flowers have been collected
in June, and fruits in November. |

The illustration of A. complanata of Britten (Bot. of Cook’s Voyages 1.t.85.
1900) is in fact A. legnota. The pale margin of the pod is not apparent in the
plant, probably because the pods are immature. A. legnota resembles A. homalo-
clada which has shorter phyllodes with fewer. longitudinal nerves and somewhat
smaller pods,

*Acacia legnota species nova affinis A, homalocladae F. Muell. phyllodiis tongioribus nervis
pluribus praeditis et leguminibus aliquantum parvioribus differt. .Typus: Brass 33843. (BRI,
holo; K, QRS, iso).

Arbor parva; ramuli aliquantum angulares, glabri, Phyllodia valde falcata, supra
medium, latissima, versus basin attenuata, acuta obtusave mucronulata glabra, 12-18 cm
longa 10-17 mm lata, 9—14-plo longiora quam lata, circa 7 nervis longitudinales prominentibus
interdum inconspicuis inter eos et obliquis anastomantibus inconspicuis praedita; gland basi
vel usque 2cm e basi, pulvinus rugosus 3-4mm longus. Capitula circa 35—florum in
pedunculis glabris 2-2:5cm longis portata; pedunculus solitarius a bractea parva concava
subtentus ex axe enascens; interdum axes (2 vel 4 in quoque axilla) in surculum foliaceum
crescentes, Flores 5—meri; calycis lobi anguste spathulati + liberi, 1:2-1-3 mm longi, prope
apicem pilis aliquot vestiti; corollae lobi + liberi anguste obovati glabri 1-6mm_ longi;
stamina circa 3mm longa; ovarium glabrum, Legumen planum glabrum usque 12cm
longum, circa 11 mm latum, ubi maturum margine prominenti leviter elevato pallido usque
2mm lato praeditum, Semina longitudinalia subovalia, 4-5-5 mm longa, circa 4mm lata;
areola magna inaperta; funiculus semel plicatus arillem cupularem faciens.

216

122, Acacia binervata DC., Prod. 2:452 (1825). Type: Sieber 504 (G-DC, holo).
A. umbrosa A, Cunn, ex G,. Don, Gen. Syst. 2:405 (1832); Bot. Mag. 61.t.
3338 (1834). Type: not scen.

Bushy tree to 6m; branchlets angular glabrous. Phyllodes rather thin, -:
straight, obovate, or ovate, acute, 7-8 cm long, 1-5-—2cm wide, 4-8 times as
long as broad; 2 longitudinal nerves prominent and a number of finer oblique
nerves anastomosing; gland prominent swelling and a small orifice on the margin
about 1cm from the base, often touching the upper longitudinal nerve or with a
connecting nerve running to it from the upper longitudinal nerve. Heads of 15-25
flowers in glabrous axillary racemes with up to 10 branches, sometimes growing
out into leafy shoots, the axis 4—5 cm long, the branches 6mm long. Flowers
5—merous; calyx ca 1mm long, membranous with obtuse, sparsely hairy lobes
about as long as the tube; corolla glabrous, ca 2mm long, divided to the base;
stamens ca 5mm long; ovary glabrous. Pod flat, not seen mature, up to 12cm
long ca icm broad, very similar to that of A. penninervis. Seeds longitudinal
encircled by the funicle.

Moreton District: Lower Springbrook, ca 28°10’S 153°15’E, Oct 1963, Hockings.

A, binervata is common along almost the entire New South Wales coast but
in Queensland it has been collected only from Mt Tamborine and Springbrook,
in the extreme south-eastern part of the state, where it flowers in October,

Except that it has two longitudinal nerves, A. binervata bears a remarkable
resemblance to A. penninervis, The texture of the phyllodes, the gland, the
indefinite racemes and the pod are all similar. It is conceivable that some
members of the Plurinerves should in fact be referred to the Phyllodineae (see
p. 84).

123. Acacia wardellii Tindale, Contrib. N.S.W. Nat. Herb. 4(3): 139 (1970).
Type: Thomby Range, SE of Surat, May 1955, Gordon 3039 (NSW, holo;
BRI, iso).

Shrub to ca 5 m tall with pale bark similar to that of A. bancroftii; branchlets
+ terete, glabrous. Phyllodes ovate or oblong, obtuse or acute, tapering at the
base, usually curved, 11:5-15-5 cm long, 2—2-5(—3:5) cm wide, 4—7 times as
long as wide; 2 prominent longitudinal nerves and less prominent oblique penni-
nerves forming coarse reticulum; lower gland prominent, elongated, basal or up
to 1 cm from the base, 1-3 other smaller but prominent glands with thick rim and
small orifice on the margin or at the top of a projection from the phyllode
(cf. A. bancroftii); pulvinus 5-10 mm long. Heads of about 30 flowers in axillary
racemes, the axis scurfy, up to 4cm long, branches with minute appressed
pubescence, ca 5 mm long. Flowers 5—merous; calyx 0:6 mm long, membranous,
pubescent in. the upper half with lobes 0-2—0-3 mm long; corolla thin ca 1:3 mm
long; stamens ca 3 mm long; ovary glabrous. Pods up to 8cm long, 6 mm wide,
flat, raised over sceds and slightly contracted between them. Seeds longitudinal,
6mm long, 3:4mm wide, rather thick; areole elongate, open; funicle thick,
‘passing around top of seed, along side opposite the placenta, forming clavate aril
beneath seed, |

DarLinc Downs District: “Rockwood” ca 20 miles [32 km] SW of Chinchilla, Nov
1969, Pedley 3011. :

Acacia wardellii occurs naturally on shallow weathered sandstone in eucalypt
woodland in the Thomby Range south-east of Surat and south-west of Chinchilla.
It was brought into cultivation by Mr D. M. Gordon in the 1950’s and is now
cultivated to some extent and may have become naturalized in places.

217

A. wardellii resembles A. bancroftii, especially in habit, and glands of the
phyllodes often on projections, and in pod. It is another species that could
possibly be referred to the Phyllodineae.

124. Acacia oraria F. Muell., Fragm. 11:66 (1879); Pedley, Contrib. Qd Herb.

18:5 (1975), Syntypes: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy (MEL; BM, iso);
Trinity Bay, Bailey (BRI, iso).

A, oraria F. Muell. var. amblyphylla Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:265 (1926),

Type: In silvis mixtis apud opp. Caitns solo arenoso, Dec 1909, Domin
PR, holo).

Spreading tree about 10 m tall with fibrous fissured bark; branchlets angular,
covered with whitish bloom, Phyllodes rather thick obovate falcate, lower margin
-++ straight, upper curved, broadest above the middle, attenuate at the base,
obtuse, at first covered with white bloom, glabrous 5—8(—10) cm _Iong,
(10—) 15-35(—45) mm wide, 2—3-5(-—6) times as long as wide; three prominent
longitudinal nerves with about six secondary longitudinal ones, reticulately nerved
between them forming _ square vein islands; gland basal, small but with a well
defined rim; pulvinus 3-6 mm long. Heads, at first covered in white bloom, of
30-40 flowers in axillary or sometimes terminal 3~5 branched racemes, sometimes —
growing out into leafy shoots, the axis 8-18 mm long, peduncles 4~7 mm long.
Flowers 5—merous; calyx lobes united to about the middle, 1-1-4 mm long, oblong,
obtuse; corolla lobes rather narrow, united to the middle, 1-5-1-9 mm long,
1-3-1-8 times as long as the calyx; stamens 3—4 mm long; ovary somewhat scurfy.
Pod flat with nerved margins, twisted or coiled, to 12cm long, 9-15 mm wide,
scurfy; seeds longitudinal ca 4mm long and 3 mm broad; areole rather large,
closed; funicle translucent, red, thickened, passing completely round seed then
folded back on itself and considerably thickened to form the aril, occasionally
folded only 3/4 way around seed. |

Coox Distrricr: Laura River, Aug 1967, Hyland 3907, Norra KENNEDY DIsrrict:
Edgecombe Bay, Michael,

Acacia oraria extends from Bowen to Friday Island. It has also been
collected from Timor but is not yet recorded from either the Northern Territory
or New Guinea. In Queensland it occurs on sand along beaches or, less commonly,
along streams. Flowers have been collected from January to Tune and mature
fruit in August. Trees of A. oraria have dense greyish green crowns similar in
general appearance to those of A. aulacocarpa. The white bloom that covers the
branchlets and developing inflorescences is noteworthy.

125. Acacia flavescens A. mae ex Benth., London J. Bot. 1:381 (1842). Type:

Percy Islands, June a , Cunningham (K, holo).

A, flavescens A. Cunn. ex Benth. var. nobilis Domin, Biblioth. Bot.

89:818 (1926). Lectotype: in xerodrymis apud Cape Grafton, Jan
1910, Domin ‘5126’ (PR).

Tree to about 10m tall with rough furrowed somewhat shaggy bark,
‘branchlets angular with moderately dense stellate hairs; young tips golden.

- Phyllodes ovate, falcate, acute (usually long tapering) becoming glabrous but

usually with some stellate hairs persisting near the base; 3 longitudinal nerves

218

prominent, the upper two ending at the margin at an indentation, usually
associated with a gland, the lower ending at the apex, finely transversely reticulate,
the vein islands rather large, 9-24 cm long, (1—)2-4(-5-5) cm wide, 3-—6(-9°5)
times as long as wide, 11 cm wide and 1-5 times as long as wide on sterile shoots;
basal gland prominent with distinct rim and elongate orifice, 2mm long, three
or more smaller, but conspicuous glands in indentations along upper margin,
occasionally glands on small projections; pulvinus rather long. Heads of
(30—)40—50 flowers in terminal, sometimes leafy, panicles, sometimes compound,
up to 30cm broad, made up of ca 5—noded racemes ca 5cm long with about
4 peduncles, 10-15 mm long, at each node, the whole clothed with dense
yellowish hairs. Flowers 5—merous; calyx 1-:1-1-:3(—1-6) mm long with lobes
0:3-0:5mm long, entirely pubescent or pubescent only on lobes; corolla
1-7-1:9(—2:1) mm long with pubescent lobes 0:6-0:8mm long, 1:3-1:6
times as long as the calyx; stamens 4-5 mm long; ovary densely pubescent
especially in upper half or rarely merely scurfy. Pods flat, slightly winged,
shining, with transverse veins and scattered hairs when young, 6-12 cm long,
1-52 cm wide. Seeds transverse, ca 6mm long, 4mm wide; areole large open;
funicle ribbon-like, folded and finally expanded into cupular aril. (Fig. 7j,
position of glands).

Coox District: 14 miles [22 km] WNW of Cooktown, Aug 1966, Story 7982. NorrTH
KENNEDY DISTRICT: between Townsville and Rollingstone, Mar 1933, White 8989, SouTH
KENNEDY DistricT: Grasstree Goldfield, NE of Sarina, May 1927, Francis. LEICHHARDT
District: Blackdown Tableland, Aug 1964, Gittins 894. Porr Curtis Districr: Byfield,
Sep 1931, White 8180. Wipe Bay Districr: Tin Can Bay, Sep 1943, White 12274. MoRETON
DistricT: base of Mt Coolum, Apr 1945, Clemens.

Acacia flavescens ranges from Cape York to about Coolum on the southern
coast of Queensland. It is often the commonest understory species of eucalypt
forest on sandy soils near the sea. It flowers from about April to June and
pods mature from September to December. |

A. flavescens resembles other species of the Dimidiatae group of Plurinerves
but it and A. leptoloba differ from all other species of Acacia known to me in
having distinctly stellate hairs.

126. Acacia bakeri Maiden, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 20:337 (1895). Syntypes:
Mullumbimby, Oct 1894, Baker 1258 (NSW; BM, E, K, iso); Mullum-
_ bimby, Sep 1894, Bduerlen (BRI, iso).

Tree to 35m tall, 0-8 m d.b.h,; branchlets = terete, glabrous. Phyllodes
elliptic or ovate, acute or obtuse, sli y curved at the base, abruptly contracted
into a pulvinus 1-2mm long; 5<8-5(-12) cm long, 15-25(-—45) mm broad,
2+5—5 times as long as broad, larger on sterile shoots; gland prominent, a distinct
swelling of the margin with a small orifice, 6-10(—15) mm from the base, some-
times with a connective nerve to the base; 3—4 prominent longitudinal nerves
with less definite secondary penninerves forming coarse reticulum (when the
phyllode is broad, the secondary nerves are almost perpendicular to the main
nerves), Heads of 10-15 flowers in glabrous racemes, the axis 3—6 cm long,
the branches in up to 4 pairs (occasionally 3’s or 4’s) 5-10 mm long. Flowers
4—merous; calyx lobes free, 0-8-0-9 mm long, oblong or obovate, incurved at
the top, pubescent; corolla 1-6-2 mm long, divided to the middle, + hirsute;
ovary glabrous. Pod -flat, very slightly constricted between the seeds, with a
broad margin, coarsely reticulately nerved, up to 12cm ‘long, ca 12 mm wide.
Seeds longitudinal, not seen mature, but the funicle filiform, neither folded nor

thickened. |

219

Wipe Bay District: Kin Kin, Francis, MoreTON Districr: Cedar Creek, May 1923.
White 1945,

Acacia bakeri (marblewood) attains the largest size of all species of Acacia
in Australia. In New Guinea, both A. aulacocarpa and A. crassicarpa may
exceed 30 m in height, but in Australia they are usually much smaller. A. bakeri
occurs in rainforests and on the margins of rainforests from the North Coast
district of New South Wales to the Maryborough district. It is less common
now than it was earlier this century as rainforests have been extensively cleared.
No specimen has been added to the Queensland Herbarium from Queensland in
the last forty years, and it is possible that the species is in danger of extinction.

The straight, rather short, phyllodes with all major nerves extending almost
to the apex and the 4—merous flowers set A. bakeri apart from other members
of the Dimidiatae group of the Plurinerves which it otherwise resembles.

Two syntypes are mentioned in the protologue, but it is not clear from
the specimens examined in various hervaria, what these are. A specimen
segregated as type at NSW was collected by Baker in October 1894, whereas
specimens at BM, E and K all bear the date September 1894. It is likely,
however, that all are part of the same collection.

127. Acacia hemignosta F, Muell., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot, 3:134 (1859).

Syntypes: Point Pearce, Mueller 87 (K, iso); Gulf of Carpentaria, Mueller
34 (K, iso).

A. cloncurrensis Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:262 (1926). Type: apud opp.
Cloncurry, Mar 1910, Domin (PR, holo). |

Tree to about 10m tall; branchlets ribbed, glabrous, sometimes glaucous.
Phyllodes coriaceous, slightly falcate, broadest above the middle, obtuse, attenuate
at the base, glabrous, greyish, (4:5—)6-8:5cm long, (4:5-)9-19 mm wide,
4—7 times as long as wide; three conspicuous longitudinal nerves, faint reticulate
nerves between them, the vein-islands + square; gland conspicuous but not
large, rimmed with a small orifice, a little distance from the base; pulvinus 1-2 mm
long. Heads of 40—50 flowers in glabrous axillary or terminal leafy racemes,
the lower heads opening first, the axis (3-5—)5—6(—10) cm long, the peduncles
in 5-8 pairs, 6-12 mm long. Flowers 5—merous; calyx lobes free (0-7~)
0-9-1:1mm long, a narrow membranous stipe and a glabrous or pubescent
ovate acute lamina ca 0:15 mm wide; corolla lobes free, 1-4-1-6(—2) mm long,
1-5-2 times as long as the calyx, obovate or oblong, acute; stamens 2:5~3:5 mm
long; ovary glabrous. Pod flat membranous with a distinct marginal wing, ca 7 cm
long, ca 1cm wide; seeds longitudinal, thick, ca 5'5mm long, 4mm _ wide;
areole small, circular, closed; funicle not folded or thickened.

BurRKE Districr: 30 miles [48 km] E of Doomadgee Mission Stn, Jun 1966, Pedley
2071. CooKk District: 86 miles [138 km] 8 of Coen, Aug 1966, Story 7960.

Acacia hemignosta is widely spread in northern Australia. It extends
from the Kimberley District of Western Australia through the northern part
of the Northern Territory and the Guif country to the southern part of Cape
York Peninsula and drier parts of the Atherton Tableland. It reaches the °
coast a little north of Cairns, Though widely spread, A. hemignosta is nowhere
very common. It occurs on a range of soils usually in eucalypt woodland. The
main period of fiowering is from June to August and fruits mature from
September to November. a . * tt

220

There is considerable range of variation in width and texture of phyllodes
and width of pods throughout the species’ whole range but in Queensland the
range of variation is not great. A. cloncurrensis is well within the range of
variation of the species.

A, hemignosta has phyllodes with distinctive reticulating veins unlike any
other species of sections Plurinerves or Juliflorae. ts indeterminate raceme of
heads and broad membranous pod are also unusual characters in the Plurinerves.

128. *Acacia leptoloba Pedley. Type: Cook District; 5km S$ of Laura River,
68 km SW of Cooktown, Apr 1975, MacDonald 1637 & Batianoff (BRI,
holo; CANB, K, iso).

Spreading shrub to 5m tall; branchlets glabrous, sometimes glaucous.
Phyllodes glabrous, obtuse 7-12cm long, 18-33 mm wide, 2:5-5(—7) times
as long as wide, lower margin + straight, upper curved, prominent marginal and
3 longitudinal nerves, the upper two uniting with the marginal nerve, the lowest
extending to about the apex, secondary nerves strongly anastomosing; slightly
elongate gland at the base, 1-2 smaller + circular glands on the margin at junction of
upper longitudinal nerves; pulvinus (6—)10—15 mm long. Heads of ca 40 flowers
in axillary racemes, the axis up to 13cm long with about 7 nodes but usually
shorter, usually two peduncles up to 15mm long subtended by obtuse ciliate
bracts, very scattered yellow stellate hairs on bracts and at the top of the
developing axis; racemes sometimes branched, sometimes arranged in terminal
panicles. Flowers 5—merous; calyx ribbed, 1:3-1:5mm long with lobes ca
O:5mm long with an indumentum of yellow hairs; corolla 2—2-5 mm long,
1-5—1-6 times as long as the calyx, shortly lobed with yellow hairs on the lobes;
stamens ca 4mm long; ovary glabrous, Pod 4-8 cm long, ca 2cm wide, fiat,
glabrous with thin, transversely reticulately veined valves. Seeds transverse,
5-5-6 mm long, 3-3:5mm wide; areole large, open; funicle folded about 5
times forming cupular aril. (Fig. 8i, phyllode).

Cook DistricT: Quinquin Creek SE of Laura, May 1975, Byrnes 3469; Parada, Dec

1965, Bates 178; Oakey Creek, Irvinebank-Emuford, Jan 1972, Hyland 5810.

Acacia leptoloba ranges from about Laura to Herberton on sandy soils on
hills and along streams. It flowers from about December to April.

*Acacia leptoloba Pedley, species nova affinis A. flavescentis A. Cunn. ex Benth. et
A, platycarpae F. Muell. ab ijla surculis subglabris et phyliodiis glabris obtusis, a hac
pilis stellatis et leguminibus tenuibus differt. Typus: McDonald 1637 & Batianoff (Holotypus:
BRI; isotypi: CANB, K)

Frutex expansus usque 5m altus; ramulj glabri interdum glauci, Phyliodia glabra
obtusa 7-12 cm longa, 8-13 mm lata, 2:5—5(—7)-plo longiora quam Jata, margine infero +
recto et supero curvato; nervo marginali prominenti et nervis tribus longitudinalibus, duobus
superis cum nervo marginali junctis, imo ad apicem fere extenso, nervis secundariis valde
anastomantibus praedita; glans leviter elongata basalis, glandes 1—2 parviores + circulares
in margine ad nervorum longitudinalium superorum juncturam; pulvinus (6—)10—15 mm ~
longus. Capitula circa 40—-flora in racemis axillaribus axe usque 13cm longo, circa 7—nodo
autem vulgo breviori, vulgo in quogue nodo pedunculis duobus usque 15mm longis a
bracteis obtusis ciliatis subtentis, pilis sparsissimis flavis stellatis in bracteis et apice.
axis evolutentis praeditis; racemi interdum ramosi, interdum in paniculam terminalem
dispositi. Flores 5—meri; calyx costatus 1:3-1-5mm longus lobis circa 0-5 mm_longis
indumento pilorum flavorum; corolla 2-2-5 mm longa calyce 1:5-1-6-plo longior, breviter
lobata pilis flavis in lobis; stamina circa 4mm longa; ovarium glabrum. Legumen 4-8 cm
longum, circa 2cm latum, planum glabrum valvis tenuibus transverse reticulate venosis.
Semina transversa 5:5-6mm longa, 3-3:5mm lata; areola ampla aperta; funiculus circa
quinquies plicatus arillum cupulatum faciens. |

221

The species has generally been confused with A. platycarpa which has larger ~
woody pods with larger seeds and somewhat more coarsely reticulate venation, ~~

The thin pods and the presence of yellow stellate hairs indicate a closer relationship
with A, flavescens.

129. Acacia platycarpa F. Muell., J, Proc. Linn. Soc, Bot. 3:145 (1859), Fragm.
11:67 (1880); Benth., FI, Aust. 2:391 (1864), pro syn.; Turrill, Kew
Bull. 1922:;298 (1922), Syntype: Gulf of Carpentaria, Mueller 8 (MEL;
K, iso).

A. fragrantissima Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:264 (1926). Type: In collibus
arenosis Dividing Range dictis apud opp. Pentland, Mar 1910, Domin
PR, holo).

Tree to 10m, but in the southern part of its range at least, usually a shrub;
branchlets terete or angular, glaucous or pruinose but always glabrous, Phyllodes
oblong, obtuse, lower margin -+ straight, upper curved, often with indentation(s)
in upper margin where upper nerve(s) meet it, glabrous, sometimes glaucous,
5—14cm long, (12—)16—30(—36) mm wide, (3—)3:5—6 times as long as wide;
three prominent longitudinal nerves, often running into ventral margin up to
2cm from the base, the upper sometimes meeting or approaching close to dorsal
margin in upper part; secondary nerves finer, forming a rather fine reticulum,
the vein islands small, approximately square; gland inconspicuous or not, a
yellowish rim and small slit, usually with 1 or 2 smaller but projecting glands
on margin about the middle, often associated with ending of major longitudinal
nerves; pulvinus to 1 cm long, Heads of fewer flowers in simple axillary racemes,
the axis ca 6cm long with peduncles ca 12mm long in groups of 2-4 at the
nedes; calyx 1mm long, pubescent in the upper half with lobes 0:3 mm long,
becoming free; corolla 1:8 mm long, yellow hairy in the upper half with lobes.ca
0-6 mm long; stamens probably less than 4mm long; ovary glabrous. Pod flat,
rather woody and tardily dehiscent, glaucous or shining, 5-12 cm long, 2—3 cm
broad, obscurely reticulately nerved, with a narrow or broad (up to 4mm wide)
wing. ‘Seeds transverse, 9-10 mm long, 8 mm wide, ca 3:5 mm thick, immersed in
inner tissue of valve: areole large, almost closed; funicle thick, folded and
expanded into cup-shaped aril beneath seed (Fig. 101, pod).

Bourke Districr: 32 miles [50 km] NE of Richmond, near “Ravenscourt”, Jun 1954,
Lazarides 4484, Mrrcnett District: 14 miles [22 km] E of Prairie, Jul 1954, Lazar ides
4547; 13 miles [20km] E of Jericho, Sep 1956, Burbidge 5544, SouTH KENNEDY DisTRICT:
14 miles [22 km] S of Alpha, Nov 1968, Pedley 9813,

Acacia platycarpa ranges from the Cambridge Gulf region of Western
Australia through the northern part of the Northern Territory to the Alpha—
Jericho area, There is a considerable disjunction in its range between Settlement
Creek and Normanton. It is apparently an extremely variable species, and, in
fact, may consist of a number of closely related taxa. Many more collections,
particularly of flowering material, are necessary however, before these taxa can
be accurately circumscribed, and named. The species flowers during the summer
and not much flowering material has been collected. Variation in floral and
inflorescence characters is therefore not known in detail. There is also a large

range of variation in plants from the Northern Territory. Some variants approach
A, dunnii,

222

Bentham referred A. platycarpa to A. sericata. He was followed by Mueller
though it is uncertain whether Mueller saw type material of A. sericata. Turrill,
because of the pubescent phyllodes and wingless pods of A. sericata, considered
it to be distinct from A. platycarpa. Characters of the pod must be used with
caution as immature pods are thin with a distinct wing, whereas mature ones are
thicker and apparently without a wing. Nevertheless, A. sericata appears to be
distinct from A. platycarpa. It is restricted to the Kimberley district of Western
Australia and perhaps the northern extremity of the Northern Territory.

I have seen only one syntype of A. platycarpa, Mueller 8. It bears. immature
pods, and comparison with variants distinguished by attributes of the flowers and
inflorescences is therefore difficult. The position of A. fragrantissima is still
somewhat uncertain.

130. Acacia rothii F. M. Bailey, Qd Agric. J. 6:39.t.161 (1900), Qd Flora
2:250 (1900). Type: mouth of the Batavia River, Roth (BRI, holo).

Tree ca 10 m tall with rough dark bark; branchlets coarse, angular, glabrous.
Phyllodes curved, narrow oblong, obtuse, 15-25(—30) cm long, 15—25(—30) mm
wide, (4—)9-13 times as long as wide, tapered at base to prominently wrinkled
pulvinus ca 1cm long; 2—3 prominent longitudinal nerves and oblique less
prominent secondary nerves forming coarse reticulum; gland prominent, with
- thick rim and small orifice, at the base and one or two smaller ones often present
above the middle. Heads of ca 50 flowers in glabrous axillary racemes, axis ca
7 cm long and up to 8 branches ca 8 mm long. Flowers 5—merous; calyx ca 1 mm
long, membranous, pubescent, with obtuse lobes ca 0-2mm _ but probably
ultimately free; corolla ca 2mm long, lobed to the middle; stamens ca 4mm
long; ovary glabrous. Pod flat, woody and tardily dehiscent, with broad acute
margin, glaucous, transversely reticulately veined, 9-12 cm long, 3-4cm wide.
Seeds transverse immersed in tissue of valves, ca 8 mm long, 5 mm broad, thick,
with large open areole; funicle thickened folded and expanded to form cupular
aril beneath seed.

Coox District: Bamaga, May 1962, Webb & Tracey 5975.

Acacia rothii is restricted to Cape York Peninsula, north of about Laura,
where it is common, mainly on loamy and sandy soils in eucalypt communities
but occasionally in vine thicket. Pods remain on the plant for a long period and
specimens with fruits have often been collected. I have seen only one collection
with abundant flowers. This was collected in June.

The large woody pods and large transverse seeds are similar to those of
A, platycarpa, but in other characters A. rothii resembles A. propinqua from the
northern part of the Northern Territory, A. propinqua, however, has smaller
phyllodes and longer racemes. Its pods are unknown.

131. Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. ex Ait., Hort. Kew ed. 3 5:462 (1813); Benth.,
Fl, Aust. 2:388 (1864); F. M. Bailey, Od Flora 2:498 (1900); Maiden,
For. Fl. N.S.W. 2:103 (1907). Type: Port Dalrymple, Jan 1804, Brown
(BM, holo).

A, arcuata Sieb. ex Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3:135 (1826). Type: not scen.

Tree to 15 m tall (in Queensland, taller farther south), with somewhat scaly
bark; branchlets angular, indumentum varying from densely pubescent to none;
young tips dark; stipules caducous, up to 1-5 mm long. Phyllodes usually rather

223

membranous, not coriaceous, acute, apiculate, broadest at or above the middle
tapering to the pulvinus which is short or indefinite, (6-5—)8-13(-14) cm long,
7-20 mm wide, 4—12(—-16) times as long as wide; longitudinally nerved, 3-5
prominent with many secondary nerves, anastomosing, the junctions prominent,
particularly on more coriaceous phyllodes from plants from exposed situations;
gland not large, 1-10 mm from the base. Heads of 30-50 flowers in glabrous,
scurfy or sparsely to moderately pubescent 3-5(-8) branched racemes, the axis
(2—)}6-18(—40) mm long, branches (2—)5—10 mm long. Flowers 5—merous; calyx
O:8~-1:1(-1:3) mm long consisting of a membranous tube and pubescent or
scurfy thicker obtuse lobes 0:1-0:2mm long; corolla lobes thick, glabrous,
1:8—2-1 mm long, united in the lower third, 1:8—2-1 times as long as the calyx;
stamens 4—5 mm long; ovary glabrous or pubescent. Pod coiled, up to 10cm
long, 3:5-6:5 mm wide, valves rather thick and somewhat shiny. Seeds Jongi-
tudinal, 3—4mm long, 1:-7—3 mm wide; areole large and open but not conspicuous;
funicle slender, running completely round the seed then completely folded back on
itself and again folded back on itself to the hilum, or rarely running to top of
seed and then recurved, that is, not completely encircling the seed.

Coox District: Mt Spurgeon, Sep 1936, White 10670. SourH KENNEDY District:
Sarina, Jul 1963, Jones. Wipe Bay Disrricr: Kin Kin, Dec 1919, Francis. DARLING Downs

District; Spring Creek near Killarney, Mar 1931, Hubbard 5798. Moreton Districr:
Springbrook, Sep 1930, Hubbard 4262.

Acacia melanoxylon ranges from Mt Lewis on the northern part of the
Atherton Tableland to the McPherson Range in the south, and beyond Queensland
southward along the highlands to Tasmania and Victoria and westward to the

' Mt Lofty Ranges. In view of its wide range it shows remarkably little variation.
In Queensland it occurs on rainforest margins and on in creeks in areas of high
rainfall where soils are fertile. Flowering and fruiting seems to occur throughout

the year but most flowering specimens have been collected in the period November
to March.

A, melanoxylon and A. implexa have often been confused. Bailey, cited the
locality Stanthorpe and refers to the vernacular name “Lightwood”. Both locality
and name apply to A. implexa, which has often glaucous branchlets, phyllodes
more attenuate at the base and seeds not encircled by the funicles. Bentham and
Maiden referred A. brevipes A. Cunn. to A. melanoxylon and Domin (Biblioth.
Bot. 89:263 (1926)) reduced it to a variety of A. implexa, A. brevipes is
conspecific with the extra-Australian species A. heterophylla.

132. Acacia implexa Benth., London J. Bot. 1:368 (1842). Type: Ravines of
Shoalhaven River, Apr 1824, Cunningham (K, holo).

terete or slightly angular. Phyllodes curved, obtusish, long attenuate at the base,
glabrous, (9—)11-16(—19) cm long, 6-16(—25) mm wide, (5—)9-18(-—22) times
as long as wide; 3 prominent longitudinal nerves with rather widely spaced
anastomosing secondary nerves, the junctions prominent; gland basal, sometimes
inconspicuous; pulvinus 2~7 mm long. Heads of 30-50 flowers in 4-8 branched
glabrous axillary racemes, sometimes in panicles, axis 10—-30(-40) mm long,
peduncles 6-13 mm long. Flowers 5—merous; calyx membranous, 0:7—1 mm long,
truncate, undulate or with short obtuse fimbriate lobes; corolla glabrous,
1-5-2:2 mm long, 2—2-2 times as long as the calyx, lobed to about the middle;
stamens 3-4 mm long; ovary scurfy and with a few scattered long hairs. Pod
flat, raised over the seeds, coiled and twisted, glabrous, somewhat glaucous, up to
20cm Jong, 4-7 mm wide. Seeds longitudinal, ca 4:5 cm long, 2:5 mm wide;
areole open; funicle broad, once folded beneath the seed.

Tree to ca 8m tall, branches sometimes pendulous; branchlets glaucous, =

224

NortH KENNEDY District: Herberton, Jan 1912, Kenny. Porr Curtis DIstTRIcT:
base of Mt Archer, E of .Rockhampton, Oct 1973, Beattie. LeicHHARDT DISTRICT: near
Wandoan, Nov 1930, Hubbard 5050, Dartinc Downs Districr: near Pittsworth, 27°38’S
151°38’E, Dec 1969, Pedley 3066. Wipk Bay Districr: Imbil, Dec 1917, Weatherhead.
BuRNETT District: Edenvale Hill near Kingaroy, Dec 1947, Michael 3081. MorETon
Disrricr: 18km E of Nanango, 26°32’S 152°11’E, Dec 1972, Pedley 4004.

Acacia implexa (lightwood) is common in the eastern part of the Darling
Downs and southern part of the Moreton district but it extends as far north as
Herberton. It occurs on various soil types in eucalypt communities and has
probably been under-collected in the tropical part of the state. Its main flowering
period is December-January, but flowers are sometimes produced at other times
of the year.

133. Acacia pravifolia F. Muell.,, Fragm. 1:4 (1858), J. Proc. Linn.
Soc, Bot. 3:117 (1859), Sec. Census Aust. Pl. (1889) 77; Benth., Fl.
Aust, 2:378 (1864), pro syn.; J. M. Black, Fl. South Aust. ed. 1. 285
(1924), pro syn.; Fl. South Aust. ed. 2. 423 (1948). Symtypes: Elders
Range, Oct 1851, Mueller (ex Herb. Sonder) (MEL; K, iso); Crystal-
brook, Mueller (MEL; K, iso).

Shrub with terete slightly ribbed branchlets with indumentum of erect dense
white hairs 0:5-0-8 mm long. Phyllodes sessile, with indumentum of moderately
dense, long, tubercle-based hairs, broadly triangular, the dorsal margin rounded,
3—7 mm long, 2:8—7 mm wide, about as long as wide, abruptly contracted into a
point, the prolongation of the main nerve, with 2—3 branched nerves in the upper
part of the phyllode; stipules linear or setaceous, 1-2—2-4mm long. Heads
slightly elongate, 9(—20) flowered, on glabrous or slightly hairy axillary peduncles
as long. as or slightly longer than the phyllodes, with a pair of basal bracts similar
to the bracteoles; bracteoles brown, concave, obtuse, slightly longer than the
calyx. Flowers 5—merous; calyx 0:9 mm long with obtuse ciliate lobes about as
long as the tube; corolla glabrous, ca 2 mm long with ovate lobes 0-4 mm long;
stamens ca 3mm long; ovary pubescent. Pods linear, spirally coiled, pubescent,
3-5cm long, 5mm wide. Seeds longitudinal, oblong, 3-2 mm long, about twice
as long as wide; areole small, closed; oblique fleshy aril almost as long as the seed.

DarLtinc Downs Districr: 10 miles [16km] NE of Tara, Sep 1966, Holden; Karara,
30 miles [48 km] W of Warwick, Nov 1966, Ward 332,

In Queensland A. pravifolia is restricted to three localities in the south-
eastern part of the state where it occurs on shallow sandy soils.

Bentham, in editing Mueller (1859), stated that the species was the same as
A. sublanata, though he noted that the specimen he had seen was fragmentary and
that the bracts described by Mueller were different from those of Bauer’s plant. (the
type of A. sublanata). Mueller (1889) treated A. pravifolia and A. sublanata as
distinct. Black (1924) regarded them as conspecific, but later (1948) distinguished
A. pravifolia from A. sublanata, mentioning the pointed bracts of the latter.
Black’s figure is an excellent representation of the Queensland plant. A. sublanata
is a north Australian species conspecific with A. luehmannii.

134. Acacia amblygona A. Cunn. ex Benth., London J. Bot. 1:332 (1842). Type:
Native of the high land west of the Macquarie River, Fraser (K, lectotypus
novus).

A, nernstii F. Muell., Fragm. 4:3 (1863). Type: Ipswich, Nerst (KX, iso),

225

A low sprawling shrub; branchlets terete with low ribs, with indumentum
of dense or moderately dense stiff, erect, white hairs from 0-2-0: ‘4(-0:6) mm
long. Stipules setaceous or linear, occasionally with a few hairs, 1-2 mm long,
Phyllodes with indumentum similar to that of branchlets, or occasionally glabrous,
sessile, triangular to lanceolate falcate, the lower margin straight or somewhat
curved, the upper curved, plurinerved, the lowest parallel to the lower margin
and excurrent as a pungent point up to 2mm long and two others curved
and =: running into the dorsal margin, sometimes with an obscure gland at
or below the broadest part of the phyllode, 4—-11(—-16) mm long, 1-6—-3-2
(-4:2) mm broad, 2-4-5(-6) times as long as broad. Heads of 20-30 flowers
on glabrous peduncles usually shorter than the phyllodes with some brown bracts
at the base. Flowers 5—merous; calyx turbinate 0-8-1 mm long divided to
4-4 or entirely into obtuse ciliate lobes; corolla glabrous 1:6-1:8mm
long divided to 4-%, lobes, acute glabrous with prominent midrib;
ovary glabrous, the style lateral. Pod linear, coiled, glabrous up to 7cm
long, 3~4:mm broad, the valves raised above the sceds and slightly contracted
between them. Seeds longitudinal, oblong ca 3mm long, ca 2mm broad with
an aril on one side of the secd.

LeicuHarDT District: Expedition Range, Between “Bauhinia Downs” and Rolleston,
Aug 1966, Stevenson. Port Curtis Districr: Wowan, Apr 1937, White 11025. DARLING
Downs District: Gurulmundi, Sep 1965, Stevenson; Goombungec, 27°18’S 151°SVE, Ward
295. Burnetr District: Eidsvold, Dec 1913, Bancroft. Wok Bay District: Bottletree

Creek near Rosedale, White; Gundiah, Jun 1927, White 3498. MORETON DisTRICcT: Plunkett,
Aug 1923, White.

Though the species is widely distributed in south-eastern Queensland as
a subshrub in eucalypt open-forest it is nowhere common. It usually occurs
on shallow stony soils but is sometimes associated with Eucalyptus. moluccana
on clays. It is likely to be confused only with A. pravifolia which has more
densely pubescent and less elongate phyllodes. A variant recorded from Chinchilla
has branchlets with sparse short (0-1 mm long) hairs,

226

LYCOPODIIFOLIAE Pedley

Phyllodes small, without definite nerves, terete or slightly flattened, in regular
or slightly oblique whorls with prominent stipules between them, stipules some-
times absent. Flowers in heads on axillary peduncles, Type species: A.
lycopodiifolia A. Cann, ex Hook.

135. Acacia galioides Benth., London J. Bot. 1:344 (1842); Pedley, Contrib.
Od Herb. 11:14 (1972). Type: Australia, Bauer (K, holo).

A spreading shrub less than 0:5m tall; branchlets glabrous, occasionally
glaucous or with an indumentum of hairs usually 0-1mm long rarely up to
0-3 mm long, usually most dense immediately below the whorls of phyllodes,
Phyllodes straight or slightly recurved at the apex, sightly flattened with an
impressed nerve on the upper surface, obscurely longitudinally ribbed beneath,
abruptly contracted into a short apical point up to 0:2 mm long, 2-8 mm long
(up to 14mm on young sterile vigorous shoots, but these seldom collected),
(5—)6—9 per whorl; stipules linear, acute, scarious, (0-5—)0-8—3(—4) mm long.
Heads 10~20(—25) flowered on peduncles 4-15mm long, glabrous or with
indumentum similar to that of the branchlets; receptacle with a few long hairs;

bracteoles somewhat concave, narrow-ovate or lanceolate, acuminate,—striate.
O-8—-1-6mm long with a few long hairs on the margin, Flowers striate 5—6-
merous; calyx thick, striate, 0:-6-1-4mm long with broadly triangular lobes
0-2-0-3 mm long; corolla 1:5-2:6mm long with rather thick incurved lobes
(0:4—)0:7—-0-8(-1) mm long; stamens ca 4mm long; ovary glabrous. Pods
somewhat viscid, glabrous, linear, the valves raised over the seeds with nerve-like
margins up to 5cm long, (4-)5-6mm broad, on stipes 7-10 mm long, seeds
longitudinal 3-5-5 mm long, ca 3 mm broad with a small cupular aril,

135a, A. galioides var. galioides

Branchlets with an indumentum of moderately dense to dense hairs. Phyllodes
with a covering of short (less than 0-1 mm long hairs). Calyx 0-7—-0-:8 mm long,
+ hispid or with hairs confined to the margins. Corolla (1-5-)2—2-2 mm with
hispid to almost glabrous lobes.

BuRKE Districr: 9 miles [14kmj E of “Riversleigh”, Jun 1948, Perry 1445. NorrTu

KENNEDY Districr: 6 miles [10 km] SW of Pentland, Jun 1953, Lazarides 3575. Soura
KENNEDY DistricT: “Disney” 90 miles [144 km] NNW of Clermont, Jul 1964, Pedley 1723.

135b. A. galioides var. glabriflora (Domin) Pedley, Contrib. Od Herb. 11:15
(1972). Based on A. glabriflora Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89:251 (1926).
Type: Mt Remarkable apud opp. Pentland, Mar 1910, Domin (PR,
(holo).

Differs from A. galioides var. galioides in having glabrous phyllodes, and
somewhat more glabrous and sometimes larger flowers. Branchlets with an
indumentum of sparse to dense hairs. Phyllodes glabrous or rarely with a few
long white hairs. Calyx (0:6-)0:8-1-4mm long, with a few hairs on the
margins. Corolla 1-8—2:2(—2:4) mm long with a few hairs on the margins of
the lobes.

Burke District: 11 miles [18km] SE of “Westmoreland”, Jun 1948, Perry 1356.

Coox District: Stannary Hills, Apr 1962, McKee 9431. Sours KENNEDY DISTRICT:
“Yarrowmere”, 21°34’S 146°15’E, Apr 1969, Walker.

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227

135c. A. galioides var. leioclada (Domin) Pedley, Contrib. Qd Herb. 11:15
(1972). Based on A. leioclada Domin, Biblioth, Bot, 89:251 (1926).
Type: Queensland: in collibus apud fl. Walsh River situ septentr. ab opp.
Chillagoe, Feb 1910, Domin (PR, holo),

Differs from A. galioides var. galioides in being glabrous and having some-
what larger flowers. Plant (including floral parts) glabrous, Calyx 0-7-1:1mm
long; corolla 2-2-6 mm long.

Cook District: Sandy Tate River, Feb 1928, Brass 1744. NorrH KENNEDY DISTRICT:
Mt Garnet, Oct 1944, McKellar.

Acacia galioides occurs on sandy and shallow rocky soils and ranges from
the eastern highlands of Queensland, from about Clermont to Herberton, through
north-western Queensland and the central part of the Northern Territory to
the eastern part of the Kimberley region of Western Australia. A. galioides var.
galioides and A. galioides var. glabriflora occur throughout the range of the
species, but the latter is more common in the eastern part. A. galioides. var.
leioclada, on the other hand, is found only in the east. The varieties are not
ecologically differentiated to any great extent and one specimen (Perry 1356),
a mixture of A. galioides var. galioides and A. galioides var. glabriflora indicates
that more than one variety may occur in a single population.

The indumentum of short hairs (when present) and stipitate pod distinguish

_ the species from all others of the group, and it is difficult to specify its nearest

relative, though one specimen suggests a relationship with A. perryi from the
Northern Territory. Within the species there are gradations in such characters
as degree of pubescence and size of flowers but there are no discontinuities
sharp enough to admit of recognition of taxa above varietal rank. Despite this,
A. galioides var, leioclada is quite a striking plant because of its lack of
indumentum.

136, Acacia asperulacea F. Muell., J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3:123 (1859); Pedley,
Contrib. Qd Herb. 11:8 (1972). Type: Upper Victoria River, Arnhem
Land, Mueller 73 partim (MEL, holo).

A. galioides Benth. var. asperulacea (F. Muell.) Domin, Biblioth. Bot.
86:252 (1926). Based on A. asperulacea.

A, lycopodiifolia A, Cunn. ex Hook. var. glabrescens Benth,, Fl. Austr.
2:342 (1864). Based on A. asperulacea,

A shrub up to about 1m tall, branchlets somewhat resinous, glabrous or
with an indumentum of rather sparse somewhat retrorse lax hairs 0:4 mm long,
the internodes often long, up to 3 times as long as the phyllodes. Phyllodes
ascending, straight or recurved at the apex, slightly flattened with an impressed
nerve on the upper surface, produced into a point ca 0-:4mm long, glabrous or
with scattered hairs 0-2 mm long, 6—-11(—13) mm long, (8—)10—-14 per whorl;
Stipules setaceous, glabrous, up to 2mm, rarely 2:5 mm long. Heads 15-30
flowered on peduncles 10-25 mm long with indumentum similar to that of the
branchlets; receptacle glabrous or with a few hairs; bracteoles linear up to
2mm long. Flowers striate 5-6 merous; calyx (similar to that of .A. perryi)
glabrous, ribbed, 0-6—0-9 mm long, with thick linear incurved lobes 0-2—0:4 mm
long; corolla striate, rather thick, 1-8—2:2mm long with thick incurved lobes
0-6-1 mm long, sparsely hispid on the back; stamens ca 4mm long; pistil
glabrous. Pods linear, sessile or on stipes up to 5mm long, glabrous, 3-5 cm
long, ca 6mm broad, raised along the middle with slightly thickened margins;
seeds longitudinal. |

Oe a

Burke Districr: “Lawn Hill”, May 1940, Jensen 86; 14 miles [22km] SW of
“Kamilaroi”, Aug 1953, Lazarides 3972.

Acacia asperulacea occurs on shallow stony soil in the western part of
Burke District and adjacent parts of the Northern Territory. The affinities and
rank of the taxon have been in question since Mueller described it. Bentham
regarded it as a variety of A. lycopodiifolia and Domin referred it to A. galioides.

137. Acacia chippendalei Pedley, Contrib. Qd Herb. 11:12 (1972). Type:
Northern Territory; 17 miles [27 km] W of “Rockhampton Downs” T.O.,
Aug 1955, Chippendale NT 1532 (BRI, holo; CANB, NT, PERTH, iso).

A spreading shrub usually less than 0.5m tall but up to 3 m; branchlets
terete, covered with sparse or dense, + erect, white hairs 0:3-0-6 mm long.
Phyllodes ascending, + straight or slightly recurved at the apex, slightly flattened,
with an obscure longitudinal impressed nerve above and an oblique setaceous
point up to 0-2mm long, clothed with moderately dense, + straight hairs
0-2-0-3 mm long, arranged in whorls of 8-11; stipules setaceous 0:4—1(—1-4)
mm long. Heads (10—)20—25 flowered borne on peduncles 4-13 mm long with
indumentum similar to that of the branchlets; receptacle with hairs 0-3 mm
long between the flowers; bracteoles lanceolate, concave, acuminate, 1-2-2 mm
long, glabrous or with few long hairs. Flowers 5—merous; calyx obconical,
obscurely longitudinally nerved, 0-6-1 mm long, with ovate or oblong, obtuse,
acute or sometimes acuminate lobes, (0:2—)0-3—-0-4 mm long, rather broad (at
the base 0-3-0:4mm) and with a few marginal hairs (0-2 mm long); corolla
longitudinally ribbed, rather thick, 1:3-2(—2-4) mm long, with few long hairs
in the upper part and with lobes 0-5—0:8 mm long. Pods linear, sessile, some-
times a little contracted between the seeds, 7 cm long, 6-7 mm broad, with
glabrous, glutinous valves somewhat thickened at the margin, rather convex along
the middle. Seeds 3-5-4 mm long, ca 2:5 mm wide, with a small aril, arranged
longitudinally or slightly obliquely.

BurKE ‘District: 17 miles [27 km] from Mt Isa on Camooweal Road, May 1963,
Gittins 753,

Acacia chippendalei occurs in the Cloncurry—Mt Isa area, adjacent parts
of the Northern Territory and extends to Western Australia. It is found on both
shallow stony soils and on deep sand, often of lateritic origin.

Sterile specimens of A. chippendalei often cannot be distinguished with
certainty from A. adoxa, a species that occurs in the Northern Territory and in
Western Australia but the arrangement of the seeds, and the ribbing and lobing
of the calyx differentiate the two.

138. Acacia baueri Benth., London J. Bot. 1:344 (1842); Pedley, Contrib. Qd
Herb. 11:9 (1972). Type: Australia, Bauer (K, holo). -

An erect shrub less than 0:5 m tall; branchlets terete, glabrous or with
an indumentum of sparse to moderately dense antrorse white hairs 0-4 mm long,
sometimes tuberculate. Phyllodes straight or recurved in the upper half, or only ©
at the apex, mucronate, slightly laterally compressed with an obscure longitudinal
nerve on each side, glabrous or occasionally tuberculate or with scattered white
hairs similar to those of the branchlets, 7-16 mm long, 6—8(—9) per whorl, very
rarely scattered; petioles 0-4—0-6 mm long; stipules up to 0-8mm long, often
absent. Heads 10-15 flowered, on peduncles 2-15 mm long; the receptacle
pubescent; bracteoles linear-lanceolate, concave, acute, ca 1mm long with a

229

few hairs. Flowers not striate, 5-merous; calyx 0:7—1-1:mm long with rather
thick lobes 0-25-0:5 mm long, glabrous or fringed with hairs; corolla 1-1-6 mm
long, glabrous, with lobes ca 0:3-0:5 mm long; ovary glabrous, with a few
appressed white hairs or densely pubescent. Pod linear, sessile up to 2:5 cm long,
2-3 mm broad, glabrous or with extremely sparse appressed hairs mainly at the
base. Seeds longitudinal, =: cylindric, 4-5-5 mm long, 2-2-5 mm broad the
funicle folded and thickened into a cupular aril.

WIDE Bay Districr: Fraser J., Oct 1930, Hubbard 4632. MORETON District: Hollywell
near Southport, Dec 1966, Pedley 2178.

Acacia baueri occurs on infertile, often seasonally waterlogged sands in
coastal heath (wallum) from Fraser Island to Botany Bay. It is not a common
plant and is in danger of extinction in the extreme south-east of Queensland.
Only A. baueri subsp. baueri occurs in Queensland. 4, baueri subsp. aspera is
more or less confined to the Blue Mountains, N.S.W. A. baueri is not closely
related to the tropical species of the group of section Lycopodiifoliae. The com-
pression rather that depression of its phyllodes and its frequent lack of stipules
suggest some affinity with A. brunioides and more remotely with A. conferta,
both of section Phyllodineae.

139. Acacia spondylophylla F. Muell,, Fragm. 8:243 (1874); Pedley, Contrib.
Qd Herb. 11:22 (1972). Lectotype: Central Australia, without definite
locality, Stuart (MEL).

A spreading shrub up to about 2 m tall with smooth, grey bark, branchlets
resinous with indumentum of moderately dense stiff white hairs 0-4 mm
long, and internodes usually shorter than the phyllodes. Phyllodes straight or
somewhat recurved towards the apex, slightly flattened with an obscure impressed
nerve on the upper surface, obscurely longitudinally ribbed when dry, with a short
apical mucro, (5—)6-10 mm long, less than 1mm broad, 8~12(—14) per whorl;
stipules brown, resinous, uninerved, 1-2 mm broad, up to 0:5 mm broad. Heads
25—40 flowered on resinous sparsely pilose peduncles 10-25 mm long; bracteoles
oblong to ovate, acute or acuminate 1-2 mm long, 3-4 times as long as broad.
Flowers 5—merous; calyx glabrous, membranous, 0:8—1:2 mm long (with acute
or obtuse lobes (0:4—)0-+5—0.7(—0:9) mm long, corolla (1:6—)1:+8—2-2(—2:3)
mm long with lobes (0-4—)0-6—-1-0 mm long, glabrous or sometimes with a few
hairs on the back of the lobes, not striate but the lobes uninerved; stamens ca
3:5mm long; ovary glabrous. Pods resinous flat, the valves rather papery with
nerve-like margins, concave over the seeds, 4cm long, 6-8 mm broad. Seeds
transverse, 3:5—-4 mm long, 2-3 mm broad with a cupular aril,

GREGORY NORTH DISTRICT: 70 miles [112 km] E of Urandangie, May 1966, Pedley 2026,

Acacia spondylophylla occurs on shallow, sandy or stony soil and extends
from broken country near Dajarra in Queensland to the Macdonnell and Musgrave
Ranges in the Northern Territory with a large gap to the Hamersley Range in
Western Australia. The species is a well-marked one. Bentham (FI. Aust. 2:342.
1864) noted it under A. hippuroides, but Mueller recognised its separateness.
He discussed and figured it well. |

140. Acacia longipedunculata Pedley, Contrib. Qd Herb. 11:17 (1972). Type:
Cook District: Stannary Hills, June 1962, Gittins 518 (BRI, holo).

Missapplied name: A. hippuroides auct. non Benth.; Maiden, Proc. Roy.
Soc. Od 30:25 (1918).

230

Small shrub; branchlets terete, somewhat resinous, covered with sparse white
hairs ca 1 mm long. Phyllodes +: terete in whorls of 15-27, abruptly contracted
at the top into a mucro 1—-1:5 mm long, gently incurved from the base, 1-2-5 cm
long; stipules brown, setaceous, 1-2 mm long. Heads slightly elongate, of 25-40
flowers on axillary resinous peduncles 1:5-4:5cm long, usually much longer
than the phyllodes. Flowers 5—merous; calyx 1:2 mm long with acute or acuminate
lobes 0:4-0-6mm long with a few extremely sparse long hairs on the back;
corolla 2-2-5mm long with lobes 0-8-1 mm long with a few extremely sparse
long hairs on the back; stamens ca 4mm long; ovary glabrous. Pod linear,
glabrous, up to 4cm long, 6-8 mm wide, slightly raised along the middle, Seeds
longitudinal, depressed globular, 4 mm long, 3-4 mm wide; aril on one side at base.

Coox Districr: Irvinebank, Bennett, NorTH KENNEDY DisTricT: Paluma Range, on
Ewan road, Mar 1968, Wyatt 18.

A, longipedunculata is restricted to shallow stony soils in north-eastern
Queensland,

231

Figure 7. Glands: position on leaf indicated. A. A. loroloba (living material ex Botanic
Gardens, Brisbane). B. A. concurrens (Ped/ey 891) C. A. pustula, pustulate gland
(Surtees 4). D. A. polifolia (Boorman s.n.). E. A. falcata (Hubbard 3302). F. A.
bancroftii (Moriarty 191). G. A. penninervis (G1, 2: Hubbard 4048; G3, 4: Pediley
4454). H. A. perangusta (White 6286). I. A. hockingsii (Pedley 2792). J. A.
flavescens (Clemens s.n.). A2, G2, F2, G2, G4, 12, x 4; others x 2/3.

i

232

Figure 8. Nervature of phyllodes A. A. jackesiana (Jackes s.n.). B. A. striatifolia (Coveny
6821 & Hind). C. A. stipuligera (Cockburn s.n.) D. A. oligophleba (Ped/ey 4098).
E. A. melvillei (Hockings s.n.). F. A. multisiliqua (Brass 8839). G. A. fleckeri
(Coveny 7082 & Hind). H. A. dictyophleba (Cockburn s.n.) I. A. leptoloba (T. ud.
Macdonald 1620 & Batianoff). J. A. burbidgeae (Smith 6423). K. A. johnsonii
(J. & M. Simmons s.n.) L. A. stricta (Ped/ey 1479). A2, B2, C, « 4; others x 2/3.

233

Figure 9. Inflorescences. A. A. ulicifolia var. brownei (Stevenson s.n.) B. A. hubbardiana
(Tindale 688). C. A. falcata (W. J. Macdonald 1032). D. A. fasciculifera (Williams
s.n.). E. A. harpophylla (Durrington 757). F. A. legnota (Blake. 23314). G. A. nup-
perima subsp. cassitera (Stirling s.n.). H. A. brevifolia (Adams 1243). I. A. caroleae

(T. J. Macdonald 257). J. A. crassicarpa (Hoogland 8522). All x 1.

234

Figure 10. Pods. A. A. longispicata (White 12351). B. A. tetragonophyila (Everist 5753).
Cc. A. cincinnata (Francis s.n.). D. A. whitei (Staples 250474/18). E. A. solandri
(White 10138). F. A. julifera (Bancroft s.n.). G. A. coriacea (Trapnelf E61). H. -
A. stenophylla (Ebersohn E264). I. A. aprepta (Ped/ey 917). J. A. conferta
(Speck 1897). K. A. pendula (White 12349). L. A. platycarpa (Smith & Everist
957). M. A. crassicarpa (Smith 12346).

58237—S. R, Hampson, Government Printer, Brisbane

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In the citation of specimens from Queensland, the localities are grouped according to
the Pastoral Districts shown above. The boundaries of these Districts mostly follow watersheds
except for those between North Kennedy District and South Kennedy District and between
Gregory North District and Gregory South District.

Compiled from maps issued by the Survey Office, Department of Lands, Brisbane;
based on State Map 4a.

CONTENTS
Page
A revision of Acacia Mill, in Queensland. L. Pedley . . Le ry f-)